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PubMedDate not supplied

Acceptance of induced abortion amongst medical students and physicians in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Abortion is illegal in most of Mexico, except in the case of rape or physical risk to the mother, but there are several indicators that suggest that at least in Mexico City, society would like to have a more liberal law. The present study was performed to learn what several groups of physicians and medical students residing outside of Mexico City think in this regard. METHODS: Seven colleagues working in different cities agreed to apply a questionnaire to physicians and or medical students available to them, to learn their opinions regarding the acceptability of induced abortion in several scenarios. Questions one to tree inquires if abortion is acceptable up to week 20 of pregnancy at the simple request of the parents, if the fetus has a severe malformation or anencephaly. Questions four to six personalize the situations by supposing that the physician or spouse have a high risk of having a malformed child. Question seven asks if they would offer prenatal diagnosis to a mother who would abort a malformed fetus. Statistical procedure includes multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The inter-city physicians-students composition was very heterogeneous. The majority of respondents disagreed with abortion on demand of the parents, but clearly agrees to it in the presence of severe malformations. In general males, above 30 years old physicians and less religious individuals, are more in favor to abortion than their respective counterparts. The proportion of acceptance is over 70% in most cases. CONCLUSION: We believe that this work shows a preliminary indication of a national trend amongst physicians and medical students favoring induced early abortion if the fetus has a severe malformation.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

A model for the AIDS epidemic in Mexico: short-term projections.

As in many developing countries, the AIDS epidemic in Mexico has become a major public health problem. Given the competition for scarce health resources in Mexico, where hospitals are overcrowded and care for AIDS patients is often unavailable, planning depends on accurate estimates of the incidence of AIDS and the prevalence of HIV-1 infection. This article presents estimates of AIDS incidence in Mexico corrected for delays in reporting and short-term projections based on the corrected AIDS incidence. Trends in incidence cannot be assessed without such correction because only about 50% of AIDS cases are reported within 4 months of diagnosis. In addition to information on AIDS incidence, short-term projections also require estimates of the latency distribution between infection with HIV-1 and onset of AIDS. Latency periods with medians of 8 and 10 years lead to estimates that 22,000 and 24,000 new AIDS cases infected before June 1989 will be diagnosed between 1989 and 1994.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Modeling the AIDS epidemic in Mexico City.

To study the future course of the AIDS epidemic in Mexico City, we use an open compartmental model to forecast new AIDS cases among homosexual and bisexual males and among heterosexual males and females. For each group three compartments are defined: uninfected persons, infected but asymptomatic persons, and persons diagnosed with AIDS. It is assumed that the AIDS epidemic will follow the propagation of infectious disease model, where spread of infection is proportional to the product of the number of healthy persons and the number of infected ones. The compartmental model is represented by a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the rate of change in the number of persons in each compartment. The impact of preventive measures is explored by decreasing the probability of HIV transmission, which is one of the model parameters representing behavioral patterns. By April 1989, 491 AIDS cases had been reported in Mexico City and classified as sexually related. Our model predicts that the AIDS incidence will continue to rise in Mexico City for the foreseeable future and will spread among the heterosexual population. Decreasing the transmission probability by 10% in all groups (through education programs) will result in a decrease of 18.1% in the number of accumulated cases over a 5-year period. A 20% decrease would prevent more than 31% of the cases. We conclude that mathematical models can be valuable in predicting the spread of the AIDS epidemic and the impact of behavioral change on its spread.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bi-national utilization of health services in the Mexico-United States border: the case of the population of Tijuana].

The U.S.-Mexico border is a region where two neighboring countries share a dynamic exchange of cultural, demographic and economic activities. Regarding the use of health services, there is growing concern among American officials that part of the indigent health care burden in the Southwestern United States may be caused by residents of Mexico who cross the border to use U.S. health services. If this is true, it could be the result of unmet needs in the Mexican health care system which spill over across the border. This article examines the extent and volume of use of health care services by Tijuana residents in both countries. It also identifies the factors that predict the use of U.S. health services. The data reported were obtained from a community survey, conducted in June 1987, based on a random sample of 660 households. The results reveal that despite the geographical proximity and a tradition among Mexican border residents to consume American products, when it comes to health services, the local Mexican health care system is prefered. In fact, the use of Tijuana based services is 16 times higher than in the U.S. The users of services in the U.S. tend to choose the private sector and pay out of pocket. The findings indicate that socioeconomic status, sex and age are significant predictors of U.S. service utilization. We conclude that the low demand for U.S. services does not interfere with Mexico's health system. However, we recommend that future studies assess the extent of use of Tijuana services by U.S. residents, so that we can assess the magnitude of cross border utilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Blood parasites of some birds from northeastern Mexico.

A total of 196 birds of 31 species from 15 families from northeastern Mexico was examined for blood parasites; 25 birds (12.8%) of 11 species harbored 1 or more species of hematozoans. Species of Haemoproteus accounted for half of the total infections encountered. Leucocytozoon simondi was found in 2 Mexico ducks (Anas diazi) and this represents the first record of the transmission of this parasite in Mexico. The results of this survey were compared with those obtained nearly 50 yr ago from a survey of birds from the same general area; prevalence in both samples was similar, despite the change to a more agricultural environment over this period.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pedestrian fatalities--New Mexico, 1958-1987.

Pedestrian fatalities constitute approximately one seventh of all traffic-related deaths in the United States (1). In addition to the disproportionate numbers of pedestrian fatalities that occur among children and the elderly, minority populations are at increased risk for pedestrian deaths (2-4). In New Mexico, approximately half the population are minority persons--primarily Hispanics and American Indians. Injury fatality rates for these groups are substantially higher than national rates, especially for the state's American Indians (4,5). This report summarizes an analysis by the University of New Mexico School of Medicine of pedestrian fatalities among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1990

Development of a System for Registry of Information on Drug use in Mexico.

Mexico's need for uniform information about drug abuse led to creation of an information collection system in 1986. This system, known as the System for Registry of Information on Drugs (SRID), currently covers the Mexico City metropolitan area. Plans call for it to be expanded in two phases--so as to provide coverage first of the states near the U.S. border and those with substantial tourism, and then to cover the nation as a whole. This article describes the data collection procedures used and the results of the four SRID assessments conducted in the Mexico City area from mid-1986 through mid-1988. These results indicate there were about nine male drug abusers in this period for every female; that drug use typically began young; that the drugs most commonly abused were marijuana, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and tranquilizers; that cocaine use was limited but apparently increasing; and that most of the drug abusers interviewed had not completed secondary school, were not in school at the time interviewed, and had relatively low socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving the health of Indian teenagers--a demonstration program in rural New Mexico.

The health status of Indian teenagers in the United States is below that of the general population. The usual barriers to the use of health care services that young people, including young Indians, encounter are compounded in rural areas by distance, isolation, and lack of appropriate services. To overcome these barriers in rural New Mexico, a public health demonstration project (a) established a single location where adolescents can receive multiple, integrated health care services free of charge; (b) set up the initial program of services at a rural school; (c) established links with existing agencies; and (d) incorporated community action toward creating change. The project began as a joint effort of three communities, the University of New Mexico (UNM), and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Service (IHS) of the Public Health Service; a secondary level public school soon became a participant. The project is being replicated in two other communities that have formed separate partnerships with UNM and the area IHS; also the New Mexico Health and Environment Department has joined the effort in one community. Preliminary data suggest that the services are being used by a majority of the target population, with the proportions of boys and girls about equal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Development of a drug information registry system in Mexico].

Mexico's need for uniform information about drug abuse led to the creation of an information collection system in 1986. This system, known as the System for Registry of Information on Drugs (SRID), currently covers the Mexico City metropolitan area; plans call for it to be expanded in two phases--so as to provide coverage first of the states near the US border and those with substantial tourism, and then to cover the nation as a whole. This article describes the data collection procedures used and the results of the four SRID assessments conducted in the Mexico City area from mid-1986 through mid-1988. These results indicate there were about nine male drug abusers in this period for every female; that drug use typically began young; that the drugs most commonly abused were marijuana, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and tranquilizers; that cocaine use was limited but apparently increasing; and that most of the drug abusers interviewed had not completed secondary school, were not in school at the time interviewed, and had relatively low socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Public information about AIDS in Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico.

Surveys of public knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS have been conducted in Brazil, Haiti, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. In Brazil two-thirds of the 5,000 survey subjects were aware of how HIV is transmitted, and 20% said they had changed their lifestyles or sexual practices to reduce their risk of infection. Of the 1,961 subjects surveyed in Mexico City, Mexico, 86% knew that AIDS was an infectious disease, and 52% believed condoms were an effective barrier against HIV. A 1987 survey in the Dominican Republic showed that awareness of AIDS, its modes of transmission, and preventive measures had improved since a similar survey conducted in 1985. In the Haitian survey in 1987, 24% to 68% of the respondents could identify high-risk groups, but there was some uncertainty about modes of transmission, the effectiveness of medical care, and the efficacy of measures to prevent HIV transmission.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Ethnic differences in mortality from acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease in New Mexico, 1958-1982.

To examine time trends and differences in mortality rates from acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease in New Mexico's Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white populations, we analyzed vital records data for 1958 through 1982. Age-adjusted mortality rates for acute rheumatic fever were low and showed no consistent temporal trends among the three ethnic groups over the study period. Age-adjusted and age-specific mortality rates for chronic rheumatic heart disease in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites decreased over the 25-year period, although rates were higher among Hispanics than among non-Hispanics during most of the time period. In American Indians, age-adjusted mortality rates for chronic rheumatic heart disease increased between 1968 and 1977 to twice the non-Indian mortality rates during the same period. Despite this increase in mortality from chronic rheumatic heart disease among New Mexico's American Indians from 1968 to 1977, the New Mexico data generally reflect national trends of decreasing mortality from chronic rheumatic heart disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Is atherosclerosis increasing in Mexico City?

This report compares quantitative measures of atherosclerosis in aortas and coronaries from autopsies of deceased men from Mexico City collected during 1960 to 1964 and 1986 to 1987. The comparison of lesions in two different time periods provides an opportunity for determining whether the extent of atherosclerosis has changed over time in Mexico City. Three pathologists independently evaluated the extent of fatty streaks (FS), fibrous plaques (FP), calcified plaques (CA), and complicated lesions (CO) in 165 aortas and 120 sets of coronary arteries collected during 1986 to 1987 for comparison with similar gradings of 128 aortas and coronary arteries from the International Atherosclerosis Project in 1960 to 1964. Neither FS nor more advanced lesions differed significantly in either the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta between the two collection periods. In contrast, there were more extensive FP and raised atherosclerotic lesions (RL = FP + CA + CO) in the coronary artery segments evaluated in the younger age groups in 1986 to 1987 versus 1960 to 1964. Additional analyses, based on 75 pairs of aortas and 32 pairs of coronary arteries from age-matched cases, all regraded by the team of pathologists after blind coding, showed more FS in both aortic segments and more extensive involvement with RL in the three main branches of the coronary arteries in the more recent study. An overview of our findings suggests that atherosclerosis, particularly in the coronary arteries, is increasing in Mexico City. This hypothesis merits careful testing in parallel with consideration of possible changes in the risk factors that could be responsible for changes in extent of lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of microscopic coronary atheroma in young adults from Mexico City].

The prevalence of microscopic atheroma in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in thirty young males aged 20 to 29 years, living in Mexico City, who died in urban accidents. All of them were either unemployed or labor workers with a socioeconomical status considered to be representative of the majority of young males living in Mexico City. It was found that coronary atheroma was present in 11 of them (33%) with variable degrees of luminal obstruction. In two of them the luminal obstruction was greater than 75%. The prevalence found in this group was significantly different to that found in younger and older males who also died in accidents. Since the prevalence of coronary atheroma was not related to ventricular hypertrophy, valvular or congenital heart disease our findings indicate that in Mexico City as in other geographical regions, coronary atherosclerosis is not an unusual finding in males in the third decade of life, with a low socioeconomical status.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

Infant feeding practices in Kenya, Mexico and Malaysia. The rarity of the exclusively breast-fed infant.

Infant feeding practices of 6149 mothers in Kenya, Mexico and Malaysia are reported. A high proportion of mothers initiated breast-feeding in each country regardless of social class. Most Kenyan mothers continued to breast-feed for at least 12 months. In Mexico and Malaysia, however, breast-feeding was discontinued relatively early, especially among urban mothers. Early supplementation of breast-fed infants with milk and/or other food was a common practice in each of the three countries. Among breast-fed infants below 4 months of age, the percentages who were exclusively breast-fed in the urban elite, urban poor and rural groups respectively were 6, 14 and 21 per cent in Kenya, 8, 19 and 31 per cent in Mexico, and 11, 9 and 11 per cent in Malaysia. Supplementation of breast-fed infants in the first two months of life was more likely to be with infant formula than with any other milk or food. At three months of age, however, nonmilk foods were the most common supplements in all population groups with the exception of those in urban Kenya. The policy implications are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing education in Mexico.

This is a descriptive report on nursing education in selected areas of Mexico. The data could be used to identify some cultural components unique to nursing education in Mexico. The cities of Jalapa and Mexico City were chosen because of recent advances in health care and health education in these cities. Only with knowledge of a system, an open attitude, and an international perspective of caring, can attempts be made to make the north-south relationship between North America and South America a wholesome experience of reality.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1986

Child restraint law effects on motor vehicle accident fatalities and injuries: the New Mexico experience.

The New Mexico State Legislature passed a child restraint law applicable to children less than 5 years of age that became effective in June 1983. To evaluate the effectiveness of this law, we analyzed traffic accident data for New Mexico from January 1981 through September 1984. During this period, there were 20,972 children younger than 5 years of age in motor vehicle accidents. Restraint usage increased for this age group from a low of about 10% in 1981 to more than 40% in 1984 (P less than 10(-6)). Unrestrained children younger than 5 years of age were five times more likely to be killed and two times more likely to be injured than restrained children. Analysis of motor vehicle accident fatality and injury rates pre- and post-law revealed a 33% reduction in motor vehicle accident fatality rates and a 12.6% reduction in nonfatal injury rates for children younger than 5 years. We conclude that child restraint devices are effective in reducing motor vehicle accident fatalities and injuries in young children and the child restraint law has been effective in increasing child restraint usage and in reducing childhood death and injury in New Mexico.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer incidence in the Zuni Indians of New Mexico.

The total age-adjusted incidence of cancer in the Zuni Indians of New Mexico was significantly lower than that of the New Mexico Anglo population during the period 1969-1982. Specific sites at which the Zunis had a significantly lower number of cases than expected, based on the rates for Anglos, are: colon, rectum and anus, lung, breast, endometrium, melanoma of the skin, pancreas, and the leukemias. Sites at which the Zunis had a higher number of cases than expected are stomach and gallbladder. The Zunis have a pattern of occurrence of cancer that is similar to other American Indians of New Mexico (Navajo, Apache, and Pueblo); however, rates of lung, colonic, and pancreatic cancer among the Zunis are significantly lower. The occurrence and anatomic distribution of cancer among the Zunis may be the result of cultural and environmental conditions or genetic influences. Further studies may clarify the risk factors which contribute to this pattern of disease.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1983

Assessing continuing medical education needs in New Mexico.

In 1981 a decision was made by the University of New Mexico School of Medicine to create a new Office of Community Professional Education whose primary function was to create continuing medical education programs tailored to its constituency. To accomplish this, a needs assessment survey was distributed to a stratified random sample of members of the New Mexico Medical Society practicing throughout the state to determine preferred learning styles, locations of programs and times of year, as well as other determinants for attending such programs. The survey was received by 647 physicians and 469 returned them-a response rate of 72.4 percent. Conclusions reached as a result of the needs assessment will serve as a basis of policy formation for the delivery of continuing medical education at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗