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PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral therapies for substance abuse.

The authors review more than two decades of research in the use of behavioral interventions for the treatment of drug and alcohol abuse. This survey covers major areas of research activity, including the use of aversive stimuli (chemical, electrical, and covert), skills training, contingency management, extinction/desensitization, and combined behavioral treatments. The reviewers conclude that while many of these treatment interventions hold promise, few have been fully explored with the use of properly controlled group studies. Suggestions are offered which may facilitate research and aid in the evaluation of behavioral interventions for substance abuse.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1980

Abrus and ricinus ingestion: management of three cases.

Three instances of toxic bean ingestion, all in the course of 1 week in the St. Louis area, have led us to submit this article. One case of jequirty bean (Abrus precatorius L.) and two of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) were treated at Cardial Glennon Memorial Hospital for Children during the third week of August in 1979. These seeds contain phytotoxins which are among the most potent toxic principles known to man.

Ricinus communis↗
PubMed1987

Characteristics of vomiting associated with acute sustained release theophylline poisoning: implications for management with oral activated charcoal.

Vomiting in acute theophylline toxicity has assumed increased clinical importance since the introduction of multiple dose activated charcoal therapy. We performed a prospective study of 26 patients with acute overdose of sustained release theophylline to characterize vomiting, and its possible interference with the acceptance of activated charcoal. Twenty five of 26 patients vomited. The duration of vomiting correlated with both peak serum theophylline concentrations (p less than 0.001) and the duration of theophylline toxicity (p less than 0.001). Vomiting extended over 63% of the drug's absorptive phase (the time interval between ingestion and the peak level) and 49% of the elimination phase (the time interval between the peak level and decrease of theophylline level to less than 20 mcg/ml). Patients with peak serum theophylline concentrations less than 70 mcg/ml were able to accept larger amounts of activated charcoal than patients with serum theophylline concentrations greater than 70 mcg/ml (113 +/- 15 gms vs. 57 +/- 24 gms, p less than 0.05). Vomiting in acute sustained release theophylline toxicity is protracted, and limits the use of activated charcoal especially in patients with severe acute theophylline poisoning.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Acetaminophen induced pancreatitis.

This is the fourth reported case of acute pancreatitis associated with acetaminophen overdose. The patient had ingested the smallest amount of acetaminophen (9.75-13 g) that has been reported to produce acute pancreatitis. This patient also suffered liver and renal impairment and developed an ileus and ascites. Despite late therapy and laboratory tests that indicated a poor prognosis the patient made a complete recovery without sequelae.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1991

Management of oil of citronella poisoning.

The management for ingestion of oil of citronella, an essential oil, has traditionally been rigorous, including dilution with milk or oil, and gastric lavage or emesis, taking care to prevent aspiration. Recently our Centre handled five oil of citronella poisonings and their outcomes led us to review our management protocol which had been based on information from standard poisoning texts. The source data used to determine the human toxicity of oil of citronella and the appropriate management of poisoning included a case report of a fatal ingestion of oil of citronella in a child. On scrutiny, however, the management of this poisoning included now out-moded techniques, giving rise to uncertainties in establishing the true cause of the child's death. Our own experiences indicate that advice given in standard texts based on poisoning cases managed with out-moded techniques should be carefully evaluated.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1992

Mushroom poisoning in infants and children: the Amanita pantherina/muscaria group.

The clinical features and management of nine cases of mushroom poisoning due to Amanita pantherina (eight cases) and Amanita muscaria (one case) admitted to a children's hospital are described. Most ingestions were in the toddler age group with males being more frequently involved. Symptoms occurred between 30-180 min with the onset of central nervous system depression, ataxia, waxing and waning obtundation, hallucinations, intermittent hysteria or hyperkinetic behavior. Vomiting was rare. Seizures or myoclonic twitching occurred in 4/9 patients, but was controlled with standard anticonvulsant therapy. No other anticholinergic or cholinergic signs were prominent. Recovery was rapid and complete in all patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of pediatric ethylene glycol monobutyl ether poisonings.

Ethylene glycol butyl ether, CAS 111-76-2, an ingredient in many popular commercial window/glass cleaners, is known to produce equal if not greater toxicity than ethylene glycol when administered to animals. Treatment recommendations for human poisonings are based upon animal data and include the use of ethanol therapy to inhibit the production of toxic metabolites. No human experiential data exist to accurately assess human toxicity or to verify treatment modalities. A 5 month retrospective review of all glass cleaner ingestions reported to a regional poison information center disclosed 24 pediatric patients, ages 7 mo to 9 y, who ingested 5-300 mL of a liquid glass cleaning product containing ethylene glycol butyl ether. All ingestions were reported within 5 min of ingestion, and all 24 children were asymptomatic at that time and subsequently. The product concentrations of ethylene glycol butyl ether ranged from 0.5% to 9.9%. Two of the 24 children ingested > 15 mL and were treated by gastric emptying and 24 h hospital observation. Neither hospitalized child suffered symptoms consistent with hemolysis, nervous system depression, acidosis, or renal compromise. Dilution with oral fluids at home is considered appropriate treatment of pediatric ingestions of < 10 mL of a commercial liquid glass/window cleaners containing < 10% ethylene glycol butyl ether.

Accidents↗