Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MOUTH DISEASES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Development and use of a biotinylated 3ABC recombinant protein in a solid-phase competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus.

A biotinylated 3ABC recombinant protein was developed and used in a competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies in cattle, sheep and pigs. In this report, we describe the cloning and expression of 3ABC protein in Escherichia coli cells as fusion protein with 6xHis and biotin. This cELISA uses streptavidin to capture bacterially expressed and in vivo biotinylated 3ABC antigen. The antigen capture strategy provides a simple and reliable method, which does not require purification of recombinant antigen before the serological assay. An hyperimmune guinea pig antiserum produced against purified 6xHis-3ABC was used as competitor in the test. The potential use of this cELISA for the identification of antibodies induced by FMD virus infection from those induced by vaccination is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparable sensitivity and specificity in three commercially available ELISAs to differentiate between cattle infected with or vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Three commercially available ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were evaluated, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, infected, inoculated, first vaccinated and subsequently infected, and first vaccinated and subsequently inoculated cattle. We compared antibody kinetics to non-structural proteins, sensitivity, and specificity. One of the ELISAs had a higher sensitivity and much lower specificity than the other two, therefore we established standardised cutoff values for the compared assays using receiver operated characteristic (ROC) curves. Using the standardised cutoff values, all three ELISAs produced comparable results with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Antibody development to non-structural proteins after infection and after vaccination/infection was not significantly different. Development of antibodies, however, both neutralising and directed to non-structural proteins, was significantly delayed after intranasal inoculation as compared to intradermolingual infection. Based on results of sera obtained after vaccination and experimental infection all three assays can be used for testing sera collected between 4 weeks and 6 months after infection. More information is needed on the prevalence of positive reactors in a situation where emergency vaccination has been used and FMD transmission was still observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of vaccine strains and the virus causing the 1986 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Spain: epizootiological analysis.

RNAs of the most recent foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Spain (A5Sp86) during the 1986 outbreak, and of the three vaccine strains in use at that time in that country, have been compared. Although these viruses are serologically indistinguishable, differences have been found among them by T1 fingerprinting. This genetic heterogeneity affects the immunogenic VP1 gene, with amino acid changes located at the carboxyterminal end of the molecule. VP1-coding sequences obtained have been compared with those previously reported for European A5 FMDVs and it has been possible to trace their phylogenetic origin. The most parsimonious evolutionary tree obtained shows that the viruses analyzed are closely related to those previously isolated in 1983 in Spain, Portugal and Morocco. In spite of the VP1 sequence homology shown by this group of viruses, the genetic distances among field isolates and vaccine strains are significantly shorter than the distances found among field isolates. Thus, a significant relationship among virus recovered from recent outbreaks and the vaccine strains in use at that time in Spain, has been obtained.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Predictive spatial modelling of alternative control strategies for the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain, 2001.

A spatial simulation model of foot-and-mouth disease was used in March and early April 2001 to evaluate alternative control policies for the 2001 epidemic in Great Britain. Control policies were those in operation from March 20, 2001, and comprised a ban on all animal movements from February 23, 2001, and a stamping-out policy. Each simulation commenced with the known population of infected farms on April 10, 2001, and ran for 200 days. For the control policy which best approximated that actually implemented from late March, the model predicted an epidemic of approximately 1800 to 1900 affected farms, and estimated that the epidemic would be eradicated between July and October 2001, with a low probability of continuing beyond October 2001. This policy included the slaughter-out of infected farms within 24 hours, slaughter of about 1.3 of the surrounding farms per infected farm within a further 48 hours, and minimal interfarm movements of susceptible animals. Delays in the slaughter of animals on infected farms beyond 24 hours after diagnosis slightly increased the epidemic size, and failure to achieve pre-emptive slaughter on an adequate number of at-risk farms substantially increased the expected size of the epidemic. Vaccination of up to three of the most outbreak-dense areas carried out in conjunction with the adopted control policy reduced the predicted size of the epidemic by less than 100 farms. Vaccination of buffer zones (designed to apply available vaccine and manpower as effectively as possible) carried out in place of the adopted control policy allowed the disease to spread out of control, producing an epidemic involving over 6000 farms by October 2001, with no prospect of immediate eradication.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Novel approaches to foot and mouth disease vaccination.

In view of the problems associated with the use of conventional foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines, such as antigenic variability of the FMD virus, the cost of vaccination programmes and problems associated with vaccine storage, alternative approaches to the design of FMD virus are discussed. Identification of the antigenic site of the FMD virus and isolation or synthesis of the peptides which make up the antigenic site are considered for vaccine use.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A blastogenic test for foot-and-mouth disease.

A blastogenic test to detect peripheral blood leukocytes specifically sensitized to foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen is described. The test is carried out in microtitre plates and optimum conditions were found by titration. These employed 7.5 x 10(5) cells/well and 20 complement fixing units of antigen. Peak [3H]thymidine incorporation was found to take place at 2-3 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Occurence of foot-and-mouth disease in Senegal].

From December 1975 to October 1976, 13 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease were studied in Senegal. The virus, SAT2, identified at Pirbright, was in all probability brought from Mali or from Mauritania by transhumant animals or animals imported illegaly. The disease, which attacks bovines, evolved in its rough form without lethality. Treatment was symptomatic. Only vaccination of imported breeding stock and draught animals was decreed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease antibodies in dairy herds in The Netherlands four years after vaccination.

A total of 298 serum samples were collected from Dutch cattle born in 1988 or before, and examined in the virus neutralisation test for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus types A10 Holland. O BFS, and C1Detmold. All the cattle had been vaccinated at least twice during the annual vaccination programme, which stopped in 1991. Antibody titres equal to or higher than the titre at which 95 per cent of the cattle would be expected to be protected against challenge, were found in 57 to 73 per cent of the younger age groups, and in 100 per cent of the older animals. Since the animals tested constituted only 10.5 per cent of the total cattle population on the farms tested, it is concluded that should the virus be introduced, foot-and-mouth disease would be detected as easily in the Netherlands as in a country with no history of vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Foot-and-mouth disease in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis, Linnaeus, 1758): search of antiantigen antibodies and isolation of the virus].

The immune response to virus-infection-associated (VIA) antigen was studied in 379 Indian buffalos (Bubalus bubalis). These animals were vaccinated three times a year with commercial acetylethyleneimine (AEI)--inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines under field conditions. Two months after the last vaccination, antibody against virus-infection-associated (VIA) antigen was found in 23 per cent. Foot-and-mouth disease virus -- (FMDV) type C "Waldmann" was isolated from oesophageal/pharyngeal fluid of 7 samples buffalos.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with an immunodominant foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide conjugate induces mucosal and humoral antibodies and protection against challenge.

Guinea pigs immunized intranasally with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-linked peptide, corresponding to the prominent G-H loop of the VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus, raised substantial levels of antipeptide and virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera and of peptide-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in nasal secretions. In groups of animals immunized intranasally without adjuvant, 86 percent were fully protected upon challenge with homotypic virus. Surprisingly, animals given the peptide conjugates plus the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin were afforded only partial protection in that primary lesions were observed in most animals, although spread to other feet was prevented. These results indicate that intranasal inoculation with the peptide offers a potential route of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease and may be useful for eliciting protection in the upper respiratory tracts of susceptible animals.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2004

Participatory diagnosis of a heat-intolerance syndrome in cattle in Tanzania and association with foot-and-mouth disease.

A heat-intolerance (HI) syndrome in cattle in Tanzania was suspected to be associated with previous, clinical foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). A participatory appraisal (PA) method called "matrix scoring" was used to explore livestock-keeper perceptions of association between HI and cattle diseases. A PA method called 'proportional piling' was used to estimate herd incidence of FMD and other diseases, herd incidence of HI, and association between HI and other cattle diseases. Use of matrix scoring and proportional piling with pastoral Maasai informants demonstrated association between FMD and HI. With agropastoral Sukuma informants, the matrix-scoring method did not indicate an association between FMD and HI, whereas the proportional piling method indicated a weak association. Results were supported by calculation of positive predictive values for herder diagnosis of HI and FMD. Clinical examination of cattle by veterinarians was used to confirm HI cases and detection of antibody to non-structural proteins of FMD virus was used to confirm previous clinical FMD.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the portable Cepheid SmartCycler real-time PCR machine for the rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.

The ability of the portable Cepheid SmartCycler real-time PCR machine to detect foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus sensitively and accurately was evaluated by comparing the results of the analyses of nasal swab and serum samples from experimentally infected animals with those obtained from the real-time PCR assay currently in use in the laboratory. The results indicated that the ability of the machine to detect viral RNA is greatly affected by the PCR reagents used for the assay. When it was used with PCR beads it was unable to detect weakly positive samples, but when TaqMan core reagents were used for the assay, its sensitivity was significantly increased. The machine could be used for the laboratory-based detection of FMD; however, as with all assays, significant optimisation of assay conditions as well as solid validation of the technique is required.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Predicting herd protection against foot-and-mouth disease by testing individual and bulk tank milk samples.

Four groups of cattle were tested for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus type O(1) over three 70 day vaccination cycles using the liquid-phase-blocking-ELISA (LPBE). First lactation cows showed the lowest titres and group protection levels (GPLs) against FMD virus strains with 'r' values < or =0.5 while second lactation animals gave the highest results. When mean serum titres for each group and sampling date were plotted against GPL a strong correlation was found. Revaccination was indicated at a mean titre of approximately log10 2.88 (1:760; R=0.93; n=86) if the herd was threatened by field strains with an 'r' value of 0.25, or log10 2.62 (1:420; R=0.83; n=48) if this ratio was 0.5. Significant overall correlation (R=0.53; n=624) was obtained between serum titres and milk IgG(1) results derived from the modified specific isotype assay (SIA). Milk titres equivalent to 1:100, 1:200, 1:400 and 1:800 were 1:3.8, 1:6.3, 1:10.4 and 1:17.1, respectively, in first lactation cows. Bulk tank milk samples demonstrated a repeating pattern of results corresponding to the vaccination cycle with no titre lower than log10 1.05 (1:11). Colostrum from first lactation animals showed mean SIA results of log10 4.06 (1:11,480) and early milk titres only levelled off approximately 11 days post partum (dpp).

Animals↗
PubMed1973

The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967.

An analysis was made of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the epidemic in Hampshire in January and February 1967. To explain the pattern of spread, it had to be postulated that virus was present seven days before the first outbreak was reported. It is suggested that the disease occurred initially in pigs fed on infected meat and that the virus was subsequently disseminated from the local abattoir, where the pigs were killed, to four farms by movement of animals, slaughterhouse waste, people or vehicles, and to fifteen by the airborne route. Subsequent spread from these farms was by movement in two instances and by the airborne route in five. The source and route of infection of the last farm in the outbreak were not determined.The risk of spread through movement was associated more with carriage of infected slaughterhouse waste, movement of animals, people or vehicles carrying animals than through collection of milk, artificial insemination or movement of other types of vehicles. Outbreaks of disease among pigs gave rise to more secondary spread than outbreaks in cattle. Secondary outbreaks attributed to airborne spread occurred only in ruminants. Most airborne spread was into areas of high livestock density and cattle in the larger herds became infected. Airborne spread could be correlated with wind direction and speed but not with rain. The reduction in the number of outbreaks at the end of the epidemic could be attributed to the elimination of the largest sources of virus, the control of movements and the fact that in all instances except two the wind was blowing virus over towns and out to sea, to areas of low stock density and to areas where animals had been killed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Serotype and VP1 gene sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease virus from Hong Kong (2002).

The nucleotide sequence of the VP1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain HKN/2002, isolated from a disease outbreak occurring in Hong Kong in February 2002, was determined and compared with the sequences of other FMDVs. The VP1 coding region was 639 nucleotides in length and encoded a protein of 213 amino acid residues. Comparison of the VP1 nucleotide sequence with those of other isolates indicated that HKN/2002 belonged to serotype O. A VP1-based sequence similarity tree of several South-east Asian FMDV-O isolates showed that HKN/2002 was most closely related to FMDV isolates found in Hong Kong from 1991 to 1999 and Taiwan in 1997. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the major immunogenic region of HKN/2002 with that of the serotype O vaccine strain, O1/Manisa/Turkey/69, reveals significant similarity, indicating that current serotype O vaccines may offer some degree of protection against HKN/2002.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Constitutive expression of alpha interferon by skin dendritic cells confers resistance to infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The role of dendritic cells (DC) in the initiation of immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is poorly understood. We analyzed the innate response of freshly isolated swine skin DC to the virus and show a rapid induction of beta interferon (IFN-beta) mRNA but not IFN-alpha mRNA. However, these DC secreted both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta proteins in response to live virus but not killed virus. Furthermore, the surface expression of swine major histocompatibility complex class II (SLA II) or CD80/CD86 molecules and antigen processing functions were not affected by FMDV exposure. Given the demonstrated sensitivity of FMDV to IFN-alpha/beta, there was no productive or nonproductive infection of these cells. Finally, freshly isolated skin DC constitutively expressed intracellular IFN-alpha protein in the absence of stimulation, with no detectable secretion of the cytokine until virus exposure. In situ analysis of these DC showed that these cells express and store IFN-alpha in uninfected animals. This is the first demonstration of the constitutive expression of IFN-alpha in resident, tissue-derived DC and indicates that skin DC can play an important role in the innate immune response of swine to viral infections.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2004

Immunogenicity and T cell recognition in swine of foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase 3D.

Immunization of domestic pigs with a vaccinia virus (VV) recombinant expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D protein conferred partial protection against challenge with infectious virus. The severity reduction of the clinical symptoms developed by the challenged animals occurred in the absence of significant levels of anti-3D circulating antibodies. This observation suggested that the partial protection observed was mediated by the induction of a 3D-specific cellular immune response. To gain information on the T cell recognition of FMDV 3D protein, we conducted in vitro proliferative assays using lymphocytes from outbred pigs experimentally infected with FMDV and 90 overlapping peptides spanning the complete 3D sequence. The use of pools of two to three peptides allowed the identification of T cell epitopes that were efficiently recognized by lymphocytes from at least four of the five animals analyzed. This recognition was heterotypic because anti-peptide responses increased upon reinfection of animals with a FMDV isolate from a different serotype. The results obtained with individual peptides confirmed the antigenicity observed with peptide pools. Detection of cytokine mRNAs by RT-PCR in lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by individual 3D peptides revealed that IFN-gamma mRNA was the most consistently induced, suggesting that the activated T cells belong to the Th 1 subset. These results indicate that 3D protein contains epitopes that can be efficiently recognized by porcine T lymphocytes from different infected animals, both upon primary and secondary (heterotypic) FMDV infection. These epitopes can extend the repertoire of viral T cell epitopes to be included in subunit and synthetic FMD vaccines.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

trans complementation by RNA of defective foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site elements.

A region of about 435 bases from the 5' noncoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA directs internal initiation of protein synthesis. This region, termed the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), is predicted to contain extensive secondary structure. Precise deletion of five predicted secondary structure features has been performed. The mutant IRES elements have been constructed into vectors which express bicistronic mRNAs and assayed within cells. Each of the modified IRES elements was defective in directing internal initiation when assayed alone. However, coexpression of an intact foot-and-mouth disease virus IRES complemented four of these defective elements to an efficiency of up to 80% of wild-type activity. No complementation was observed with the structurally analogous element from encephalomyocarditis virus. The role of RNA-RNA interactions in the function of the picornavirus IRES is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗