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PubMed2000

Social aspects of women's health.

An understanding of the multifactorial nature of health has shifted the traditional narrow focus on women's reproductive health to an acknowledgement of the influence of social, cultural, and economic factors on the health status of women. The changing roles of women have also contributed to their health status. In Hong Kong, as in other developed societies, factors such as multiple roles, discrimination, and sexual health influence women's health status. A consistent issue to emerge from the literature is the need for women to share concerns about their health with practitioners who are sensitive to their particular needs. The evidence also demonstrates the need for sensitivity to gender issues-in particular, to women's health-in the development and implementation of national health policies.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Gender inequalities in care-giving in Canada.

In Canada today, as in the past, men and women devote different amounts of time and effort to providing health care to their family and in the broader community. This paper examines "the social distinction between masculinity and femininity" in care-giving. Issues of gender inequality in care-giving have the potential to affect the formal health care system as the burden of caring will increase over the next few decades with the aging of society. This increase in need for care is occurring at a time when primary care providers--women--have additional demand on their time. Canadian society has been facing a series of social, demographic and economic shifts such as a higher divorce rate, two-income families, women's increasing professional commitments and first pregnancies at later ages, these factors may not affect women's willingness to care for others. However women may need support to provide the care. Assuming present trends, increasing need for families to care for elderly relatives may be inevitable. Perhaps society will recognize this need and provide support to those providing informal care. This could take the form of allowing individuals more time to provide care through child care leave, leave to care for parents and job-sharing. Support to those providing informal care might also be facilitated through community support services such as respite care, household maintenance, psychological support to care-givers, support groups, informal networks within a community and consideration of unconventional support methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: methodological considerations and effects on sexual differentiation.

The pattern of results from the studies reviewed above indicates that alcohol, morphine, nicotine, marijuana, and possibly cocaine can influence reproductive aspects of the neurobehavioral sexual differentiation process to varying degrees. However, with the exception of alcohol, little is currently known regarding the effects of these drugs on nonreproductive sex-related behaviors. Future studies are needed to define the extent of perinatal disruption induced by each drug on the nonreproductive aspect of the sexual differentiation process. It is increasingly clear that the neurobehavioral development of reproductive and nonreproductive behaviors is not influenced to the same degree by alterations in the perinatal hormonal or monoaminergic environment, probably reflecting a fundamental underlying difference in the relative contributions of different brain areas to each behavior (Meaney and McEwen 1986). This fact points to the necessity of greater inclusion of sex-related behaviors in animal models used to assess the teratogenic potential of a given drug on the sexual differentiation process. In light of recent demonstrations of regional structural sex differences in the human CNS (Allen et al. 1989, 1991; deLacoste-Utamsing and Holloway 1982; Hofman et al. 1988; Swaab and Hofman 1988) as well as reports of structural differences in male homosexuals (LeVay 1992; Swaab and Hofman 1990), there is an increasing interest in the contribution of prenatal drug exposure to homosexuality in humans. These findings appear to have led some investigators to interpret behavioral results from animal studies of prenatal drug exposure as being relevant to understanding the causes of homosexuality in humans (Dahlgren et al. 1991; Hard et al. 1984). However, while data from the animal models reviewed above can provide invaluable preclinical evidence to help understand the effects of perinatal drug exposure on brain development and the process of sexual differentiation, the authors believe that the results of these studies provide minimal useful information with respect the prenatal influence of these drugs on homosexual behavior in humans. Animal models of homosexuality are inherently inadequate for several reasons. No adequate model exists for homosexual behavior in the rodent in the absence of pharmacological administration of steroids. Normal male rats that show low levels of masculine sex behavior in the presence of estrous females do not exhibit increased tendencies to mount other males nor to lordosis when mounted by another male. In fact, male preference behavior for an estrous female rat does not appear to be influenced by perinatal androgen exposure (Merkx 1984). A second issue that cannot be addressed in an animal model is the fact that sexual orientation in human is determined by an interaction between hormonal, environmental, and cultural factors (Money 1987). This problem, and others, with a developmental animal model of human homosexuality have been considered by Sachs and Meisel (1988), to which the reader is referred for a more extensive discussion. Finally, in humans there is also the issue of gender identity, which refers to traits or conditions of maleness or femaleness. The degree to which gender identity in humans is causally linked to cultural or biological influences is an area of current debate (Gentile 1993; Unger and Crawford 1993), but such identity is clearly beyond the scope of animal modeling. Therefore, issues related to sexual orientation of humans and prenatal drug exposure likely await data from future human studies for further resolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Familial support as perceived by adult victims of childhood sexual abuse.

With the increasing popularity of family therapies in cases of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), many studies have discussed the importance of familial support in the successful recovery of victims. Therefore, a systematic study exploring family support of victims was undertaken to shed light on the level of family support perceived by adult victims of CSA. It was anticipated that victims of intrafamilial CSA would report more family dissatisfaction and perceive less family support than extrafamilial victims. As hypothesized, intrafamilial victims reported significantly more general family dissatisfaction and specifically, perceived significantly less father, parent, and brother support. Additionally, the gender of the victim played a significant role: Male victims reported less father, parent and sister support and less family protectiveness after disclosure when compared to female victims. Based on the results, clinicians should be aware that issues of gender and relatedness may play a significant part in the effectiveness of their CSA clients' family support systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Personality and depression in women.

Personality disorders and traits should be assessed in studies concerned with the etiology and treatment of depression in women. There has been a considerable amount of research concerned with the effect of personality functioning on the etiology and treatment of depression, and much of this research has concerned personality traits and disorders for which significant gender differences and issues apply. The importance of personality functioning, and the particular relevance to women and gender-related issues, is illustrated in this paper with regard to dependent personality disorder and dependent personality traits. Implications for future research on the etiology and treatment of depression in women are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Gender, time, and money in caregiving.

Nurses and scholars in other disciplines have examined the consequences of caregiving on the caregiver in behavioral and attitudinal terms, under the general rubric of "burden." This paper considers caregiver burden in less commonly used labor and economic terms. In addition to expanding nursing's conception of caregiver burden, this approach highlights issues gender-specific to the majority of caregivers, women. Housework is used as a model for women's unpaid work. Based on this model, studies are reviewed in which hours and dollars are measures of caregiving burden. Some specific calculations of the value of elder kin care are given. It is urged that the economic consequences of caregiving be routinely considered and evaluated when nurses in practice and/or research address the needs of caregivers.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Gender differences in identity development: issues of process, domain and timing.

Adolescence has been designated as the first time in one's life span when the identity concerns of developing one's values, beliefs, and goals become salient (Erikson, 1968). Theorists and empiricists have suggested that males and females may address the identity task differently. In three separate studies conducted with early to late adolescents, gender comparisons were made regarding: (I) the process by which their identities are formed; (2) the domains in which they might define themselves; and (3) the time in which this task might be initiated. It was found that both genders used the identity statuses (process) comparably, except for foreclosure which characterized males significantly more than females. Both genders used the identity process similarly in the domains of vocational choice, religious beliefs, and sex-role orientation. Males were significantly more likely to be foreclosed and females, diffuse, in the area of political ideology. Females were significantly more likely to be in moratorium or identity achieved with regard to family roles. In two of the three studies, no timing differences were found. The findings from a third study may reflect a greater complexity of the identity task for some female high school seniors as they confront intrapersonal and interpersonal goals simultaneously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Women and ischemic heart disease: pathophysiologic implications from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study and future research steps.

The current review highlights gender-specific issues in ischemic heart disease (IHD) presentation, evaluation, and outcomes with a special focus on the results derived from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. New evidence on gender-based differences in vascular wall, atherosclerotic plaque deposition, pathophysiology, and innovative cardiovascular imaging techniques are reviewed. Critical areas of further inquiry needed to advance new gender-specific IHD understanding are detailed.

Coronary Artery Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical education, women's status, and medical issues' effect on women's health in the Caribbean.

At an international conference in 1992 on women and health, an attempt was made to redefine health concerns for women of the English-speaking Caribbean in the 1990s. Medical practices in developing countries change as advances are made in public health; clinical issues on the islands now resemble those in the United States (e.g. hypertension, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, domestic violence, and abortion). In the Caribbean, however, these problems exist in a unique socioeconomic context, and women's health there suffers indirectly because of cultural mores. Gender bias in medical education and practice influences treatment of women and obstructs their advancement to policy-making levels in the design and delivery of programs that bear on maternal and child health, among others. The effect of local cultural beliefs and practices on women's health must be considered when setting goals and direction for health policy if aid or educational programs are to be effective.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between personality and attainment in 16-19-year-old students in a sixth form college: II: Self-perception, gender and attainment.

BACKGROUND: A related paper (Summerfield & Youngman, 1999) has described the development of a scale, the Student Self-Perception Scale (SSPS) designed to explore the relationship between academic self-concept, attainment and personality in sixth form college students. AIMS: The study aimed to identify groups of students exhibiting varying patterns of relationship using a range of measures including the SSPS. Issues of gender and also examined. SAMPLES: The samples comprised a pilot sample of 152 students (aged 16-17 years from two sixth form colleges) and a main sample of 364 students (mean age, 16 yrs 10 mths range 16:0 to 18:6 years, from one sixth form college). The main sample included similar numbers of male and female students (46% male, 54% female) and ethnic minority students comprised 14% of this sample. METHOD: Data comprised responses to two personality measures (the SSPS, Summerfield, 1995, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, Nowicki & Strickland, 1973), various student and tutor estimates of success, and performance data from college records. Students were classified using relocation cluster analysis and cluster differences verified using discriminant function analysis. Thirty outcome models were tested using covariance regression analysis. RESULTS: Eight distinct and interpretable groups, consistent with other research, were identified but the hypothesis of a positive, linear relationship between mastery and academic attainment was not sustained without qualification. Previous attainment was the major determinant of final performance. Gender variations were detected on the personality measures, particularly Confidence of outcomes, Prediction discrepancy, Passivity, Mastery, Dependency and Locus of control, and these were implicated in the cluster characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a non-linear methodology may be required to isolate relationships between self-concept, personality and attainment, especially where gender effects may exist.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coronary heart disease prevention: views on women's gender-based perceptions and meanings.

The construct of gender is typically differentiated from that of sex on the basis that it is socioculturally created rather than biophysically endowed. There has been some investigation regarding the relationship of gender to coronary heart disease prevention and risk factor management. However, mechanisms underlying the influence of gender on these important outcomes have not yet been fully examined or explained. There is a complex interplay among and between the sociocultural environments in which women live and the biophysical outcomes they experience. Funding agencies need to advance a research agenda aimed at prospectively examining the issues surrounding gender and development of coronary heart disease, as well as developing and testing practical and sustainable gender-specific interventions.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2003

Psychosexual development and eating disorders.

The relationship among eating disorders (EDs), psychosexual and identity development, and physical maturation (puberty) is reviewed. The developmental tasks of adolescence are summarized, and research from both community studies and clinical samples on the association between the development of an ED and putative risk factors that include pubertal development and psychosexual behaviors and attitudes for children and adolescents is reviewed. Specific issues explored include the role of child and adolescent abuse and EDs in males. Overall evidence suggests the following: there are inconsistent findings regarding early pubertal development as a risk factor; there is some support for differences between the ED subtypes in sexual attitudes, behaviors, and experiences; sexual abuse is not a specific risk factor; and gender identity issues may play more of a role for adolescent males than females. However, psychosexual issues are neither sufficient nor necessary for the development of an ED in a young person. It should be considered as only one factor in the multidimensional, multifactorial framework needed to clarify this complex and still poorly understood set of disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Feminist perspectives and practice with young women.

Primary and secondary health interventions for adolescent girls target pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention, and also stress the risks and negative outcomes of girls' behaviors. Programs frequently neglect gender-specific issues, such as physical and social power imbalances, and overlook girls' strengths. Such omissions miss important opportunities for empowerment and development and ultimately shortchange girls. This article provides a feminist perspective on girls' development and suggests concrete ways for nurses in community programs to work with girls on gender-specific developmental tasks such as strengthening relationships with women and other girls, becoming comfortable with their bodies, and developing the ability to recognize and communicate their opinions.

Adolescent↗