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PubMed2006

The role of exciton hopping and direct energy transfer in the efficient quenching of conjugated polyelectrolytes.

The dynamics of fluorescence quenching of a conjugated polyelectrolyte by a cyanine dye are investigated by femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion and polarization resolved transient absorption. The data are analyzed with a model based on the random walk of the exciton within the polymer chain and a long-range direct energy transfer between polymer and dye. We find that rapid intrachain energy migration toward complex sites with the dye leads to the highly efficient energy transfer, whereas the contribution from direct, long-range energy transfer is negligible. We determine the actual density of complexes with the dye along the polymer chain. A clear deviation from calculations based on a constant complex association constant is found and explained by a reduced effective polymer concentration due to aggregation. Altogether, the quenching efficiency is found to be limited by (i) the energetic disorder within the polymer chain and (ii) the formation of loose polymer aggregates.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Isomerization and degradation kinetics of hop (Humulus lupulus) acids in a model wort-boiling system.

The rate of isomerization of alpha acids to iso-alpha acids (the compounds contributing bitter taste to beer) was determined across a range of temperatures (90-130 degrees C) to characterize the rate at which iso-alpha acids are formed during kettle boiling. Multiple 12 mL stainless steel vessels were utilized to heat samples (alpha acids in a pH 5.2 buffered aqueous solution) at given temperatures, for varying lengths of time. Concentrations of alpha acids and iso-alpha acids were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isomerization reaction was found to be first order, with reaction rate varying as a function of temperature. Rate constants were experimentally determined to be k1 = (7.9 x 10(11)) e(-11858/T) for the isomerization reaction of alpha acids to iso-alpha acids, and k2 = (4.1 x 10(12)) e(-12994/T) for the subsequent loss of iso-alpha acids to uncharacterized degradation products. Activation energy was experimentally determined to be 98.6 kJ per mole for isomerization, and 108.0 kJ per mole for degradation. Losses of iso-alpha acids to degradation products were pronounced for cases in which boiling was continued beyond two half-lives of alpha-acid concentration.

Acids↗
PubMed2006

Effect of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids on aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the prenylflavonoids xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, and 8-prenylnaringenin on the activity and expression of the enzyme aromatase (estrogen synthase). The effect of different kinds of beer containing these prenylflavonoids was also tested. Aromatase activity was determined by measuring the release of tritiated water during the conversion of [(3)H]androstenedione to estrone. Aromatase expression was determined by RT-PCR. This assay was carried out in choriocarcinoma-derived JAR cells. The tested prenylflavonoids were able to inhibit estrogen formation, and their IC(50) values were determined, although no effect on aromatase expression was found. Lager beer, alcohol-free beer, stout beer, and xanthohumol-rich stout beer (200 microL/mL) significantly decreased aromatase activity. In conclusion, prenylflavonoids are able to modulate aromatase activity, decreasing estrogen synthesis, with relevance for the prevention and treatment of estrogen-dependent disorders such as breast cancer.

Aromatase↗
PubMed2004

Hopping of a single hole in hexakis[4-(1,1,2-triphenyl-ethenyl)phenyl]benzene cation radical through the hexaphenylbenzene propeller.

A versatile synthesis of a dendritic structure (5) is described in which six tetraphenylethylene moieties are connected to a central benzene ring in such a way that one of the phenyl rings of each tetraphenylethylene is also part of the propeller of the hexaphenylbenzene core. Observation of multiple oxidation waves in its cyclovoltammogram as well as an intense charge-resonance transition in the near-IR region in its cation radical spectrum suggests that a single hole delocalizes via electron transfer over six identical redox-active centers. [structure--see text]

Journal Article↗