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PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro evaluation of sulfadrugs against fungi causing otomycosis.

The efficacy of four sulfadrugs i.e., sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaguanidine and sulfamoxole were taken in different doses (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm) to test their effectiveness against five pathogenic organisms for the control of mycelial growth and sporulation. Amongst the drugs tested sulfamethoxazole seems to be most effective against most of the test fungi showing 96.78, 90.53, 86.62, 54.16 and 43.91 percent inhibition in mycelial growth of P. nigricans, A. flavus, A. corymbifera, A. niger and C. albicans, respectively at its 2500 ppm dose in the basal medium. Gradual reduction in sporulation in all the test organisms almost in all the sulfadrugs have caused inhibition in sporulation, in comparison to their respective controls. Maximum inhibitory effect of sulfadiazine was recorded in A. niger showing 77.26 percent inhibition in the mycelial growth at a dose of 2500 ppm. Sulfaguanidine at its higher dose i.e., 2500 ppm proved to be most toxic against A. corymbifera causing 56.39 percent inhibition in the mycelial growth, while the same dose could not be found much effective against other test fungi. Sulfamoxole was found to be quite effective against most of the test fungi causing 47.16 to 85.86 percent inhibition in the mycelial growth. A gradual inhibition in the vegetative growth and sporulation or budding in all the test fungi was noted by increasing the concentrations of the test sulfadrugs.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Monitoring the occurrence of fungi in the air and environment at the Hemato-Oncology Clinic of the Faculty Hospital in Brno-Bohunice].

OBJECTIVE: The air can be one of the ways of transmission of fungal infections in hospital environment. This is why we examined the occurence of fungi in the air of units where patients with hemato-oncology disorders, naturally predisposed to fungal infections, are hospitalized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed the search at four sampling sites with different grade of reverse isolation. (unit for allogeneis transplantation, unit for autologous transplantation, intensive care unit and standard three-bed room. Air samples were collected by a special instrument for aeroscopic sampling (Biotest RCS Plus) during two consecutive periods in 2002, in summer (June - July) and in fall (November - December). and compared with each other. RESULTS: Forty-four samples of air were collected, which yielded 147 fungal isolates, representing 41 genera. The growth of fungi was recorded in 34 samples of air (77.3 %), 10 samples were free of fungi. Yeasts were not taken into consideration in this study. The isolates belonged mostly to the genera Cladosporium (33,9 %), Penicillium (23,9 %), Aspergillus (12,8 %), Acremonium (5,6 %) and Alternaria (5,6 %), the other genera represented 18,2 % altogether. CONCLUSION: Increasing occurence of fungi was found at the unit for autologous transplantation and in the standard room. The results led to reconsideration of the daily regime and of environmental factors in both units and relevant preventive measures were proposed.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation, grafting success and field establishment of cashew rootstock as influenced by VAM fungi.

Seven isolates of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi were isolated from cashew rhizosphere soil of different cashew growing regions of South India. These seven isolates along with two more VAM fungi namely Acaulospora laevis and Glomus mosseae, which were found to be better symbionts for cashew during our earlier study were used to study their effectiveness on the growth and nutrition of cashew rootstock Ullal-1. Four promising VAM fungi were selected based on this study. Rootstocks inoculated with these four fungi were evaluated for their vigour through grafting success, using Ullal-3 cashew variety as scion. Grafting success was more in rootstocks inoculated with A. laevis and one of local isolates Glomus etunicatum. Grafts with rootstock treated with G. etunicatum and A. laevis survived and performed better when planted in the field compared to the uninoculated and other VAM fungal treatments.

Anacardium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Colonization and destruction of concrete by mitosporic fungi in model experiment].

When investigating the action of microscopic fungi of genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Paecilomyces on concrete specimens in the model system, it was shown that the fungi can colonize successfully the concrete surface during 1 year and cause its destructive changes. However the fungi did not colonize those sections of concrete surface which were filled with granite. The fungi leached chemical elements of concrete into nutrition medium, accumulated them in their biomass and caused their transformation into newly-formed crystals of calcium oxalates on the surface of concrete.

Alternaria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hallucinogenic fungi (Psylocibe). Part I. Characteristics, results of consumption, recognition].

From 140 species of genus Psylocibe about 80 have hallucinogenic properties. This paper presents the morphology of these fungi and the mycological methods of their identification. According to information of users, the normal dose is 5-30 fresh wild fungi or about 0,5-2 gram of dried wild fungi tissue, but a select type of mycelium from a glass culture may have significantly higher contents of psilocybine. The effective time on the human brain is about 4-5 hours. The toxic dose of psilocybine is unknown, but genus Psylocibe may be mistaken with other, similar, very toxic fungi.

Fungi↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biologically active lipids in fungi of the Pilobolaceae family].

The synthesis of bioactive lipids in three species of lower mycelial fungi of the genus Pilaira, the family Pilobolaceae, has been studied. The pigmentation of these fungi was found to be determined by the presence of beta-carotene in amounts of 14.8 (P. moreaui), 115.7 (P. caucasica), and 312.9 (P. anomala) microg/g. The fatty acid profiles of the fungi, which are distinguished by the presence of up to 50% essential fatty acids, is typical of zygomycetes of the order Mucorales. The fungi grown in submerged cultures showed a correlation of the unsaturation indices of their fatty acids and the contents of beta-carotene.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed2006

[Isolation and fermentation culture of fungi from Cordyceps soofifera].

OBJECTIVE: To study the fungi isolated from Cordyceps sobolifera and its fermentation culture. METHODS: The fungi was isolated and identified by its hypha and spores. Three liquid media were used in the culture. RESULTS: Pure culture was gained and the fungi was identified to be Paecilomyces cicadae. The fungi can grow best in liquid media: egg 110 g + silkworm powder 30 g + VB1 2 tahlets + MgSO4 x 7H2O 0.5 g + K2HPO4 1 g + H2O 1000 ml, in which every litre can produce 135 g wet hypha after cultured 4 d. CONCLUSION: Paecilomyces cicadae from Cordyceps sobolifera can be cultured in liquid media.

Cordyceps↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of propyl gallate on the activity of various antifungal drugs against filamentous fungi in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: The influence of an antioxidant, propyl gallate (PG), on the activity of amphotericin B (AMB), terbinafine (TBF), butenafine (BTF) and ketoconazole (KCZ) against ocular pathogenic filamentous fungi in vitro was investigated to determine whether PG could increase the antifungal activity. METHODS: Susceptibility tests were performed against 6 isolates of ocular pathogenic filamentous fungi (Fusarium solanae, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium poae, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus) and 2 quality control strains (Candida krusei ATCC 6258 and Cadida parapsilosis ATCC 22019) by the NCCLS M38-P broth microdilution method (MIC). PG was added to the incubation media at a final concentration of 400 microg/ml. Antifungal agents were serially two-fold diluted and final dilutions were made in 1640 and PG-1640 culture media to a concentration ranging from 0.0313 to 16 microg/ml for AMB, TBF, BTF and KCZ. One hundred microl of the corresponding diluted inoculum suspension was added to each well of the microdilution tray. The MIC end-point of AMB was determined as 100% growth reduction and the MIC end-point of TBF, BTF, KCZ and PG was determined as 75% growth reduction as compared with the turbidity produced by the control well. RESULTS: At a concentration of 400 microg/ml, PG did not show any antifungal activity under these experimental conditions. The combination of PG (400 microg/ml) with amphotericin B revealed a remarkably increased activity against all of the isolates of ocular pathogenic filamentous fungi and quality control strains. In the combination of PG with terbinafine, a remarkably increased activity was observed against Fusarium solanae, Fusarium poae, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatu and Aspergillus flavus. The combination of PG with butenafine had remarkably synergistic effect against Fusarium solanae, but did not synergistic or even showed antagonistic effect for other isolates. The combination of PG with ketaconazole was synergistic against Fusarium solanae, but was antagonistic against all other isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of PG and amphotericin has remarkably synergistic effect against all tested ocular pathogenic filamentous fungi isolates. Combination of PG and terbinafine has remarkably synergistic effect against some isolates. The PG-amphotericin combination and the PG-terbinafine combination may have a role in future studies of antifungal eye drops.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2004

[Water fungi occurence in the River Supraśl-bath Jurowce near Białystok].

Studies on the occurrence of aquatic fungi in the bathing sites of the Supraśl River in Jurowce village were collected in years 2000-2003. Hydrochemical analysis was performed using standard methods. Bait method was used to isolate the fungi. In the Supraśl River at Jurowce village 36 fungi species were identified, among them fish pathogens Achlya orion, Aphanomyces laevis, Dictyuchus monosporus, Saprolegnia ferax, Saprolegnia monoica, S. parasitica, human pathogens Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Lagenidium humanum, Penicillium mycetomagenum, Rhizophydium keratinophilum and Trichosporon cutaneum, phytopathogens Achlya racemosa, Phytophthora gonapodoides, Pythium butleri, P. myriotylum and P. debaryanum. Physicochemical parameters of waters in Supraśl River-bathing sites had no important effect on the occurrence of fungi.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Determination of fungal frequency and comparison of allergic symptoms related with buildings and fungi in Afyon, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitization to fungi and its relation with the building type where school children were attending. We also compared the prevalence of sensitization to different fungi and respiratory symptoms in 2 different school buildings in a particular area of Turkey. METHODS: Using simple random sampling, 301 school children aged 16-19 years attending a high school in 2 different school buildings (old and new buildings) were recruited and agreed to participate in the study. The study was conducted in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey from August 2003 to August 2004. Information on allergic diseases, building related symptoms and respiratory symptoms of the students was collected by questionnaire. Skin prick test (SPT) was performed to all students. Fungal concentrations and genera were determined by using Petri Plate Gravitational Settling Method. RESULTS: In both buildings, throughout all seasons, the most common fungi species seen were Penicillium and Cladosporium. When SPT was performed, the most allergen fungi seen in new building was Epidermophyton and Penicillium in the old building. The SPT results were also related with building related symptoms, except Alternaria. CONCLUSION: When the 2 groups were compared, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences between them in regards with asthma, allergic diseases, building related symptoms, and respiratory symptoms. No significant difference was determined between these 2 buildings in accordance to fungus concentration, although the humidity rate was higher in new buildings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of 33% grapefruit extract on the growth of the yeast--like fungi, dermatopytes and moulds].

Grapefruit seed extract was discovered by Jacob Harich an american immunologist in 1980. Assessment of the influence of grapefruit extract on the yeast-like fungi strains--Candida albicans growth. Material used in this investigation was ATCC test Candida albicans strains no 10231, 200 of Candida albicans strains, 5 of Candida sp. strains isolated from patients with candidiasis symptoms from different ontocenosis and 12 of dermatophytes and moulds isolated from patients. The susceptibility of the Candida was determined by serial dilution method. It seems that 33% grapefruit extract exert a potent antifungal activity against the yeast like fungi strains and had low activity against dermatophytes and moulds. Further studies in vitro and in vivo on greater number of the yeast-like fungi strains and other fungi species are needed.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed2002

[Current data about fungi prevalence in various ontocenoses in women during procreation period].

The aim of study was to analyse fungi prevalence in three ontocenoses (vagina, oral cavity and anus) in women during procreation period, which should be helpful in developing prophylactic programmes for pregnant womem, newborns and infants infected with fungi. In 716 examined women (age 20-45 years), 1411 samples of appropriate biological materials were taken and inoculated in the fluid Sabouraud medium and then axenic fungi strains were isolated in Sabouraud agar. High fungi prevalence in three ontocenoses of examined women was noted. Mean percentage for ontocenosis was: 39% +/- 1.8% for vagina, 42.18% +/- 1.8% for oral cavity and 25.03 +/- 1.6% for anus. These data indicate the necessity for further examinations of multifocal fungal infection in women during procreation period.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Heterologous protein production by filamentous fungi.

There are clearly many facets to successful production of heterologous proteins from filamentous fungi. The objectives are to exploit the natural ability of some species to secrete high levels of protein. The heterologous target proteins produced in a fungal host must be acceptable to the public and be economic to produce, i.e. the targets must be authentic (in structure and activity) and be produced in high yield to necessary levels of purity. The appearance of heterologous products from fungi on the market is testament to some success but, equally, there are considerable limitations in our ability to produce desired yields of many target proteins. We endorse the view of van den Hondel, Punt and van Gorcom (1991) that for the commercial production of heterologous proteins from filamentous fungi more information is required on transcriptional control, introns, mRNA stability and processing, translational efficiency, protein secretion, glycosylation and proteolysis. In addition, there is scope for yield improvement based on a better understanding of the physiology of growth/product secretion coupled to appropriate bioreactor operation. The authenticity of product is an aspect which will assume increasing importance, particularly for therapeutic proteins. The level at which the structures and functional activity of heterologous proteins are assessed will ultimately be determined by legislation. The analytical methods currently available are not always sufficient, for example, to reveal folded structures, and most proteins are not amenable to analysis by two-dimensional NMR. The authenticity of target heterologous proteins will also need to be assessed in relation to the glycosylation level and pattern. This is not easily done and explains the paucity of detailed information published to date on glycosylation of fungal proteins. Novel engineered proteins are already being produced from filamentous fungi where expression is an aid to investigation of structure-function relationships. Commercial production of such engineered proteins will require approval subject to a range of stringently applied tests and analyses. This imposes an even greater need to be able to specify and control, in a rational manner, the structures of recombinant proteins. The research needs for realization of improved yields are equally important in assuring authenticity of product. It is encouraging that progress is being made on all fronts, primarily with Aspergillus spp. and T. reesei, but also with other species, such as N. crassa.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Keratinophilic fungi in domestic gardens].

The quantitative compositions and growth of keratinophilic fungi in fertile and polluted soils of home-attached gardens in Upper Silesia were reported. The investigated soil samples were characterized by intensive growth of these fungi. In total, 49 species of microscopic fungi were isolated and identified. The main factors influencing the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in soil were discussed.

Mitosporic Fungi↗
PubMed1991

[Morphologic and physiologic characteristics of Costa Rica pathogenic fungi (Dermatiaceae)].

Forty one strains of dematiaceous fungi from the Mycology collection of the University of Costa Rica were studied. Thirty three were pathogenic (Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Cladosporium carrionii, Xylohypha bantiana, Exophiala jeanselmei, Rhinocladiella aquaspersa, Phialophora verrucosa) and the other eight were contaminants (Hormodendrum sp.). Morphological studies were done using the slide culture technique. The physiological criteria used were: urease production, gelatin and Loeffler media liquefaction; xanthine, tyrosine, starch and casein hydrolysis; nitrate utilization; carbohydrate uptake; sensitivity to cycloheximide and thermotolerance in glucose-Sabouraud medium. The physiological tests did not provide characteristic patterns for the different genera of pathogenic fungi, even though these differences were detected in non pathogenic fungi; the tests may be useful for the quick separation of both groups. Physiological test may have a limited value in the identification of fungi and the morphological analysis cannot be substituted by physiological studies.

Costa Rica↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of fungi and its liquid extract on seed germination of Dendrobium hancockii Rolf].

The experiment revealed that several species of fungi isolated from the protocorms of Orchidaceae notable promote the seed germination of Dendrobium hancockii. The seed germination rate amounts to over 20% when the seeds are incubated with fungi, but zero without incubation. Seed germination rate ranges from 40 to 70% when the incubation is affected in liquid extract of the cultural products of fungi, but the growth of protocorms and seedlings of Dendrobium hancockii is slower in liquid extract of fungi than on mycolia.

Fungi↗
PubMed1989

[Role of fungi in house dust allergy in patients with bronchial asthma].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of skin hyperreactivity to fungi in patients with bronchial asthma and demonstrating skin sensitivity to house dust. In 50 patients skin tests with 24 allergen solutions of fungi found most often in house dust. Positive skin tests were found in 92% of the evaluated patients. Reactions to fungi allergens were seen more often than to Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus. Most often skin reactivity toward the following fungal allergens were seen: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum and Aureobasidium pullulans. It seems that skin hypersensitivity to fungi is very common in patients with bronchial asthma and sensitive to house dust. Clinical verification of this hypersensitivity should be studied further.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Studies of aquatic fungi. VIII. Mycoflora of fish ponds in Popielewo and Poryta Jabłoń].

Species composition of aquatic fungi was studied by the authors during April-November 1985 in water of ponds of two State Fish Farms. The studies included hydrochemical analysis of the ponds, too. In the ponds of the two Farms 43 species of aquatic fungi belonging to 6 classes were found. Most numerous were these ones which represented Oomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Sixteen species of fungi were stated in the ponds of SFF Popielewo while 35 species were present in those SFF Poryta Jabłoń. The latter ponds have been more productive than the former. The following species of aquatic fungi appeared to be new in Poland's hydromycoflora: Rhizidiomyces apophysatus, Lagenidium giganteum, Flagellospora penicillioides, Flagellospora stricta and Lemonniera aquatica.

Animal Husbandry↗