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PubMed1991

Work under extreme conditions.

Extreme conditions are defined in terms of deviation from the norm, and the mismatch between capacity and demand. Analysis of ergonomic job description data revealed the predominance, through their frequent occurrence, of extreme conditions. Extreme work environment conditions, such as climate, acceleration, and air pressure, are discussed. Task and error-concepts for workers operating under extreme workload are investigated, with reference to Chernobyl, stress-strain concepts for ATC, college examinations and shiphandling.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1991

What administrators need to know about clinical engineers. Understanding the equipment manager's responsibilities and concerns.

Despite the proliferance of computer systems in hospitals, many administrators--both new and experienced--have only a passing knowledge of technology management and managers. To make both the administrators' and the clinical engineers' jobs less difficult and more effective, the authors offer a profile of the "typical" clinical engineer. In the process, they underscore how health-care-administration programs need to increase students' exposure to and training in technology management.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2000

Moderating effects of perceived control and need for clarity on the relationship between role stressors and employee affective reactions.

The authors examined the salience of perceived control and need for clarity as "buffers" of the adverse consequences of role stressors by using hierarchical regressions on role ambiguity and role conflict, with job satisfaction and psychological strain as the criterion variables. In a sample of U.S. and New Zealand employees, perceived control was directly associated with higher satisfaction and reduced strain but displayed no moderating effect on stressor-outcome relationships. Need for clarity, on the other hand, was a significant moderator of the relationship of role ambiguity and conflict to both satisfaction and strain; that finding suggests that researchers could give more attention to dispositional variables in examining the correlates of role stressors.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Perceived job image among police officers in Singapore: factorial dimensions and differential effects.

The authors examined the perceived job image of police officers in Singapore and its differential effects on their work-related attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention to quit). The authors obtained data from questionnaire surveys and focus-group interviews. Perceived job image consisted of 4 dimensions: (a) prestige, (b) integrity, (c) competence, and (d) nonroutine job nature. Results of hierarchical regression analyses suggested that the first 2 dimensions of the perceived job image construct were salient in affecting the police officers' work-related attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Teamshaping in medical teaching: changing groups to teams.

The ability to work in teams is stated increasingly often as a prerequisite in medical job descriptions. At the Institute of Medical Psychology, University of Vienna, a team development model (Teamshaping) that integrates self-reliance, the acquisition of knowledge and team sensitivity has been developed over the years. The model is recommended for teaching medical students because it not only expands the integrated approach to small-group learning but also includes competence for teamwork.

Austria↗
PubMed2003

Critical literature review of determinants and levels of occupational benzene exposure for United States community-based case-control studies.

This article presents the results of an extensive literature review identifying the uses or occurrences of, and exposures to, benzene in a variety of industries for a community-based case-control study of childhood brain cancer in the United States and Canada. We focused on industries for which quantitative exposure data were identified in studies conducted in North America in the 1980s. Each industry was coded according to the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. For each industry, information relevant to exposure assessment, including process descriptions, job titles, tasks, and work practices, was summarized when available. Estimates of probability and intensity of exposure, and our confidence in these estimates are presented. Arithmetic means (AMs), weighted for the number of measurements for each industry, were calculated based on measurement data from long-term (i.e., 60+ minutes) personal sampling; short-term or area samples were only used when no other data were available for a given industry. Industries for which no quantitative exposure levels were identified in the North American literature but for which information was found on benzene use are briefly described. Published exposure data indicate that workers in most industries in the 1980s experienced exposure levels below the current standard of 1 part per million (ppm), with a weighted AM of 0.33 ppm across all industries. Despite the longtime recognition of the hematological effects of benzene, little information was available on exposure levels and determinants for many industries with potential exposure. Nevertheless, this review may clarify some of the procedures involved in assessing occupational exposures in community-based studies and may aid in the interpretation of previous occupational studies that relied on job title or industry.

Benzene↗
PubMed1995

Role Stress, Job Anxiety, Job Involvement, and Job Satisfaction Among Three Groups of Organizational Employees: A Factor Analytic Study.

This study is an attempt to compare organizational role stress, job involvement, job anxiety, and job satisfaction among three groups of employees in a private sector organization. The sample consisted of 50 top managers, 50 middle managers, and 50 workers. The Organizational Role Stress developed by Pareek (1983), the Job Involvement scale by Lodhal and Kejner (1965), the Job Anxiety scale by Srivastava and Sinha (1977), and the Job Descriptive Index developed by Smith, Yulin, and Kendall (1969) were administered to all three groups of employees. The results were analyzed both by the factor analytic technique and by discriminant function analysis. The factor analysis yielded three important factors that are discussed. The discriminant function analysis separated the three groups on 10 out of the 23 variables considered in the study. The findings are discussed in the light of other relevant studies.

stress↗
PubMed2000

Working and health conditions of Italian air traffic controllers.

The paper summarises some studies carried out in recent years on Italian air traffic controllers. Work stress appeared related mainly to mental charge, aggravated by time pressure and high responsibility. Shiftwork was not considered highly stressful, thanks to the good shift schedules adopted. The disorders most frequently complained of had a prevalent psychosomatic component, concerning the digestive, neuropsychic, and cardiovascular systems. However, their prevalence was lower than, or similar to, that recorded in general population. The controllers engaged in regional centres showed slightly worse health conditions than those engaged in airport towers; the same was found in the radar controllers compared to those working in non-radar positions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

CCall--healthy and successful work in call centres.

Call centre workplaces are in many ways a challenge to occupational health and safety. The occupation itself can be described as an IT information technology-supported, communication-intensive form of work with often unusual working hours and a high rate of part-time employment. Data on the employee turnover as well as absenteeism related to occupational disability is quite contradictory. Occupational safety and its proponents still have to find new ways into the corporate structures and cultures of this relatively new and rapidly growing branch of industry. In a 2-year research and development project, using a holistic approach and under consideration of all the relevant disciplines, call centre workplaces were studied, and organisational measures were developed and field tested by putting them into practice. Practical help was developed for a sustainable strategy for successful and healthy work in call centres.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of job and environmental factors on job satisfaction in automotive industries.

A methodology was developed for diagnosing industrial work, which includes questionnaire, observation, measurements, data collection and statistical analysis. A survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and factors that affect work design in 2 automotives manufacturing companies in Malaysia. A basic work design model was proposed. The aim of this model was to determine the factors that influence employees' perception towards their work. A set of multiple-choice questionnaires was developed and data was collected by interviewing employees at a production plant. The survey focused on job and environmental factors. The results supported the proposed model and showed that job and environmental factors were significantly related to job satisfaction. They highlighted the significant influence of age, work experience and marital status on job satisfaction. Further, environmental factors, especially the surroundings, context dependence and the building's function, also had a significant impact on job satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Organizational fairness and psychological distress in hospital physicians.

AIMS: Prior research has reported high levels of stress for physicians, but determinants of this stress are poorly understood. We explored whether problems in decision-making procedures and treatment of employees, as expressed in the theory of organizational fairness, may contribute to psychological distress in hospital physicians. METHODS: Structural equation modelling (LISREL) was based on survey responses from 251 male and 196 female physicians working in 11 public hospitals in Finland. RESULTS: Low organizational fairness increased the risk of psychological distress in male physicians but not in female physicians. In the former group, the association between organizational fairness and psychological distress was partially mediated by decreased job control and increased workload. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that broadening the view from the traditional psychosocial work characteristics to justice in management may assist in efforts to promote physicians' health and well-being.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective field study of the relationship of potential occupational risk factors with occupational injury/illness.

Twenty-one occupationally related risk factors were measured and prospectively evaluated for statistically significant relationships with occupational injury/illness in 442 manual material handlers, working for three different companies, at nine U.S. locations, and encompassing 15 different job descriptions. OSHA 200 logs were used to ascertain evidence of occupational injury/illness (dichotomous) within this population for 1 year after the testing and measurement were completed. The present study demonstrated evidence of a subset of critical variables significantly related to occupational injury/illness occurrence through the significantly related occupational risk factors presented in the univariate and multivariate models. Higher occurrences of injury/illness were significantly associated with nine risk factors in the univariate model, with odds ratios ranging from 1.11-2.27. The significantly (p<0.05) related risk factors in the univariate model were lifting frequency; weight lifted per day; weight lifted per hour; number of trunk flexions per hour; number of trunk twists per hour; number of trunk motions per hour; number of knee flexions per hour; number of shoulder flexions per hour; and static shoulder flexion. In the multivariate analysis two risk factors were associated with occupational injury/illness. The significantly (p<0.05) related risk factors in the multivariate model were lifting frequency (p=0.0010, odds ratio [OR]=4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]=[2.38-8.40], and average weight of lift (p=0.0001, OR=1.71, 95% CI=[1.29-2.25]).

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer.

Pollution from motor vehicles constitutes a major environmental health problem. The present paper describes associations between diesel and gasoline engine emissions and lung cancer, as evidenced in a 1979-1985 population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Cases were 857 male lung cancer patients. Controls were 533 population controls and 1,349 patients with other cancer types. Subjects were interviewed to obtain a detailed lifetime job history and relevant data on potential confounders. Industrial hygienists translated each job description into indices of exposure to several agents, including engine emissions. There was no evidence of excess risks of lung cancer with exposure to gasoline exhaust. For diesel engine emissions, results differed by control group. When cancer controls were considered, there was no excess risk. When population controls were studied, the odds ratios, after adjustments for potential confounders, were 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 0.8, 1.8) for any exposure and 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 0.9, 2.8) for substantial exposure. Confidence intervals between risk estimates derived from the two control groups overlapped considerably. These results provide some limited support for the hypothesis of an excess lung cancer risk due to diesel exhaust but no support for an increase in risk due to gasoline exhaust.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Design and implementation of a health management information system in Malawi: issues, innovations and results.

As in many developing countries, lack of reliable data and grossly inadequate appreciation and use of available information in planning and management of health services were two main weaknesses of the health information systems in Malawi. Malawi began strengthening its health management information system with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of existing information systems, sharing findings with all stakeholders. All were agreed on the need for reformation of various, vertical programme-specific information systems into a comprehensive, integrated, decentralized and action-oriented simple system. As a first step towards conceptualization and design of the system, a minimum set of indicators was identified and a strategy was formulated for establishing a system in the country. The design focused only on the use of information in planning, management and the improvement of quality and coverage of services. All health and support personnel were trained, employing a training of trainers cascade approach. Information management and use was incorporated into the pre-service training curriculum and the job description of all health workers and support personnel. Quarterly feedback, supportive supervision visits and annual reviews were institutionalized. Civil society organizations were involved in monitoring coverage of health services at local levels. A mid-term review of the achievements of the health information system judged it to be one of the best in Africa. For the first time in Malawi, the health sector has information by facility by month. Yet very little improvement has been noted in use of information in rationalizing decisions. The conclusion is that, no matter how good the design of an information system, it will not be effective unless there is internal desire, dedication and commitment of leadership to have an effective and efficient health service management system.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed2000

Setting national standards for practice equipment. Presence of equipment in Estonian practices before and after introduction of guidelines with feedback.

BACKGROUND: During the last few years quality assurance has received increasing attention in Estonian health care as well as in family medicine, which is a new speciality in Estonia (since 1993). The modest equipment that district doctors (former primary care doctors) had at their disposal, appeared inadequate considering family doctors' work tasks. AIM: To determine the type of equipment available in primary care practices before setting a standard, and 1 year after the minimal standard of practice equipment was introduced. To follow how well family doctors adhere to this standard. METHOD: A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of district doctors (n=157) in 1992 and to all family doctors practising as independent contractors in 1998 (n=376). Quality of equipping was assessed against the standard set by consensus of the representatives of Family Doctors' Society, based on the country's needs and family doctor's job description. RESULTS: The level of primary care doctors' office equipment in 1992 was quite low. However, by the spring of 1998, substantial improvement of the equipment in family doctors' practices was estimated. The number of doctors possessing instruments for otorhinolaryngological, ophthalmological and gynaecological work as well as for taking care of children had increased two- to three-fold. About one-half of the family doctors reported that they had all the instruments listed in the standard. CONCLUSIONS: Setting a national standard helps to improve practice equipment--an important structural aspect of quality of care. Although improvement of equipment alone cannot guarantee quality of care, it may provide an important first step towards promoting it.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

Costs and statistical power associated with five methods of collecting occupation exposure information for population-based case-control studies.

The ascertainment of information on past occupational exposure of study subjects is perhaps the main problem in case-control studies of occupational risk factors. Several methods have been proposed and used but little is known of their relative merits. The present study, undertaken in the context of a large ongoing case-control study of occupational cancer in Montreal, was designed to compare the costs of and statistical power to be derived from five plausible methods of data collection: 1) job titles abstracted from routine records, 2) job titles abstracted from routine records and processed through a job exposure matrix to derive exposure data, 3) job titles obtained by interview, 4) job titles obtained by interview and processed through a job exposure matrix to derive exposure data, and 5) job descriptions obtained by interview and processed by a team of experts to derive exposure data. Statistical power of the five methods was derived for 160 hypothetical risk factors, partly on the basis of empirical data from the data set and partly on the basis of some theoretical constructs. The design based on interview and expert evaluation was used as a reference, and the degree of misclassification of other methods was estimated in relation to this reference. For fixed sample size the interview and expert evaluation design was estimated to be much more costly than the others, but it provides much greater statistical power for detecting risks. Under the conditions of this investigation, this design was the most cost-effective. However, it is not clear to what extent this finding is generalizable.

Case-Control Studies↗