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PubMed1987

[Behavior of men and women with respect to procreation].

A specific survey was carried out on a sample of men and women of childbearing age to study their attitudes towards parenthood and to analyse psycho-social aspects which may have an effect thereon. The analysis took into account; the children number, woman's age, socio-economic status and occupational activity. Whatever the factor studied, it was constantly observed that the demand for an additional child (in particular the third child) was expressed more often by men than by women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[1996 report of in vitro fertilization with a third donor].

1996 results of French federation of CECOS and IFREARES-Toulouse are recorded. In 1996 13% less AID demands were registered. 4,132 patients underwent procreations with sperm donor during 11,793 cycles (AID and IVF D), resulting in 1,366 pregnancies. 386 volunteers men come forwards as sperm donors (40.3% less than 1995). The analysis of the 1,266 deliveries resulting of 1995 activity show always the same percentage of multiple births but an increase in intra-uterine AID malformations. The activity of semen preservation is increasing mainly for testicular cancer.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1989

Vitamin D (soltriol), light, and reproduction.

Evidence from autoradiographic studies with 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (vitamin D, soltriol) labeled with tritium and from the literature indicates that the steroid hormone soltriol regulates and modulates reproductive processes in the female, as it does in the male. Nuclear receptors for soltriol have been discovered in the uterus, oviduct, ovary, mammary gland, placenta, and fetal membranes, as well as in the pituitary and hypothalamus. Soltriol is recognized as a transducer and hormonal messenger of sunlight, acting as a somatotropic activator and modulator of vital processes for the seasonal and estival adaptation of growth, development, and procreation. Its influence on calcium equilibrium is just one of its many functions to serve this goal. This article reviews experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic evidence that suggests the involvement of soltriol in the control of reproductive processes, noting its importance for the onset of puberty, fertility, pregnancy, lactation, and probably sexual behavior. Cooperative actions between soltriol and other steroid hormones, especially estradiol, are pointed out.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

X-linked Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type V; the next generation.

Two English families with the X-linked form (Type V) of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) who were investigated almost 20 years ago have been re-studied. In one family, the potentially heterozygous sister of 3 affected brothers had born two sons, of whom one has EDS. The 3 brothers had all procreated, producing a total of 2 sons and 3 daughters, all of whom are clinically normal. These pedigree data provide further evidence to support the syndromic identity and X-linked mode of inheritance of this form of the EDS. In the second family, two affected brothers had both procreated; one had produced three normal offspring, while the other had a son with soft extensible skin and a daughter with articular hypermobility. The syndromic status of this kindred is uncertain. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations in affected males and obligate carrier females in both families were normal. Cytogenetic investigations, including high resolution banding, yielded normal results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1969

Sickle-cell anaemia, sickle-cell thalassaemia, sickle-cell haemoglobin C disease, and asymptomatic haemoglobin C thalassaemia in one Ghanaian family.

A Ghanaian family is described in which a sickle-cell haemoglobin C man married to a sickle-cell thalassaemia woman produced 12 children (eight alive). Four children have sickle-cell anaemia, two sickle-cell haemoglobin C disease, one has sickle-cell thalassaemia, and one is asymptomatic haemoglobin C thalassaemia.It is emphasized that the contribution that adult sickle-cell disease patients make, through procreation, to the persistence of the S gene may be greater than is normally supposed, and that this contribution may soon outstrip that made by balanced polymorphism through falciparum malaria. Widespread haemoglobin genotyping in schools leading to genetic counselling is advocated to decrease the incidence of sickle-cell disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evolution of the practice of sperm cryopreservation and fate of the preserved specimens : retrospective study of testicular cancer].

Testis cancer, chemotherapy and radiation can induce temporary or permanent infertility in men. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa seems an absolute prerequisite in such situation for male patients who are old enough to procreate. We propose a national retrospective study carried out in 17 CECOS. This survey demonstrates a regular increase for semen preservation in testis cancer and analyses the modalities of gametes preservation and their possible use. In view of this activity, we propose a discussion of the attitude of the various CECOS and of particular cases involving ethical issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assisted reproduction and artificial insemination and genetic manipulation in the Criminal Code of the Federal District, Mexico].

The article that one presents has for purpose outline and comment on the recent modifications to the Penal Code for the Federal District of México which establish, for the first time, crimes related to the artificial procreation and to the genetic manipulation. Also one refers to the interaction of the new legal texts with the sanitary legislation of the country. Since it will be stated in some cases they present confrontations between the penal and the sanitary reglamentation and some points related to the legality or unlawfulness of a conduct that stayed without the enough development. These lacks will complicate the application of the new rules of the Penal Code of the Federal District.

Genetic Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sex information of adolescents according to sex].

Information about sexual matters among adolescents according to sex, parent-adolescent communication and religious practices were studied in a sample that is representative of school-children from various socioeconomic levels at metropolitan Santiago, Chile (n = 1.782). Girls get more information from mothers than do boys (p less than 0.0001) which in turn obtain more information from teachers (72.3%), father (50.8%), friends (50.3%) and communication media (39.8%) than girls. Females usually know less about age at which both sexes are able to procreate and become responsible parents than boys (p less than 0.00001). Only about one half of girls and one third of boys regularly practice religion (p less than 0.0001). These results may be related with persistent high rates of pregnancies in adolescent girls in spite of generally declining birth rates and may indicate a need to provide sexual education, which should be given by mothers and teachers, specially among girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Fertility, maternal mortality and survival of the children in the medical district of Kolda (Senegal)].

Maternal mortality and lethality in childhood constitute a major problem in Senegal. These two rates are often hight in areas off hight birth rate. In the medical district of Kolda (Senegal) no reliable data on reproductive health exists. We report the results of a preliminary investigation of a community based reproductive project. We've used the sisterhood methods reproductive health's indicators. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1287 women in age of procreating. An "aggregative" fertility index of 6.59 was found in the "intervention" area as compare to 5,53 in the control area. The maternal death rate was estimated at 1285 per 100.000 alive births [998-1576]. The infant mortality rate was 83 per 1000. These results justify impremantation of a "vigorous" reproductive health policy in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Neurological correlations of ejaculation and testicular size in men with a complete spinal cord section.

This study was of 135 patients with a complete spinal cord section suffered from loss of ejaculation. The spinal cord injuries were classified following the upper and the lower limits of the lesion. The volume of the testes of the patients and of 13 normal control subjects were measured. Physostigmine allowed 75 patients to ejaculate and 15 of them procreated. The possibility of ejaculation after physostigmine mainly depended on the integrity of the T12-L2 metamers. The testicular volume was significantly smaller in patients with a lesion including the T12 metamer than in patients with a lesion sparing the T12 metamer. Six patients with a lesion including the T12 metamer had testicular atrophy. This suggests that T12 segment plays a role in testicular function in paraplegic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Asymptomatic HIV as a disability under the Americans with Disability Act.

The Americans with Disability Act (ADA) does not state whether it prohibits discrimination against individuals who are infected with HIV but asymptomatic. Some courts have held that the language of the ADA is unambiguous and does not cover asymptomatic HIV as a disability because the virus is not an "impairment" that substantially limits a "major life activity." Other courts have looked behind the statutory language and found that Congress intended to protect asymptomatic individuals with HIV because the virus impairs one's ability to procreate and/or engage in sexual relations. This Comment argues that asymptomatic individuals with HIV are indeed protected under the ADA, but that the analytic framework thus far employed by the courts is flawed. Asymptomatic HIV is a protected disability not because it is independently debilitating, but because the prejudices and fears of other may prevent HIV-infected persons from fully participating in society. The ADA was enacted to prevent exactly this type of discrimination.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1996

Procreation after death or mental incompetence: medical advance or technology gone awry?

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with semen retrieval in men who are incompetent or dead and to formulate general medical, legal, and ethical guidelines for practitioners. DESIGN: Case series and literature review. SETTING: Academic. PATIENT(S): Seven incompetent or neurologically dead individuals in whom sperm retrieval was requested. INTERVENTION(S): Electroejaculation. RESULT(S): Seminal emission was induced in the two men who underwent electroejaculation. Sperm suitable for cryopreservation was obtained in one of these men. Review of the legal and ethical implications of such procedures led to development of general guidelines for determining whether gamete retrieval should be performed when requested. Issues of procreational autonomy, consideration of the decedent's wishes, and assurance of the well-being of any new life created were considered most strongly in the formation of these guidelines. CONCLUSION(S): Although the retrieval of sperm from deceased or incompetent individuals may be achieved readily, it is incumbent upon the practitioner to consider the legal and moral implications of these procedures before proceeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of prescription practices for serological tests for viral hepatitis B and C in the Greater Parisian area in 2002.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to ascertain the reasons for the prescription of serological tests for viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) in the Greater Parisian area, and to assess standards of prescription with respect to current guidelines. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The population studied comprised patients affiliated to the three main health insurance schemes in the Greater Parisian area, for whom at least one serological test for HBV or HCV was reimbursed on May 14th or 15th, 2002. Data was collected from prescribing and laboratory heads. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1 046 prescription orders for HBV and/or HCV tests. The mean age of patients was 39 years, and 68% were females. The main medical indications declared by the prescribing physicians were: screening for HBV or HCV (40%), tests for pregnant women (19%), suspected hepatitis B or C (13%), pre- and post-vaccination tests for HBV (7%), medically assisted procreation (6%), follow-up of diagnosed chronic hepatitis (4%). Assessment of the standards of prescription orders showed a lack of compliance with guidelines for 71% of HBV tests, and 56% of HCV tests. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of guidelines for the prescription of serological tests for HBV and HCV needs to be improved in clinical practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Premarital sex, procreation, and HIV risk in Nigeria.

In Nigeria, research has documented a significant disparity between people's knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the extent to which they act to protect themselves. Data from a survey of 863 adolescent and unmarried young adults, in-depth interviews, and participant observation are combined in this study to explain some of this discrepancy. Young migrants appear to make sexual and contraceptive decisions in relation to gender norms and attitudes concerning procreation at least as much as in relation to fear of disease. Assessments of current and potential partners, choices about whether or not to have sex, and decisions about whether or not to use condoms are influenced by shared cultural values regarding the importance of parenthood. These cultural conceptions of parenthood are gender-specific and put men and women in different negotiating positions with regard to sex and contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex distribution in sibships according to occupation of parents.

The relationship between sex distribution in sibships and the occupation of parents is examined to determine if nongenetic factors influence sex ratios in families of three or more children. The study is based on data for 2,759 families listed in the U.S. reference book "Who Is Who in the East", as well as additional data from "Who Is Who in American Women". It is found that "parents in aggressive, extrovert occupations are more likely to continue procreation if the first two children are both female rather than male, whereas parents in humanistic or artistic occupations are more likely to continue procreation if the first two children are male rather than female. This relationship between occupation and reproduction decreases the percentage of unisexual sibships." (summary in FRE, ITA)

Americas↗
PubMed1980

[Complete remission of acute leukemia for more than seven years. A report on 100 children (author's transl)].

A total of 1200 children were treated for leukemia between 1958 and 1971, and 100 of these cases have had an uninterrupted remission for more than seven years: 10 children who relapsed at an early stage have had no further relapses; 93 are alive and in remission after discontinuation of treatment for between 1 and 12 years. Five of the children relapsed and four of these are in remission again. Two children died, one from a hepatocarcinoma and the other after cardiac failure of late onset. A study of these children showed that: 1 - growth rate was normal, 2 - puberty occurred at a normal age, and procreation was possible as 10 children were born from parents who had recovered after having leukemia, 3 - school-work and subsequent social and occupational behaviour were satisfactory, 4 - late psychological repercussions were absent or mild. Long-term prognosis appears to be good, and no other blood disorder has been reported in those cases that have recovered from the leukemia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

[Treatment of male infertility].

Progress in medically assisted procreation has made it possible to obtain an embryon with a single spermatozoid or even a single spermatid. But such advanced technology must not overshadow the basic principles of patient management since there are many other medical or surgical possibilities for improving male fertility. Although the physiological mechanisms leading to azoospermia are relatively well understood, many questions remain as to the origin of oligo-asthenoteratospermia. Varicocela had been incriminated by many authors: in 25% of the cases, surgical care is followed by pregnancy. Other factors including autoimmunity, infection, environment and drugs also have an effect. Careful history taking can identify the main causes of male infertility before the problem of procreation occurs and in cases of definitive azoospermia the principles of management are relatively simple. The true problem is the fact that new techniques such as in vitro fertilization have acquired popularity in the general population but cannot be accepted as the gold standard by the medical community. It must not be forgotten that these artificial techniques cause a major psychological trauma to the couple and can lead to difficult situations (multiple pregnancies, extra embryos) with no totally satisfactory solution.

Cryptorchidism↗
PubMed2001

[Ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Analysis of literature].

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy has dramatically increased in the last decade. The triggering factors may be different and among them there is the introduction of medical assisted procreation techniques. Tubal pathologies in 80% of women undergoing artificial insemination techniques, the transfer in the womb of more than one embryo and the method of the same embryo-transfer may influence the onset of an ectopic pregnancy. This study aims to detect the factors that can prevent or reduce thc incidence of this pathology, after a close examination of the literature.

Embryo Transfer↗