Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MOTIVATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The accessibility of motivational tendencies toward alcohol: approach, avoidance, and disinhibited drinking.

Problematic drinking has been proposed to result from an overactivation of approach motivation toward the beneficial effects of alcohol and an underactivation of avoidance motivation away from aversive consequences of heavy alcohol use. The authors of the present study used a sequential priming task (R. H. Fazio, J. R. Jackson, B. C. Dunton, & C. J. Williams, 1995) to examine the extent to which alcohol cues automatically activate approach and avoidance motivational tendencies in college drinkers. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that number of binge episodes and alcohol problems are correlated with weak associations between alcohol cues and avoidance motivation but not with strong associations between alcohol cues and approach motivation. Implications for understanding the self-regulation of alcohol use in college drinkers are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Motives underlying food choice: dentists, porters and dietary health promotion.

OBJECTIVE: Differences in dental decay and disease amongst socioeconomic groups are thought to derive, in part, from variations in dietary practices and differences in education. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine whether differences in motivating factors affecting food choice could be found in a comparison of two groups at very different ends of the social spectrum: dentists and porters/cleaners. DESIGN: A convenience sample of 100 people (51 porters/cleaners and 49 dentists) working in the dental school at a university in the North West of England were approached to interview face-to-face and complete the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), a previously validated measure designed to assess nine main factors relevant to peoples' food choices. A sample size of 100 was chosen because it was adequate to test validity (using a two-group Chi-square test with a 0.050 two sided significance). RESULTS: Findings were analysed using independent sample t-test and multiple linear regression. Results indicated significant differences between porters/cleaners and dentists in terms of their motives for food choice on six of the nine FCQ factors. These included convenience (p < 0.001), natural content (p < 0.05), price (p < 0.005), familiarity (p < .0001), mood (p < 0.03) and ethical concern (p < 0.01). Porters/cleaners tended to rate the factors covenience, price, mood and familiarity more highly, whereas dentists did the same for natural content and ethical concern. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the differences in motivational factors affecting food choice between different social groups is important to dental practitioners who are being taught to play an increasing role in health promotion. If dental practitioners are to partake meaningfully in such a role, it is necessary for them to be aware not only of their own motives in food selection, but also of the way in which those motives may differ from those of their clients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The impact of a brief motivational intervention with opiate users attending a methadone programme.

During the 1980s Motivational Interviewing emerged as one of the memes of the addictions field. This occurred despite the lack of scientific evidence supporting its utility. In this paper findings of a controlled trial of a brief motivational intervention with illicit drug users (n = 122) attending a methadone clinic are reported. Clients who met the study's inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to either a motivational (experimental, n = 57) or educational (control, n = 65) procedure. Over the 6-month follow-up period the motivational subjects demonstrated a greater, immediate, commitment to abstention, reported more positive expected outcomes for abstention, reported fewer opiate-related problems, were initially more contemplative of change, complied with the methadone programme longer and relapsed less quickly than the control group. There was, however, no difference in terms of the severity of reported opiate dependence and the control group fared better on reported self-efficacy. It was concluded that motivational interventions of the type investigated are useful adjuncts to methadone programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a motivational interview for substance use within psychiatric in-patient services.

AIMS: To assess the effectiveness of a motivational interview among hospitalized psychiatric patients with comorbid substance use disorder in reducing alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. DESIGN: Subjects were assigned randomly to receive an individual motivational interview (n=79) or a self-help booklet (control condition; n=81). SETTING: Subjects were volunteers recruited from a major public psychiatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects met abuse or dependence criteria on the structured clinical interview for diagnosis (SCID) for alcohol, cannabis or amphetamine or they reported hazardous use during the last month of one or more of these drug types on the opiate treatment index (OTI). INTERVENTION: Either one 30-45-minute motivational interview or brief advice. MEASUREMENTS: The SCID and OTI were the main measures. FINDINGS: There was a modest short-term effect of the motivational interview on an aggregate index of alcohol and other drug use (polydrug use on the OTI). Cannabis use remained high among the sample over the 12-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Although motivational interviewing appears feasible among in-patients in psychiatric hospital with comorbid substance use disorders, more extensive interventions are recommended, continuing on an out-patient basis, particularly for cannabis use.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mastery motivation in young children with Down's syndrome: relations with cognitive and adaptive competence.

BACKGROUND: Prior research on relations between motivation and competence have focused on cognitive competence, despite theoretical predictions that mastery motivation spurs behaviour that is effective in meeting the demands of one's environment, i.e. adaptive competence. Issues of adaptive competence are especially relevant for children with developmental delay since functional independence is an important long-term goal for these children. METHODS: In the present study, mastery motivation was examined in relation to both cognitive and adaptive competence in 5-year-old children with Down's syndrome (n = 41). RESULTS: Scores on mastery task and parent-report measures of mastery motivation were generally low, but positively related to scores on standardized measures of cognitive competence and adaptive competence. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study of motivation-competence relations in pre-school-age children. The findings have implications for both developmental theory and early intervention efforts, and the authors hope that they will serve as a stimulus for future research on cross-domain relationships in atypical populations.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

The influence of assessments on students' motivation to learn in a therapy degree course.

PURPOSE: This paper reports a study which attempted to examine the influence of a varied assessment programme on student motivation to learn in an undergraduate therapy degree course. METHODS: In March 1997 a questionnaire was distributed to 98 third-year occupational therapy and physiotherapy students at the Southampton University School of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy. Using closed and open questions the questionnaire required the students to consider all the assessments they had taken in their 3 years of study and provide information about which type of assessment they found most motivating for their learning, and why. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that students found a wide range of assessments motivating. There was some satisfaction with the mix and range of assessments. Three assessments emerged as the most motivating for student learning: Clinical/fieldwork II and III and Methods of inquiry III. In addition, four factors associated with assessment appeared to influence student motivation: perceived relevance and content of the assessment, enthusiastic lecturers and group influences. These factors need to be explored in more detail but in order to do so, educators need to be prepared to engage in an open dialogue with students about the learning climate that is created within higher education.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed2001

The D2 receptor is critical in mediating opiate motivation only in opiate-dependent and withdrawn mice.

According to the dual systems model for opiate reward, dopamine mediates opiate motivation when an animal is in a deprived motivational state (i.e. opiate-dependent and in withdrawal) and not when an animal is in a nondeprived state (i.e. previously drug-naive). To determine the role of the D2 dopamine receptor subtype in mediating opiate motivation, we examined the behaviour of N5 congenic D2 receptor knockout mice and their wild-type siblings in opiate-naive and opiate-dependent and withdrawn place conditioning paradigms. Opiate-naive D2 receptor knockout mice demonstrated acquisition of morphine-conditioned place preference but failed to acquire place preference when conditioned in the deprived state. We propose that D2 receptor function is critical in mediating the motivational effects of opiates only when the animal is in an opiate-dependent and withdrawn motivational state. These findings also underscore the important influence of the genetic background to a given phenotype, as evidenced by the observation that increasing the allelic contribution from the 129/SvJ strain abolishes morphine place preference in C57BL/6 wild-type mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A review of blood donor motivation and recruitment.

Sixty English-language articles on the motivation and recruitment of blood donors and nondonors are reviewed and evaluated. Apparently researchers have been finding essentially the same results for approximately twenty years. Motivations to donate are: altruism/humanitarian, personal or family credit, social pressure, replacement and reward. Motivations not to donate are: fear (of needle, sight of blood, weakness, finger or ear pricking), medical excuses, reactions, apathy, and inconvenience. Deeper analysis of motivation suggests that donors may unconsciously desire a "pat-on-the-back" for their efforts. Retention and management of prior donors may be more significant to meeting blood needs than motivation of new donors. Suggestions for donor recruitment effectiveness are presented.

Blood Donors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychotherapy service utilization and psychotherapy motivation in a representative community sample of the elderly -- results of the zurich older age study].

OBJECTIVE: To study the extent of real and potential psychotherapy service utilization in the older (65 - 96) population. METHOD: We used the Zurich Older Age Study on PTSD, complicated grief and depressive disorders which consists of a random sample of 712 older adults based on a two-stage screening design. Utilization of psychotherapy was assessed by a checklist on service utilization for psychological problems/disorders. Potential psychotherapy motivation was assessed by means of a validated Questionnaire on Psychotherapy Motivation (FPTM-23). RESULTS: Around 5 % indicated to have used psychotherapy since age 65 (either alone or in combination with pharmacological treatment) and 10 % of participants indicated use of any therapeutic treatment for psychological problems with women twice as frequent as men. Potential psychotherapy motivation was medium highly pronounced and varied only slightly between the sexes. Predictors of high psychotherapy motivation are the extent of suffering as well as the absence of rejection of psychological need for assistance. DISCUSSION: The frequency numbers of psychotherapy service utilization and motivation indicate their moderate extents in old age. Limitations of the study are discussed, e. g., the possibly higher density of service providers in an urban population like the city of Zurich.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

[work motivation -- assessment instruments and their relevance for medical care].

The relevance of work motivation for medical research and healthcare, in particular rehabilitation, is described. Four diagnostic instruments in the German language are introduced which can assess work motivation using a scale system: AVEM, JDS, LMI and FBTM. Their possible application and potential usage for the clinical area are discussed. Apart from the FBTM, none of these instruments can be directly used as a general instrument in a normal medical clinical setting. Finally, a current model for work motivation (compensatory model of work motivation and volition) is presented that contains basis concepts, which are judged as important for future research questions concerning the development of motivation diagnostic instruments.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

[Assessing work motivation in rehabilitation -- presentation of new concepts and results related to the factorial validity].

Within the science of rehabilitation and the medical research field there is a lack of an adequate instrument to assess work motivation. In order to be able to evaluate work-referred motivation structures with their strengths and weaknesses a multi-dimensional viewpoint was conceptualised on the basis of an interview study. Three new concepts were developed to which 12 scales with 202 items were assigned ("motivational self image" with six scales; "motivational intention of action" and "motivational goodness of fit" both with three scales). In a pilot study using a sample of vocational rehabilitants the major part of the concepts was identified using factor analysis. In certain areas modifications were made, so that 10 scales remained forming the basis for the development of a diagnostic instrument.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[12 patients with extended suicide--psychology, personality, motivation, previous history and psychosocial conflict environment].

12 unselected female patients of extended suicide examined for an expertise testimony (4 schizophrenics, 4 endogenous depressives, 3 personality disorders, 1 psychogenic reaction) were investigated. With the exception of one all schizophrenic patients killed their victims under the influence of hallucinations and/or delusion. In two of the melancholic patients showing personality traits in the sense of the melancholic type (Tellenbach) a duty-bound motive for killing the other, characterized as a hypernomic motive, was found. Apart from this, in these patients a psychotic identification with the victim was given, which induced them to kill the other like themselves with the motive of an unworthy existence. In all patients with a personality disorder and psychogenic reaction the motive of killing others was connected with egocentric personality traits. In all of these patients the killing of the victim or the attempt of killing was precipitated by an event. Two of the patients were addicts. The notion of extended suicide as well as the question of the altruistic motive of killing others are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation exercise program on motivation and health-promoting lifestyle.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation exercise program on the motivation and lifestyle of persons recovering from a recent heart attack or cardiac-related procedures. DESIGN: The study design was a pretest and posttest quasi-experimental, nonrandom assignment. SETTING: The study was conducted at 4 cardiac rehabilitation centers in Northeast Ohio. SUBJECTS: The study included 57 participants in a cardiac rehabilitation exercise program (mean age = 64 years) and 57 comparisons (mean age = 64.6 years) who recently had a heart attack or underwent cardiac-related procedures. OUTCOME MEASURE: Motivation and health-promoting lifestyle were measured. INTERVENTION: A 12-week cardiac rehabilitation exercise program for small groups of participants (fewer than 12 persons) was conducted. The program provided arm and leg exercises 3 times a week for 30 to 60 minutes per session at an intensity of 60% to 90% of the maximum heart rate. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. After controlling for education, income, and pretest scores, the exercise group scored significantly higher than the comparison group in most motivation-related variables. Regarding lifestyle, after adjusting for the control variables both groups showed positive changes during the 12-week period, but no significant difference was found between the 2 groups in overall lifestyle. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study confirmed that motivational variables were modifiable. Thus, when developing health promotion programs for initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, the relative importance of different motivational variables should be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effects of programmatic change on resident motivation.

BACKGROUND: Critical to any resident's success is that individual's commitment and desire to succeed. Rarely do surgical educators consider the impact of a programmatic change on a resident's motivation. Recently much attention has centered around the impact of IL-372 on medical practice. In this article we instead focus on the impact that a programmatic change can have on resident motivation and use IL-372 as an example. METHODS: This article is a review of literature on motivation relevant to surgical education. RESULTS: Motivation theory can help surgical educators understand resident (1) choice to engage in an activity, (2) the quantity of effort someone invests, and (3) the willingness to persist at tasks. It can also help educators identify and understand positive and negative behavioral reactions that can occur when there is a mismatch between a resident's belief about his or her ability and expectations in the operating room. CONCLUSIONS: This article concludes with a number of strategies to improve resident motivation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Motivations for fruit and vegetable consumption in the UK Women's Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable consumption within the UK population, intakes are still too low. In order to stimulate dietary behaviour change the determinants of food choice need to be explored. OBJECTIVES: To investigate how the priorities of high consumers of fruit and vegetables differ from those of low consumers, with respect to food choice motivations, and to identify what value high and low consumers place on different aspects of food choice behaviour. DESIGN: A 4-day food diary and a questionnaire, including The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and a measure of Stage of Change (SOC) for fruit and vegetable consumption, were administered to subjects. Motivation scores from the FCQ were compared with fruit and vegetable intake and SOC data. SUBJECTS: Nine hundred and ninety-eight females, aged 35-69 years, participating in the UK Women's Cohort Study. RESULTS: In a multiple linear regression model, including age, education level and all FCQ motivations, the strongest motivations specifically affecting fruit and vegetable intake were health and natural content. It was found that, for a one point increase (measured on a scale of 0-4) in health and natural content scores, fruit and vegetable consumption increased by 1.11 portions (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-1.7) and 0.84 portions (95% CI 0.4-1.3), respectively The SOC evaluation showed significant associations with portions of fruit and vegetables consumed Women whose SOC was classed as maintenance phase were found to score higher on health, natural content, weight control and ethical concern factors These women also scored lower on convenience questions CONCLUSION: In this particular group of women the most important motivating factors for food choice, within the high fruit and vegetable consumers, were health and natural content of the food.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Ability of laying hens to jump between perches: individual variation and the effects of perch separation and motivation on behaviour.

1. This study investigated the ability and the behaviour of laying hens jumping between perches 2 different distances apart using hungry and satiated birds to determine whether behaviour and success were related to motivation. 2. Four groups of 10 birds (Lohmann brown) trained to jump from one perch to another were subjected 4 times to each of the experimental treatments (2 perches with a distance of either 50 or 150 cm between them) whilst either hungry or satiated, controlling for time of day and order of presentation. 3. The behaviour of each bird on the 1st perch was observed for a maximum of 2 min or until the bird jumped from the perch. The outcome of each jump, number of head movements and steps, incidence and duration of calling, and activity score were recorded. 4. The probability of birds jumping was less at the greater distance and was not affected significantly by other experimental factors. 5. Head movements were more frequent in birds which jumped, at the shorter distance, in motivated (hungry) birds and in the morning rather than the afternoon. 6. More stepping was performed by birds which jumped and at the shorter distance; there was no significant effect of motivation or time of day on stepping rate. 7. Birds called more at the greater distance and this was interpreted as indicative of frustration. 8. Subjective scores for activity were lower when perches were separated by the greater distance and when birds were satiated (less motivated) rather than hungry. 9. Agitated head movements and stepping activity thus occurred mainly when birds were motivated and on the point of jumping whereas calling was associated with an apparent inability or unwillingness to jump.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Peer relationships in adolescent competitive soccer: associations to perceived motivational climate, achievement goals and perfectionism.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the perceived motivational climate, achievement goals, perfectionism and indices of peer relationships in a sample of young male and female Norwegian soccer players. The sample consisted of 1719 experienced soccer players (1231 males, 488 females) aged 12-19 years (mean = 14.9 years) participating in the Norway Cup international youth soccer competition. The players responded to a questionnaire measuring perceived peer acceptance and quality of friendship in soccer, perceived motivational climate, achievement goals and perfectionism in soccer. Canonical correlation analyses revealed that young female players who perceived the motivational climate as predominantly mastery oriented, and who were moderately task oriented and scored negatively on maladaptive perfectionism, reported better relations with their peers in soccer. Constructive peer relations were evident in that they scored positively on companionship with their best friend in soccer; they perceived this friend as being loyal and allowing of free discussion, and they reported being socially accepted by their peers in soccer. Mirroring these findings, young male players who perceived the motivational climate as predominantly performance oriented, who had a moderately negative score on task orientation but a quite strong positive score on maladaptive perfectionism, reported negative relationships with peers in terms of these aspects. They also reported being in conflict with their best soccer friend. The findings suggest that the qualities of motivation have a systematic relationship with peer acceptance and the quality of friendship in male and female youth soccer.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of motivational imagery abilities in sport.

Athletes report using imagery most often to successfully cope with and master challenging situations. This function of imagery is termed "motivational general-mastery" and includes imagining being focused, confident and in control in difficult circumstances. Also, athletes often use imagery to regulate their arousal levels (e.g. relaxing, psyching up) and this function of imagery is termed "motivational-general arousal". While most athletes report employing these two motivational functions of imagery, their ability to do so has not been examined. The aim of the present study was to develop a measure of motivational general sport imagery ability, the Motivational Imagery Ability Measure for Sport (MIAMS). This was accomplished through three phases. Across these phases, evidence was generated showing that the psychometric properties of the instrument are adequate. In addition, the relationship of scores on the MIAMS to demographic variables, including sex, sport type and competitive standard, were examined. It was found that athletes participating at a competitive level scored higher on the MIAMS than athletes participating at a recreational level.

Adolescent↗