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PubMed2003

[Morphologic and hydrodynamic characteristics of bovine jugular venous conduit with valves].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the morphologic and hydrodynamic characteristics of bovine jugular venous conduit with valves. METHODS: Fresh bovine jugular veins with a retained native valve procured from a slaughterhouse were used as raw material to fabricate the valved conduits. The hydrodynamic performance of fresh and glutaraldehyde fixed bovine jugular vein conduits with valves was investigated in an experimental flow equipment that provided a constant pressure. The perfusion flow quantity through the conduits was measured under the antegrade (from the distal end to the proximal end) and retograde (from the proximal to the distal end) perfusion. The parameters of the valves in these bovine jugular venous conduits were also measured. RESULTS: There were 2-3 group valves in the bovine jugular venous conduit, with 3 or 2 valves in each group. The degrees of the leaflet development in different valves were different in the same conduit. The location of well-developed valves was interspersed. The anti-reflow ability of valves was positively correlated to the ratio between the leaflet height and valve sinus height (r = 0.709, P < 0.001). The percentage of retrograde and antegrade perfusion flow quantity after the glutaraldehyde treatment significantly increased than that before the glutaraldehyde treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Part of the bovine jugular venous conduit has well-developed valves with strong ability against reflowing. Routine glutaraldehyde treatment obviously decreases the anti-reflow function of the conduits.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemodynamic versus hydrodynamic effects of Guglielmi detachable coils on intra-aneurysmal pressure and flow at varying pulse rate and systemic pressure.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Alterations in intra-aneurysmal pressure and flow have been observed after treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). We wished to determine whether these changes could be assigned to a hydrodynamic effect of the coils themselves or a compound effect of coils plus thrombus formation. METHODS: Intra-aneurysmal pressure and flow were measured with a 0.014-inch guidewire- mounted transducer in a canine aneurysm in vivo and in vitro before and after treatment with GDCs. Flow was evaluated by using the thermodilution technique. Pressure and flow were also recorded in a bifurcational silicone aneurysm mounted onto a flow phantom during variations in systemic pressure and pulse rate before and following the insertion of GDCs. RESULTS: The insertion of GDCs induced a reduction in flow that was qualitatively similar when the aneurysm was perfused either by blood (in vivo) or with normal saline (in vitro). Quantitatively, however, flow was reduced less distinctly during perfusion with saline. In the silicone aneurysm, pressure was inversely related to pulse rate and increased with augmenting systemic pressure, whereas flow remained constant regardless of variations in pressure and pulse rate. After GDC placement, reduced flow was dependent on pulse rate but independent of systemic pressure. CONCLUSION: GDCs significantly reduced flow even in the absence of thrombus, indicating that they have a purely hydrodynamic effect. In the silicone model, the decrease in intra-aneurysmal flow after coiling relied upon the pulse rate in a manner suggesting the presence of resonance phenomena.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed2004

Remeshed smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation of the mechanical behavior of human organs.

In computer aided surgery the accurate simulation of the mechanical behavior of human organs is essential for the development of surgical simulators. In this paper we introduce particle based simulations of two different human organ materials modeled as linear viscoelastic solids. The constitutive equations for the material behavior are discretized using a particle approach based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method while the body surface is tracked using level sets. A key aspect of this approach is its flexibility which allows the simulation of complex time varying topologies with large deformations. The accuracy of the original formulation is significantly enhanced by using a particle reinitialization technique resulting in remeshed Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (rSPH). The mechanical parameters of the systems used in the simulations are derived from experimental measurements on human cadaver organs. We compare the mechanical behavior of liver- and kidney-like materials based on the dynamic simulations of a tensile test case. Moreover, we present a particle based reconstruction of the liver topology and its strain distribution under a small local load. Finally, we demonstrate a unified formulation of fluid structure interaction based on particle methods.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Solubilization and hydrodynamic properties of active peptide YY receptor from rat jejunal crypts. Characterization as a Mr 44,000 glycoprotein.

Peptide YY (PYY) receptors were solubilized from rat jejunal crypts using 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS). The binding of [125I-Tyr36]monoiodo-PYY ([125I]PYY) to CHAPS extracts was time-dependent and reversible. The order of potency of PYY-related peptides for inhibiting [125I]PYY binding was PYY greater than neuropeptide Y much greater than pancreatic polypeptide. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data indicated the presence in soluble extracts of a single class of binding sites with a Kd of 1.02 +/- 0.26 nM and a Bmax of 79 +/- 6 fmol/mg protein. Gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients of soluble [125I] PYY-receptor complexes revealed a single binding component with the following hydrodynamic parameters: Stokes radius, 4.43 nm; s20,w, 2.48 S; Mr, 48,000; frictional ratio, 1.82. Solubilized PYY receptors bound specifically to concanavalin A-, wheat germ agglutinin-, and soybean-coupled Sepharose, supporting their glycoproteic nature. After cross-linking with disuccinimidyl suberate, electrophoresis of covalent [125I]PYY-receptor complexes in membranes or CHAPS extracts revealed the presence of two bands of Mr 49,000 or 28,000 whose labeling was completely abolished by 1 microM unlabeled PYY. The Mr 49,000 band probably corresponded to the Mr 48,000 PYY-receptor complex evidenced by hydrodynamic studies. Assuming one molecule of [125I]PYY (Mr 4,000) was bound per molecule of receptor, these data show that intestinal PYY receptor consists of a Mr 44,000 glycoprotein after solubilization with CHAPS. The availability of this CHAPS-soluble receptor from rat jejunum represents a major step toward the purification of this newly characterized receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[A study of the simulation model of the lower urinary tract for urodynamics--(the first report)--theoretical evaluation of hydrodynamic model].

From the view point of urodynamics, the lower urinary tract might be able to be simulated by a hydrodynamic model, consisting of a spherical balloon corresponding to the bladder and a circular tube to the urethra. In this hydrodynamic model, the diameter of the tube corresponding to the posterior urethra was assumed to become smaller with increase of the prostatic pressure according to the development of BPH. On this assumption, Bernoulli's equation might be adopted. Because of the turbulent flow in the tube, the velocity of flow was expressed as a function of the invariants, which indicated the pressure in the balloon, the respective lengths and diameters of narrow tube and wide tube, coefficients due to pipe friction, pipe fitting and pipe enlargement. The findings suggested that the smaller the diameter of the narrow tube, the smaller the flow volume showed with the development of BPH. In conclusion the urodynamics in the lower urinary tract could be simulated quantitatively by this model. The study may lead to the development of the urodynamic simulation model for the lower urinary tract.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

New J-3 flexible-leaflet polyurethane heart valve prosthesis with improved hydrodynamic performance.

The aim of this new three-leaflet valve development was to design a leaflet with minimum membrane stresses during performance. This is achieved by manufacturing the valve leaflets shaped almost flat in a medium opening position. Thus, the leaflets have two stable positions, one with maximum opening area and the other with favorable stress distribution in the closed position. The transition between the two end positions is achieved through a two-dimensional rolling motion without buckling and with minimum membrane stresses (bulge forces). The manufacturing technique is dip-coating in polyurethane. Hydrodynamic evaluation of the J-3 valve in steady and pulsatile flow showed minimum pressure drop compared to other commercially available valves. Laser-Doppler-anemometry studies indicated very low shear stresses in the flow field downstream of the valve. In durability tests prototypes have reached lifetimes of up to 17 years. In conclusion, the J-3 valve shows superior hydrodynamic performance thereby reducing potential thrombus formation. Minimization of stresses within the valve leaflets through design could reduce calcification.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Hydrodynamic endurance test of the prosthetic valve used in the various types of the ventricular assist device.

To evaluate the various basic designs of the pump chambers used in the ventricular assist devices (VADs), hydrodynamic endurance test was performed from the viewpoint of the durability of the prosthetic valves used in the VAD. For the hydrodynamic analysis, we designed three basic types of pump (sac type, diaphragm type, and pusher plate type) using the same material and having the same capacity and shape. Prosthetic valves in these VADs were tested from the standpoint of the water hammer effect, which affects the valve durability, to determine which pump design would be most durable as a prosthetic valve in the VAD. The water-hammer phenomenon was evaluated using the maximum pressure gradient (MPG) across the prosthetic valve in the moc circulatory loop. Maximum pump output was recorded when we used the diaphragm type model, and minimum MPG in the commonly used driving condition of the VAD were recorded when we used the sac type model. The results suggest that the sac type VAD model is the most durable design for the prosthetic value.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on ocular hydrodynamics in open-angle glaucoma].

The influence of pulse electromagnetic field on the hydrodynamics of the eye in open-angle glaucoma has been studied using the method and the device suggested at the Filatov Institute. The characteristics of the action were: impulse frequency--50 Hz, duration--0.02 sec., pulse form--rectangular, rate of pulse rise--4/10(-4) sec., rate of magnetic induction rise--2/10(-4) mT/sec., amplitude value of magnetic induction at the pulse level--8.0-8.5 mT, duration of the procedure--7 min. Ten session in a total. Observations over 150 patients (283 eyes) with latent, initial and advanced glaucoma have shown that the usage of pulse electromagnetic field exerts influence on the hydrodynamics of the eye in open-angle glaucoma; stimulates the rise of aqueous outflow and production, the reduction of the Becker's coefficient. At the latent stage of the disease, normalization of outflow was recorded in 25% of cases, at the initial and advanced stages--in 17.8% and 16.0% of cases, respectively. The investigations carried out allow to recommend the mentioned method for a complex treatment of open-angle glaucoma.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Hydrodynamic characterization of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors extracted from rat lung membranes in Triton X-100 and n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Rat lung membrane vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors were covalently labeled with 125I-VIP, extracted in Triton X-100 and n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and analyzed by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. The fractions were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, and the identity of the 125I-VIP.receptor complex was demonstrated by its co-migration with the covalently labeled 55-kDa receptor unit identified previously. Furthermore, the radioactivity in the peak corresponding to the 125I-VIP.receptor complex was displaced in the presence of unlabeled VIP in a dose-dependent manner. The following hydrodynamic properties were determined for VIP receptors in each detergent solution: in Triton X-100, Stokes radius of 6.1 +/- 0.4 nm, sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 7.35 +/- 0.45 S, and partial specific volume (v) of 0.809 +/- 0.015 ml/g; in n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, Stokes radius of 5.6 +/- 0.00 nm, S20,w of 10.87 +/- 0.22 S, and partial specific volume of 0.783 +/- 0.020 ml/g. The apparent molecular weight of the 125I-VIP.receptor.detergent complex was calculated as 270,000 +/- 36,000 in Triton X-100 and 320,000 +/- 32,000 in n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. The amount of detergent bound to the receptor was estimated by using the two sets of hydrodynamic data and the significantly different partial specific volumes of the two detergents. Thus, the molecular weight of the receptor alone was calculated as 54,600 daltons, indicating that approximately 3.9 g of Triton X-100 and 4.9 g of n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside were bound per g of receptor. This species contained the 55-kDa binding unit and appeared to be glycosylated as evidenced by its specific binding to wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose. These results indicate that the rat lung VIP receptor is a glycoprotein with a single polypeptide chain of 55 kDa. The large amount of detergent bound suggests that the receptor is extensively embedded in the membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Solubilization and hydrodynamic characterization of the dihydropyridine receptor from rat ventricular muscle.

The dihydropyridine receptor-calcium channel complex, prelabeled with (+)-[3H]PN200-110, was solubilized from rat heart membranes with a detergent mixture of digitonin and Triton X-100. The dissociation of (+)-[3H]PN200-110 was slow enough to permit the hydrodynamic characterization of the complex by means of sucrose gradient sedimentation and gel filtration. The hydrodynamic properties of the complex were determined in several detergents, including Tween 80, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS), and digitonin. S20,w values of 12.5, 15.4, and 21.0 S were obtained in sucrose gradients prepared in Tween 80, CHAPS, and digitonin, respectively. A Stokes radius of 86-87 A was obtained in each of the three detergents. Determination of the partial specific volume of the protein-detergent complex in each case revealed that the differences in S20,w values could be explained by the differences in the properties of the bound detergent species. Partial specific volumes of 0.796, 0.730, and 0.730 ml/g, corresponding to molecular weights of 595,000, 540,000, and 740,000 were obtained for the complex in Tween 80, CHAPS, and digitonin, respectively. This indicated that Tween 80 readily exchanged for the solubilizing mixture of digitonin and Triton X-100, whereas CHAPS did not. Detergent exchange with Tween 80 made it possible to determine the fractional contribution of the receptor protein to the molecular weight of the protein-detergent complex. The molecular weight of the dihydropyridine receptor-calcium channel complex was estimated to be 370,000. The protein-detergent complex was found to have a frictional coefficient of 1.39, consistent with a large transmembrane protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Solubilization and hydrodynamic properties of pig atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in dodecyl beta-D-maltoside.

The pig atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAcChR) has been solubilized from the membrane-bound state in high yield and in stable conformation by the non-ionic detergent dodecyl beta-D-maltoside (DBM). The yield and selectivity for receptor solubilization is dependent on the detergent/protein ratio during extraction. Extraction at 2 mg of DBM/mg of protein gave a 75% yield of solubilized receptor with a 1.5-fold enrichment. A double-extraction procedure, in which non-receptor protein was first extracted at 0.4 mg of DBM/mg of protein and mAcChR was selectively solubilized by a second extraction at 0.35 mg of DBM/mg of protein, gave a 50% overall yield and a 2.8-fold enrichment. Both preparations had a half-life of about 20 days on ice without addition of muscarinic ligands. Receptor stability was decreased by the presence of cations, particularly bivalent cations, and enhanced by the agonist carbachol. Dissociation constants for the interaction of the DBM-solubilized receptor with the antagonist L-quinuclidinyl benzilate (Kd = 223 pM) and the agonist carbachol (Kd = 100 microM) were similar to those for the digitonin/cholate-solubilized receptor. Pig atrial mAcChR purified in digitonin/cholate and exchanged into DBM displayed reliable hydrodynamic behaviour during sucrose density sedimentation in gradients of 2H2O and H2O and during gel filtration in Sephacryl S-300. DBM is thus the first detergent which will solubilize a stable form of the ligand-free mAcChR in yields similar to those with digitonin, and is the only stabilizing detergent thus far suitable for hydrodynamic studies. DBM is also likely to be similarly useful in studying other membrane proteins for which digitonin has been the solubilizing detergent of choice.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hydrodynamics of concentrated proteoglycan solutions.

The dynamics of water transport in proteoglycan compartments has been studied in relation to osmotic flow (proteoglycan diffusion) and hydraulic permeability (proteoglycan sedimentation) in concentrated solutions of proteoglycan subunit and native proteoglycan aggregate isolated from Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. A central parameter that describes the kinetics of both types of water movement is the hydrodynamic frictional coefficient of water with proteoglycan. The frictional coefficient is markedly concentration dependent, increasing with increasing concentration, and highlights important structural features and types of organization of the proteoglycans in concentrated solutions. These include the requirements that proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix not to be immobilized but to have translational diffusive mobility and concentration gradients to be osmotically active, that chondroitin sulfate segmental mobility describing translational motion largely determines osmotic flow and hydraulic permeability of the proteoglycans, and that the proteoglycans exhibit an enhanced ability to resist flow as compared to other macromolecules. Additional dynamic studies suggest the formation of transient super-aggregate structures may occur at high concentrations which endows the proteoglycan subunit hydrodynamic properties similar to proteoglycan aggregate.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Hemodynamic and hydrodynamic problems in kidney transplantation].

On the basis of general realisations and own experimental or clinical observations haemodynamic and hydrodynamic problems, respectively, of renal conditioning in the organism of the donor, the perfusion preservation and the phase of repeated blood supply are represented and discussed. It is shown that an improvement of the renal blood supply and of she flow of the urine in the donor with "dead brain" by alpha-adrenergic blockade or stimulation of beta-receptors is not sufficient for overcoming restrictions of the renal function. A pulsatile perfusion and the permanent opening of the vascular lumen when the medium changes between blood and perfusate are regarded as most favourable hydrodynamic prerequisites for the initial hypothermal lavation of blood. In continuous machine perfusion with oxygenated protein-containing solutions a dilation of the renal vessels takes place, so that the cortical perfusion is guaranteed also in low pressures. After the transplantation there exists a significant pathogenetic correlation between the total blood supply of the kidney and its early function.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Hydrodynamic study of a centrifugal differential-contact extractor].

Centrifugal extractors of the differential-contact type are widely used all over the world in production of antibiotics. Lately, new extractors were developed by Hitachi (Japan). Model E is of a special interest. In the present study the values of the working zone of the Hitachi extractor, EP-02 Ultrex were determined by the pressure levels and the effect of the main parameters characterizing the apparatus hydrodynamic conditions on the minimum and maximum critical pressure was estimated. The results of the study provide wide variation of the hydrodynamic parameters in determination of the most rational extraction conditions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

Electron microscopic and hydrodynamic studies of protein A-immunoglobulin G soluble complexes.

The soluble complexes formed by reacting staphylococcal protein A (SpA) with rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were characterized by hydrodynamic and electron microscopic methods. In moderate SpA excess, equilibrium mixtures of SpA and rabbit IgG formed four discrete complexes that sedimented at approximately 7, 10, 13, and 15S. The putative complexes were visible by electron microscopy and appeared to contain one, two, three, and approximately five molecules of IgG. Probably because of its elongated shape, SpA was not clearly visible in these mixtures or in control preparations of SpA alone. Both native IgG and IgG modified by cleavage of its single-hinge disulfide bond formed similar complexes on interaction with SpA. It was possible to resolve heterogeneous mixtures of IgG-SpA complexes by using an analytical ultracentrifuge equipped with a photoelectric scanner interfaced to a small computer. The relative concentrations and sedimentation velocities of different complexes in a mixture were determined from computer-generated integral and derivative plots. Both hydrodynamic and electron microscopic methods revealed that the distribution of complexes was sensitive to the IgG to SpA molar ratio. The relative amounts of faster complexes increased as the IgG to SpA molar ratio was increased. Surprisingly, when the IgG to SpA molar ratio was greater than or equal to 2, the complexes were converted into a unique 17S complex. This rather unprecedented transformation was reversible: the addition of excess SpA caused the dissociation of the 17S complex into a mixture of the 7, 10, 13, and 15S structures. The average translational diffusion coefficient of the 17S complex was 2.62 +/- 0.13 Ficks. In the electron microscope, the complex appeared to be exceptionally compact with an average diameter of 287 A. The stoichiometry of the 17S complex, together with sedimentation equilibrium, diffusion, and electron microscopic measurements, indicated that it is composed of four molecules of IgG and two molecules of SpA.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influenza virus hemagglutinin: hydrodynamic properties and molecular weight].

Hydrodynamic properties of hemagglutinin isolated with bromelain from influenza virus were studied. The sedimentation constant determined by the method of analytical ultracentrifugation was 9.17 +/- 0.17 S. The translation diffusion coefficient estimated by the method of optic mixing spectroscopy comprised (3.6 +/- 0.1) X 10(+7) cm2/s. A comination of both the constants in Svedberg's equation allowed calculation of the hemagglutinin molecular weight (approximately 230,000) which suggests a three-subunit structure of the molecule. The hydrodynamic diameter and friction ratio of an isolated molecule were calculated.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hydrodynamic behavior of endourologic catheters].

OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzed the hydrodynamic behaviour of the double-J stent. METHODS: Thirty-two double-J stents of different sizes and biomaterials (16 new and 16 removed from patients) were hydrodynamically evaluated using two models: a) nephroureterocystectomy surgical blocks harvested from pigs and b) an in vitro experimental model of the upper urinary tract. The following parameters were measured: initial and final weights, encrusted material weight, inside and outside diameters, number, size and distribution of sideholes, wall thickness, drainage area and length of time the catheter was indwelling in the patient. RESULTS: Double-J stent placement in a normal upper urinary tract constitutes a partial obstruction that is proportional to the caliber of the catheter. Ureteral-flow reduction is 83%, 61% and 58% for 5FR, 6FR, and 7FR catheters, respectively. Extraluminal obstruction of the catheter reduces ureteral flow more than intraluminal obstruction (74%, 43% and 25% for extraluminal versus 83%, 66%, 57% for intraluminal for 5FR, 6FR and 7FR, respectively). Vesicoureteral and vesicorenal reflux pressures were 6.2 +/- 0.3 cm H2O and 35.2 +/- 2 cm H2O, respectively. CONCLUSION: Selection of a double-J stent must be individualized on the basis of indication, time indwelling, sex and route of insertion.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

The influence of sizing and method of fixation on the hydrodynamic function of stentless, free-hand inserted porcine bioprosthesis: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: There is increasing interest in the use of stentless porcine bioprostheses implanted by the free-hand suturing technique. However, preservation of normal valve geometry and function is a matter of concern. This in vitro study was conducted to investigate the influence of sizing and method of fixation in glutaraldehyde on the hydrodynamic function of stentless, free-hand inserted porcine bioprosthetic valves in the aortic position. METHODS: Three sets of porcine aortic roots were used, with six specimens in each set. Group A comprised 2-3 mm larger aortic valve (oversizing) fixed in glutaraldehyde under zero pressure inserted by free-hand suturing technique in fresh aortic roots; group B comprised size-for-size placement of aortic valve fixed in glutaraldehyde under zero pressure inserted by free-hand suturing technique in fresh aortic roots; and group C comprised size-for-size placement of aortic valve fixed in glutaraldehyde under zero pressure with permanent predilatation before fixation inserted by free-hand suturing technique in fresh aortic roots (undersizing). Hydrodynamic function and leaflet bending deformations were analyzed in a modified pulsatile flow simulator which incorporated the elastic aortic roots. RESULTS: The hydraulic effective orifice area (EOA) of the valve (derived from flow and pressure measurements) was divided by actual orifice area of the annulus to determine the performance index. Although statistically non-significant, the performance index of 0.50 in group A (oversizing) was higher than that of size-for-size placement in group B (0.39). The performance index in group C of 0.41, following use of a permanent predilatation technique, was again not significantly different. The mean pressure difference during peak flow followed a correspondingly reversed order, with 11.4 mmHg in group B, 8.86 mmHg in group C, and 7.75 mmHg in group A. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of open leaflet bending deformations, nor was there any inter-group difference in regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: No beneficial effect was seen to suggest that size-for-size placement was superior to the currently followed practice of over-sizing. In contrast to previous studies of whole root replacement, permanent predilatation and fixation was also not shown to have any additional advantages in a stentless scalloped free-hand inserted porcine valve.

Animals↗