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PubMed2002

[Mass screening of gastric cancer--limits and prospects].

Now we have two methods for gastric cancer screening. One is radiological study and another is pepsinogen test. The efficacy of radiological study has been established by the curve of mortality rate of gastric cancer through these four decades. But it is problem for this study that the number of the participants has reduced and the patients who take the examination have been fixed. On the other hand, pepsinogen test is very easy and cheap to take the results. But the efficacy of this is not established, because this test started only twelve years before. According to our research, both tests have the pros and cons. So it is necessary to use both methods to do mass screening of gastric cancer. The capsule endoscopy, which was developed in these years, has held great possibility. It will be used practically near future.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Utility of low-dose helical CT as a second step after plain chest radiography for mass screening for lung cancer.

We evaluated the usefulness of low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) as a routine second step in patients screened for lung cancer with plain chest radiography (PCR). Of 5,437 people who underwent mass screening for lung cancer by PCR, further work-up was required for 230 because of abnormal findings. Of 221 subjects who had CT as a second step, abnormal shadows were detected in 110 and no abnormal shadows were seen in 111. Screening CT (helical scan; beam collination, 10 mm; pitch of 2:20 mm/s; and tube current, 50 mA) detected 17 lung cancers, 87 benign lesions, and 6 extrapulmonary lesions, with an average diameter of 10 mm (range, 2-35 mm). All lung cancers were peripheral (12 stage I, 4 stage IIIA, and 1 stage IV). In 40% of screened subjects, 37 with benign lesions and 7 with lung cancer (6 stage I), lesions were delineated only by screening CT. In conclusion, low-dose helical CT was found to be useful as a second step in patients who have been screened for lung cancer by PCR and can delineate the early stage of lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Mass screening for heart disease of school children in Saga city: 7-year follow up study.

1. At the initial screening, 6.11% of elementary school children and 6.28% of junior high school students were picked up for the second screening. At the second screening, 0.49% of elementary school children and 0.85% of junior high school students were referred to the final screening. The pick-up ratio was significantly higher in junior high school children. The ratio of children needing medical management was also significantly higher for junior high school students (2.96%) than for elementary school children (2.26%). 2. The reexamination system was useful for management of a group of children with minimal findings of ECG at minimal cost and effort and without giving rise to unnecessary anxiety for the children and their families. 3. In order to manage children from elementary school to junior high school without any risk, it is essential to establish more sophisticated systems of managing patient-records, such as computer managing systems. 4. In order to increase the reliability of questionnaires, it is necessary to explain the significance of the mass screening system for the prevention of cardiac accidents, to refine the questions and to give more easily understood instructions.

Child↗
PubMed1990

A pilot study on the usefulness of a new test for mass screening of colorectal cancer in Japan.

A new screening test (Shamsuddin and Elsayed, 1988) based on the enzymatic detection of the disaccharide beta-D-Gal(1----3)-D-GalNAc in the rectal mucus of patients with colorectal (CR) cancer and precancerous conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and polyp (precancerous lesions) was evaluated in 85 Japanese patients. Following a 15-minute reaction, a sensitivity of 80.0% (8/10) for CR cancer and 72.2% (8/11) for precancerous lesions was obtained. The overall specificity for combined CR cancers and precancerous lesions was 62.2% (28/45). Correlation with abnormal mucin production in the tissues of CR cancer and precancerous lesions was studied by high-iron diamine-Alcian blue and/or periodic acid-Schiff-Alcian blue (pH = 1.0). The agreement of the results with this test was 77.8% (7/9) for CR cancers and 75.0% (6/8) for precancerous conditions. Because of the simplicity of this test, low cost, stability of the sample and reagents and accuracy for CR cancer and precancerous lesions, the test may have potential use for mass screening of cancer and high risk individuals, particularly CR cancer in Japan.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1985

Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography. Randomised trial from the Breast Cancer Screening Working Group of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.

A randomised controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of mass screening with single-view mammography in reducing mortality from breast cancer was started in Sweden in 1977. 162 981 women aged 40 years or more and living in the counties of Kopparberg and Ostergötland were enrolled in the study and divided at random into 2 groups. Each woman in the study group was offered screening every 2 or 3 years depending on age. Women in the control group were not offered screening. This report is confined to the 134 867 women aged 40-74 years at date of entry. The results to the end of 1984 show a 31% reduction in mortality from breast cancer and a 25% reduction in the rate of stage II or more advanced breast cancers in the group invited to screening. 7 years after the start of the study the excess of stage I cancers in the study group largely outweighs the deficit of advanced cancers.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Mass screening of Irish wolfhound puppies for portosystemic shunts by the dynamic bile acid test.

Five hundred and sixty-six Irish wolfhound puppies aged six to 15 weeks were tested for congenital portosystemic shunts by the dynamic bile acid method. Plasma ammonia concentration was also measured in 165 of the puppies both fasting and postprandially. Nineteen puppies (3.4 per cent), nine males and 10 females, had portosystemic shunts. Smaller litters appeared to be more likely to contain affected puppies. The postprandial bile acid concentration was a reliable predictor of the presence of a shunt, with the highest concentration in a normal puppy being 38 mumol/litre and the lowest in an affected puppy being 43 mumol/litre. In contrast, fasting bile acid concentrations were normal in the majority of the affected puppies. There was considerable overlap in fasting plasma ammonia concentrations between normal and affected puppies (26 puppies, 15.8 per cent of those tested). Postprandial ammonia concentration appeared to give better separation between the two groups, apart from two individuals which produced bizarre results. It was concluded that the postprandial or dynamic bile acid test is an appropriate test for the mass screening of Irish wolfhound puppies for portosystemic shunts, and guidelines are proposed for the interpretation and follow-up of the test.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1989

[Mass-screening for acid mucopolysaccharidosis using urine samples by modified HCl-albumin turbidity method].

To establish a method for screening acid mucopolysaccharidosis (AMPS), the HCl-albumin turbidity method was reexamined and modified for semiquantitative analysis. Mucopolysaccharide samples and HCl-albumin in buffer solution were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes, and the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600) of the reaction mixtures were measured. When the same amount of the samples were tested, OD 600 of dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid were higher than that of keratan sulfate. When the cut-off point of OD 600 was set at 0.100 based on the values obtained from randomly selected subjects, only 3 of 328 urine samples (0.9%) showed value higher than the cut off value. The values in five patients with AMPS were all above 0.800 without overlapping those of the control subjects. These results suggest that mass-screening for AMPS using urine sample is possible by the partially modified HCl-albumin turbidity method with the cut-off point of OD 600 set at 0.100.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Syphilitic seroreactivity among the Thai population aged 50 years and above: value of mass screening.

The present study is concerned with the evaluation of routine serologic screening for syphilis among the general population aged 50 and above living in a suburban area of Bangkok, Thailand. Among 941 subjects aged 50 years and above recruited in a cohort study named the CERB study, blood of 798 subjects was obtained and their sera were tested for syphilis using the passive particle agglutination test for detection of antibodies to Treponema pallidum (TPPA) and the rapid plasma reagin (RPR). Of 798 subjects, 132 (16.5%) were reactive to serum TPPA. Their mean age (standard deviation) was 61.4 (8.4) years. Fifty-six subjects (42.4%) were male. Prevalence of syphilitic seroreactivity increased with age (p = 0.004). Prevalence of syphilitic seroreactivity among male and female subjects was 18.3% and 15.4% respectively (p = 0.001). Prevalence of syphilitic seroreactivity among subjects with formal education (14.4%) was significantly lower than that among subjects without formal education (26.5%) (p = 0.001). Of 132 subjects, 10 (7.6%) had and a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer of 1:16 or higher. None of them reported symptoms of primary or secondary syphilis during the initial survey. Of 125 subjects who were interviewed in depth during the revisit survey, 24 subjects had known about their syphilitic infection prior to this study. Among these 24 subjects, 4 had not received any treatment for syphilis and 1 used herbal medicine. Therefore, 106 subjects (84.4%) were untreated or inadequately treated. These findings suggest the value of mass screening for syphilis among the Thai population aged 50 years and above.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Relation of mass screening blood pressure to usual 24-hour working day blood pressure variation and left ventricular hypertrophy].

Fifty-three regularly employed hypertensive men (HT group) aged 38 to 68 years, whose blood pressure measured at a health evaluation clinic was systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 95, and 21 age-matched normal controls (NC group), whose SBP was less than 140 and DBP was less than 90 had their blood pressure monitored over 24 hours during a usual working day. Age and clinical pressure were 53.1 +/- 7.1 years (mean +/- SD) and 147 +/- 18/97 +/- 10 mmHg (SBP/DBP) in the HT group, and 52.7 +/- 8.9 and 117 +/- 8/78 +/- 7 in the NC group. In the HT group, blood pressure during work (146/96 mmHg) was similar to clinical blood pressure, while blood pressure at home (135/89 mmHg) was considerably lower than clinic measured values. In contrast, blood pressure variabilities in the NC group during non-sleep hours were less, and clinical measurement was lower than that at home (122/80 mmHg), and during work (126/82 mmHg). For those examined by echocardiogram (46 in HT and 21 in NC), end-diastolic left ventricular wall thickness (LVT), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) correlated most strongly with pressure during work by partial correlation analysis with age as a covariant (LVT:: SBP: r = 0.47, DBP: r = 0.53 both p less than 0.001, and LVMI:: SBP: r = 0.29, DBP: r = 0.25 both p less than 0.25). Clinical blood pressure as well as blood pressure at home and during sleep correlated significantly with LVT. These findings suggest that the blood pressure measurements obtained at a mass screening clinic, although infrequent, have important implications in relation to cardiac organ damage and for providing an estimate of blood pressure during work for hypertensives.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Long-term mass screening in uterine cervical carcinoma eradication strategy.

Results of the Tochigi Cancer Detection Center screening of a total of 252,453 women for uterine cervical neoplasm, conducted over fifteen years, are reported. Among the women, 16,454 (6.5%) were referred for precision reexamination and 14,129 (85.9%) responded. Eighty-nine patients with unmistakably invasive carcinomas at International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage Ib or more, 81 with microinvasive carcinomas at Stage Ia and 192 with carcinomas in situ were found, all of them receiving appropriate treatment. The cervical neoplasm detection rate decreased from 26.2 per 10,000 to 6.9 per 10,000 during the 15 years (average rate, 0.15%) with a relatively increasing trend of early stage carcinoma (microinvasive and in situ carcinomas) (62.9-84.0%) over frank carcinoma (37.1-16.0%). During the same period, the ratio of the uterine carcinoma mortality rate to that of all carcinomas decreased from 5.0 to 2.7%. The mean ages (years) of patients with frankly invasive (53.4), microinvasive (48.2) and in situ (45.6) carcinomas, however, remained constant over the 15 years. Five-year actuarial survival rates were 86.6% for frank, 98.8% for microinvasive and 98.8% for in situ carcinomas. Among rechecked women, all frank carcinoma patients were rescreened after more than one-and-a-half years of their last check. These results suggest that long-term mass screening and yearly checks would be of value both for detecting uterine carcinoma earlier and for reducing its mortality rate.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mass screening for retrocochlear disorders: low-field-strength (0.2-T) versus high-field-strength (1.5-T) MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of a retrocochlear disorder, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) high-field-strength MR imaging is considered the criterion standard in assessing vestibular schwannoma. However, only 10-20% of its findings are pathologic. Our purpose was to prospectively compare the performance of low-field-strength MR imaging in screening for retrocochlear disorders, with high-field-strength MR imaging as the criterion standard. METHODS: A total of 287 patients with suspected retrocochlear disease underwent axial 1.5-T MR imaging with a T1-weighted SE sequence before and after contrast enhancement and with a high-resolution T2-weighted construction interference in steady state sequence. At immediate follow-up, the same patients underwent axial 0.2-T T1-weighted SE imaging without additional contrast enhancement. Results were classified as negative, positive, or uncertain and were analyzed in light of the patients' clinical symptoms. RESULTS: MR imaging at 1.5 T depicted 63 disorders (21.95%), including 53 schwannomas, three other tumors, and seven other disorders (ie, gadolinium-enhancing inner ear, facial nerve, or meninges). MR imaging at 0.2 T showed evidence of 58 disorders; five disorders were not detected, although all schwannomas and other tumors were seen, including those smaller than 2 mm, and only two (28.6%) of the other disorders were detected. When correlated with clinical data, results showed that the five undetected disorders occurred in patients with unusual clinical signs. CONCLUSION: MR imaging at 0.2 T provided high sensitivity in detecting vestibular schwannoma of the internal auditory canal or cerebellopontine angle; it can be used for mass screening for this disease. Positive and uncertain imaging findings should be followed up with high-field-strength MR imaging.

Cerebellopontine Angle↗
PubMed1977

Mass screening and confirmation of codeine and morphine in urine by radioimmunoassay-GLC.

A rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of codeine and morphine in urine specimens. The method is sensitive to 0.5-mug/ml levels of both opiates in free and/or conjugate forms. The raw urine is screened directly by radiommunoassay, which is reactive to both free and glucuronide forms of codeine and morphine. Specimens that are screened positive are confirmed by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. The opiates are analyzed as their acetyl derivat-ves on two different columns, OV-25 and Poly-A 103. This multiple approach eliminates false positives caused by interfering substances or structurally similar compounds present in the urine.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1980

Mass screening and confirmation of diazepam in urine by EMIT-thin-layer chromatography.

A rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of diazepam (Valium) in urine at levels as low as 0.5 micrograms/mL. Raw urine specimens are screened directly by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, and those screened positive are confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Diazepam and its metabolites are converted to benzophenones; diazepam, 3-hydroxydiazepam, and its glucuronide yield 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone (MACB); whereas N-desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam, and oxazepam glucuronide yield 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB). The two benzophenones are well separated by a solvent system of petroleum ether:glacial acetic acid (90:10) and can be detected under ultraviolet light. A specimen reported positive for diazepam must produce spots for both ACB and MACB. No other benzodiazepines used in the United States or other urinary substances have been found to interfere; thus the procedure described is specific for for diazepam.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing cytologic detection rates for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer in a population lacking a mass screening program.

The secular trends in the detection rates for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive carcinoma were evaluated for a population lacking a mass screening program. For the period from 1980 through 1987, 185,659 Papanicolaou smears from 176,511 women were examined. The average annual age-adjusted detection rate for invasive cervical cancer declined from 3.7 x 10(-3) in 1980 to 1.4 x 10(-3) in 1987. The rate of cytologic findings consistent with CIN 3 and verified by histology increased from 0.7 x 10(-3) to 2.6 x 10(-3), and the rate of findings consistent with CIN 1 and CIN 2 increased from 4.3 x 10(-3) to 7.2 x 10(-3). The yield of Papanicolaou smear diagnoses consistent with CIN 3 was substantial (more than one case per 1,000) for women up to 60 years old, but was insignificant for older women.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Mass screening and confirmation of methaqualone and its metabolites in urine by radioimmunoassay-thin-layer chromatography.

A sensitive, rapid, and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of methaqualone (Quaalude) in urine specimens. The method is sensitive to 1.0 microgram/ml levels of total methaqualone excretion products (free methaqualone, free hydroxylated methaqualone metabolites, and conjugated hydroxylated methaqualone metabolites). The raw urine is screened directly by radioimmunoassay, which is reactive to all the methaqualone excretion products. Specimens that are screened positive are confirmed by thin-layer chromatography using a solvent system of ethyl acetate-1,2-dichloroethane-chloroform (75:15:10) which separates methaqualone and its four major metabolites without interference from other drugs or urinary substances. The distinctive spot pattern produced by the methaqualone metabolites makes false positive results nearly impossible.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2006

Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on five year results from a randomised hospital based mass screening trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to estimate the cost effectiveness of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: All 12,639 men born in the years 1921-1933 (aged 64-73) living in Viborg County, Denmark, were randomly allocated either to receive an invitation to abdominal ultrasound scanning for AAA or to be controls. Costs for screening and surveillance were assessed prospectively. Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) costs from 1999 were used concerning admissions with uncomplicated and complicated operations. Admissions for AAA surgery were retrospectively classified according to complications in patient records. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 52 months. 76.6% of invited men attended screening, and 191 (4.0%) had an AAA. As previously reported, the cumulative 5-year AAA-specific mortality in the invited group was significantly reduced by 67% compared to the control group (P = 0.003). The costs were estimated to be Euro 11.23 per scan. The costs per life-year saved were Euro 9057 (Euro 5872-20,063) after 5 years, and were expected to decrease to Euro 2708 (Euro 1758-6031) after 10 years and to Euro 1825 (Euro 1185-4063) after 15 years. CONCLUSION: Screening of 64-73 years old males in Denmark seems cost effective.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Two novel glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants found in newborn mass-screening for galactosaemia.

UNLABELLED: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder in which haemolytic anaemia is the major symptom. The Beutler spot test employed in mass-screening for galactosaemia in newborns requires several intrinsic erythrocyte enzymes such as G6PD for its reaction and can theoretically detect G6PD deficiency apart from galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. In this study, we detected two patients with G6PD deficiency using the quantitative Beutler test which was recently developed in our laboratory. Both patients lacked erythrocyte G6PD activity but exhibited no clinical symptoms. Molecular analysis in patients 1 and 2 revealed two novel missense mutations of C853T causing R285C and A1220C causing K407T, respectively. Molecular rather than enzymatic analysis was required in familial studies to detect and diagnose the carrier state. To date these patients have avoided oxidant stress and haemolytic diatheses have not been induced. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the quantitative Beutler test can detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency of class 1 and 2 and is therefore useful for early intervention and prevention of haemolytic diathesis in patients with this disorder.

Galactosemias↗