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The union, the mining company, and the environment: steelworkers build a multi-stakeholder model for corporate accountability at Phelps Dodge.

This is a case study of ongoing relations between the Phelps Dodge mining company, a United Steelworkers local representing 560 employees at the company's Chino Mines in New Mexico, and an array of other concerned stakeholders. This case study shows that labor can be a full partner in environmental advocacy, and even take a leadership role in building a strong multi-stakeholder alliance for corporate accountability. While the case also shows that corporate jobs blackmail is alive and well in the global economy, the labor community-coalition that has emerged at the mining complex has broken some new ground. The approach taken attends to diverse stakeholder interests--cultural protection issues of Native-American and Mexican-American ethnic groups; conservation, groundwater and Right-to-Know issues of traditional environmental constituencies; and environmental liability and disclosure concerns of corporate shareholders. Among the key developments are: A new approach to corporate reporting to shareholders as an enforcement and right-to-know tool; The use of the internet as an information dissemination and action tool; The potential for environmentally needed improvements to serve as a receptor for employment of workers at a mine during periods of reduced production.

Journal Article↗

Knowledge discovery in nursing minimum data set using data mining.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to apply data mining tool to nursing specific knowledge discovery process and to identify the utilization of data mining skill for clinical decision making. METHODS: Data mining based on rough set model was conducted on a large clinical data set containing NMDS elements. Randomized 1,000 patient data were selected from year 1998 database which had at least one of the five most frequently used nursing diagnoses. Patient characteristics and care service characteristics including nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes were analyzed to derive the meaningful decision rules. RESULTS: Number of comorbidity, marital status, nursing diagnosis related to risk for infection and nursing intervention related to infection protection, and discharge status were the predictors that could determine the length of stay. Four variables (age, impaired skin integrity, pain, and discharge status) were identified as valuable predictors for nursing outcome, relieved pain. Five variables (age, pain, potential for infection, marital status, and primary disease) were identified as important predictors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the utilization of data mining method through a large data set with standardized language format to identify the contribution of nursing care to patient's health.

Adult↗

[Panniculitis induced by MINE chemotherapy].

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced panniculitis are uncommon. We report the second case of panniculitis induced by MINE chemotherapy. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old woman with relapsed Hodgkin disease was treated with MINE cytostatic regimen. Multiple erythematous and painful nodules of panniculitis developed on her chest, abdomen and thighs fifteen days after the beginning of drug administration with a second flare up after second administration of the same drugs. The eruption cleared slowly after treatment withdrawal. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, our case is the second reported case of panniculitis induced by MINE chemotherapy. Drug-induced panniculitis is uncommon and usually induced by steroid treatment. Some cases of panniculitis induced by atenolol, potassium bromide, apomorphine, interferon alpha and interleukin 2 have been described. Few cutaneous adverse effects are reported with MINE chemotherapy: rash, erythema and swelling of extremities. A case of inflammatory swelling of thighs with hemorrhagic panniculitis due to this treatment has been described recently.

Adult↗

[Analysis of factors affecting the results of assisted reproduction using a system for information mining of the SHLUK database].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospective explorating computer analysis of data about therapeutic cycles in assisted reproduction technology (ART) to confirm applicability of system for data mining SHLUK in partial analysis of fertilisation phase of therapeutic cycle. Relations between parameters of sperm count analysis and outcome of in vitro fertilisation were analyzed. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: 1st Depart of Obstet. and Gynaecol., Masaryk University, Brno; FEI, VSB, Ostrava. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Conditions of successful therapy in single phases of ART therapeutic cycles, were analysed using system SHLUK, which included a lot of methods for data mining. Analysis of relation between reasons and results in ART therapeutic cycles was done through method IMPL and method of group implication GRIMPL. Analysed file included data about 8516 therapeutic cycles ART in 4470 patients and data about 666 clinical pregnancies stored in electronical form in clinical data register. The model analysis of fertilisation tested relations between parameters of sperm analysis and outcome of in vitro fertilisation. Fertilisation rate (FR)--ratio of fertilized oocytes/obtained oocytes was evaluated as fertilisation stage outcome. RESULTS: Significantly higher FR--60.9% was in the group with sperm concentration before preparation 41-60 mil/ml. When sperm concentration before preparation was under 10 mil/ml--FR was significantly lower--42.2%. Motility of sperm before preparation under 10%--FR was significantly lower--45.3%. Motility of sperm before preparation 41-50%--FR was significantly higher--56.9%. Significantly higher FR--minimal 56.0% was in group of examinations with sperm after preparation was 41-90%, then FR was significantly higher--53.5%. In sperm survival test, where more than 30% of sperm survive 24 hours of cocultivation with oocytes FR was significantly higher--minimal 55.9%. CONCLUSION: Applicability of system for data mining SHLUK in the analysis of factors with influence on assisted reproduction outcome was proved. System for data mining SHLUK makes possible to define statistically significant relations between attributes of fertilisation stage of ART cycles and it is able to postulate basic hypothesis about existing reasons and results in therapeutic cycles of ART.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

Mining free-text medical records.

Text mining projects can be characterized along four parameters: 1) the demands of the market in terms of target domain and specificity and depth of queries; 2) the volume and quality of text in the target domain; 3) the text mining process requirements; and 4) the quality assurance process that validates the extracted data. In this paper, we provide lessons learned and results from a large-scale commercial project using Natural Language Processing (NLP) for mining the transcriptions of dictated clinical records in a variety of medical specialties. We conclude that the current state-of-the-art in NLP is suitable for mining information of moderate content depth across a diverse collection of medical settings and specialties.

Acute Disease↗

[Current problems of treatment of mine explosion wounds].

On the basis of their many-years experiences in the clinic of field surgery with wounded having mine explosion pathology during the Afghan war and military operations in the North Caucasus the authors discuss the specificity of terminology, diagnosis and surgical treatment of mine-explosion wounds and traumas. The article presents statistical data concerned with the results of treatment of patients with mine-explosion wounds and explosion traumas in the North Caucasus (1994-1996), where the mine-explosion pathology made up 15% in the structure of military surgical traumas, frequency of complications was 70%, total lethality--5.2%.

Afghanistan↗

Accident toll in a Norwegian Spitsbergen mining community.

The coal mining community of Longyearbyen suffered a total loss of 84 persons in fatal accidents during the 40-year period from 1950 to 1989. Up to the beginning of the 1970's the great majority of injuries causing death were related to coal mining. In the 20-year period from 1970-1989 14 people died in occupational accidents. 24 were killed during off-work hours. The male population, averaging, 776 individuals through the observation period, run a risk of being involved in a fatal leisure-time accident nearly 3 times that of age-matched groups on the Norwegian mainland. Potential years of life lost for the Spitsbergen group were estimated to be of a magnitude 2.6 times that of the mainland. The females are even worse off with a risk of having a fatal accident which is 18 times higher. Occupational deaths in the mines were nearly 2 times as frequent as in the mines on the Norwegian mainland. We have moved a long way towards the control of fatal occupational accidents. The rise in non-occupational fatal injuries means, however, that the overall safety gain is meagre.

Accidents↗

Analysis of hospitalised patient flows using data-mining.

UNLABELLED: Face to the development of hospital information system in the "Hôpital Européen George Pompidou" (HEGP), computerized patients records made medical data easier to analyse than before. We use data-mining technology to analyse intra-hospital patients' paths with one year of PMSI data (a French medical information system similar to Diagnosis Related Group). METHODS: 1. "sequential patterns mining" was used to analyse the most frequent patients' paths, 2. an integrated framework of "association rules mining" and "classification rule mining" was used to build prediction rules of patients' paths. RESULT: We construct a rule based prediction model, which gives the tendency of the patient's paths between the different medical units.

Computer Communication Networks↗

Theoretical considerations of ethics in text mining of nursing documents.

This paper discusses theoretical considerations of ethics in building and using a text mining application in nursing documentation. Nursing documentation is based on the process of gathering information from the patient, setting goals for care, documenting nursing interventions and evaluating delivered nursing care. Privacy-sensitive health care documentation brings specific ethical concerns and difficulties that one needs to be aware of and conform to when developing and using text mining tools in electronic patient records. We discuss how patient confidentiality can be ensured in this domain and how text mining might support nurses to give better and more efficient care for their patients. Our conclusion is that text mining of nursing documents holds the promise of great benefits when the potential risks are taken into consideration.

Confidentiality↗

[Medical consequences of land mines: Red Cross experiences].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical consequences of land mine injuries. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHOD: A total of 17,414 casualties of war, treated in five hospitals of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) over a three-year period were evaluated. 3264 of these casualties had anti-personnel mine injuries. RESULTS: Approximately one out of three land mine casualties underwent an amputation of the lower extremities (n = 1040). The number of operations and the blood requirements depended on the extent of the amputation. Hospital mortality was 3.8%. CONCLUSION: Amputees have a higher mortality and a longer hospital stay, need more blood and undergo more operations than non-amputated casualties. The social consequences are considerable, as well. Better protection against indiscriminate use of anti-personnel mines is urgently necessary on medical grounds.

Adult↗

Concentrations of radon and decay products in various underground mines in western Turkey and total effective dose equivalents.

In the present work radon concentration measurements were performed for one year in 12 different boron, chromium and coal underground mines in Western Turkey. Lucas cells and nuclear track detectors were used for the measurements of radon and its decay products. The effects of parameters, such as type of mine, gallery depth and ventilation rate, on the radon concentration in mine air were examined. The radiation exposure doses of miners due to the inhalation of radon and radon daughters were determined. Gamma survey measurements were also realized together with radon measurements and the total effective dose equivalents in mSv y-1 were estimated.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

The Mine Safety and Health Administration's criterion threshold value policy increases miners' risk of pneumoconiosis.

BACKGROUND: The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) proposes to issue citations for non-compliance with the exposure limit for respirable coal mine dust when measured exposure exceeds the exposure limit with a "high degree of confidence." This criterion threshold value (CTV) is derived from the sampling and analytical error of the measurement method. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: This policy is based on a combination of statistical and legal reasoning: the one-tailed 95% confidence limit of the sampling method, the apparent principle of due process and a standard of proof analogous to "beyond a reasonable doubt." CRITIQUE: This policy raises the effective exposure limit, it is contrary to the precautionary principle, it is not a fair sharing of the burden of uncertainty, and it employs an inappropriate standard of proof. Its own advisory committee and NIOSH have advised against this policy. For longwall mining sections, it results in a failure to issue citations for approximately 36% of the measured values that exceed the statutory exposure limit. DISCUSSION: Citations for non-compliance with the respirable dust standard should be issued for any measure exposure that exceeds the exposure limit.

Dust↗

Analysis of bacterial diversity in acidic pond water and compost after treatment of artificial acid mine drainage for metal removal.

The microbial population of a sludge amended leaf compost material utilized for treatment of artificial acid mine drainage was studied by culture-independent molecular methods. Iron-rich and sulfurous wastewater (artificial acid mine drainage) was circulated through a column bioreactor for 16 months. After 12 months the column was inoculated with a mixed culture from an acidic pond receiving acid mine drainage from a tailings impoundment at a decommissioned site in Kristineberg, North Sweden. Hydrogen sulfide odor and the formation of black precipitates indicated that sulfate-reduction occurred in the column. 16S rDNA gene analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and sequencing as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of microorganisms closely related to sulfate-reducing bacteria and microorganisms from the genera Pseudoxanthmonas, Dechlorosoma, Desulfovibrio, Agrobacterium, Methylocapsa, Rhodococcus, Sulfobacillus, and some unidentified bacteria. Sulfate-reducing bacteria were found in the column bioreactor 2 weeks after inoculation, but not thereafter. This suggests they were in low abundance, even though sulfate remediation rates were significant. Instead, the population contained species similar to those previously found to utilize humic substances released from the compost material.

Bacteria↗

Radon levels in abandoned metalliferous mines, Devon, southwest England.

Radon levels underground in two abandoned mines in Devon, United Kingdom, are reported and analyzed. Extremely high levels have been noted, 7,100,000 Bq m(-3) being the highest level recorded. This is approximately 89 times higher than the highest published radon level for caves and mines in Devon and Cornwall, England, which is 80,000 Bq m(-3). These levels have significant health implications for both casual and occupational mine explorers.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗

Gold mining as a source of mercury exposure in the Brazilian Amazon.

Amalgamation has been used for more than 4500 years in mining processes. Mercury has been extensively used in South America by Spanish colonizers for precious metal recovery. It is estimated that between 1550 and 1880, nearly 200,000 metric tonnes of mercury was released to the environment. During the present gold rush, Brazil is first in South America and second in the world in gold production (with 90% coming from informal mining or garimpos). At least 2000 tonnes of mercury has been released to the environment in the present gold rush. From the mid 1980s, environmental research has been carried out in impacted Amazon rivers, later followed by human exposure studies. The river basins studied were the Tapajós, Madeira, and Negro, but also some man-made reservoirs and areas in central Brazil. The analyses mainly involved sediments, soil, air, fish, human hair, and urine. The results show high variability, perhaps related to biological diversity, biogeochemical differences in the river basins, and seasonal changes. High mercury values also occur in some areas with no known history of gold mining. The results available document a considerable impact on environmental mercury concentrations and frequent occurrence of human exposure levels that may lead to adverse health effects.

Air Pollutants↗

Mercury contamination in freshwater, estuarine, and marine fishes in relation to small-scale gold mining in Suriname, South America.

The extent of mercury contamination in Surinamese food fishes due to small-scale gold mining was investigated by determination of the total mercury concentration in 318 freshwater fishes, 109 estuarine fishes, and 110 fishes from the Atlantic Ocean. High background levels were found in the piranha Serrasalmus rhombeus (0.35 microg Hg x g(-1) muscle tissue, wet mass basis) and the peacock cichlid Cichla ocellaris (0.39 microg x g(-1)) from the Central Suriname Nature Reserve. Average mercury levels in freshwater fishes were higher in piscivorous species than in nonpiscivorous species, both in potentially contaminated water bodies (0.71 and 0.19 microg x g(-1), respectively) and in the control site (0.25 and 0.04 microg x g(-1), respectively). Mercury concentrations in piscivorous freshwater fishes were significantly higher in rivers potentially affected by gold mining than in the control site. In 57% of 269 piscivorous freshwater fishes from potentially contaminated sites, mercury levels exceeded the maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 microg Hg x g(-1). The highest mercury concentrations (3.13 and 4.26 microg x g(-1)) were found in two piranhas S. rhombeus from the hydroelectric reservoir Lake Brokopondo. The high mercury levels in fishes from Lake Brokopondo were to some extent related to gold mining because fishes collected at eastern sites (i.e., close to the gold fields) showed significantly higher mercury concentrations than fishes from western localities. In the estuaries, mercury levels in ariid catfish (0.22 microg x g(-1)) and croakers (0.04-0.33 microg x g(-1)) were distinctly lower than those in piscivorous fishes from contaminated freshwater sites. In the isolated Bigi Pan Lagoon, the piscivores snook Centropomus undecimalis (0.04 microg x g(-1)) and tarpon Megalops atlanticus (0.03 microg x g(-1)) showed low mercury levels. Mercury levels were significantly higher in marine fishes than in estuarine fishes, even with the Bigi Pan fishes excluded. High mercury concentrations were found in the shark Mustelus higmani (0.71 microg x g(-1)), the crevalle jack Caranx hippos (1.17 microg x g(-1)), and the barracuda Sphyraena guachancho (0.39 microg x g(-1)), but also in nonpiscivorous species such as Calamus bajonado (0.54 microg x g(-1)), Haemulon plumieri (0.47 microg x g(-1)), and Isopisthus parvipinnis (0.48 microg x g(-1)). Mercury levels were positively correlated with the length of the fish in populations of the freshwater piscivores S. rhombeus, Hoplias malabaricus, and Plagioscion squamosissimus, in estuarine species (Arius couma, Cynoscion virescens, and Macrodon ancylodon), and in S. guachancho from the Atlantic Ocean.

Animals↗

Exposure of children to lead and cadmium from a mining area of Brazil.

During the past 50 years the Ribeira river valley, in the southern part of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, had been under the influence of the full activity of a huge lead refinery and mine working by the side of the river. The plant completely stopped all kinds of industrial activities at the end of 1995, and part of the worker population and their families still remain living nearby in small communities. The objective of the study was to assess the exposure of children to lead and cadmium in these areas, where residual environmental contamination from the past industrial activity still exists. Blood samples of 295 children aged 7 to 14 years, residing in rural and urban areas around the mine and the refinery, were collected. A questionnaire was given to gather information on food habits, leisure activities, father's past employment, current and former residential places, and other variables. Blood lead and cadmium concentrations were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using Zeeman background correction. Cadmium values obtained in this population were mostly below established quantification limits (0.5 microg/dl). The median of blood lead level (BLL) obtained in children living close to the lead refinery was 11.25 microg/dl, and the median in other mining regions far from the refinery was 4.4 microg/dl. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the independent contribution of selected variables in predicting BLL in these children. The following variables showed significant association with high BLL: residential area close to the lead refinery [odds ratio (OR)=10.38 (95% confidence interval (Cl)=4.86-23.25)], former father's occupational lead exposure [OR=4.07 (95% Cl=1.82-9.24)], and male gender [OR=2.60 (95% Cl=1.24-5.62)].

Adolescent↗

[Levels of the PCB-substitute Ugilec (tetrachlorobenzyltoluene) in fish from areas of extensive mining].

Tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes, which represent the major constituent of the PCB substitutes Ugilec 141 and Ugilec T, have been widely used in the last few years as hydraulic fluids in underground mining. Their use has been termed a "closed application", but there are obviously considerable losses. Tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes released underground can enter the environment vit pia water, mine outputs or ventilation systems and as a consequence they can contaminate the food-chain, especially in fish. In fish from areas where there is extensive mining concentrations of tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes in edible portions ranged up to 25 mg/kg. The compounds were extracted from the freeze-dried material with petroleum ether. Gel chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X3 was chosen for the removal of fat followed by adsorption chromatography on silica gel according to the method of Specht and Tillkes. A combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry employing an ion trap detector was used for the separation and detection of the compounds. The great selectivity of mass selective detection combined with the high resolving power of capillary gas chromatography made it possible to determine and confirm the presence of Ugilec in fish down to a level of 0.02 mg/kg, even if there was a large PCB surplus.

Animals↗