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PubMed1997

Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning associated with precooked ham--Florida, 1997.

On September 27, 1997, a community hospital in northeastern Florida notified the St. Johns County Health Department about several persons who were treated in the emergency department because of gastrointestinal illnesses suspected of being associated with a common meal. This report summarizes the investigation of the outbreak by the Florida Department of Health; the findings implicated staphylococcal intoxication as the cause of illness among some persons who attended a retirement party on September 26, 1997.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Vector ability of mosquitoes for isolates of Plasmodium elongatum from raptors in Florida.

Three isolates of Plasmodium elongatum were obtained from 3 species of raptors (red-tailed hawk [Buteo jamaicensis], bald eagle [Haliaeetus leucocephalus], and eastern screech owl [Otus asio]) from Florida using isodiagnostic techniques in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Six to 10 species of mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility to these 3 isolates. Complete development of the sporogonic cycle of the 3 isolates of P. elongatum occurred in 3 species of mosquitoes, Culex nigripalpus, Culex restuans, and Culex salinarius. The pattern of susceptibility was similar among the 3 isolates of P. elongatum in Cx. nigripalpus. Culex restuans and Cx. salinarius were significantly more susceptible than Cx. nigripalpus to the 3 isolates of P. elongatum tested. Culex nigripalpus transmitted all 3 isolates of P. elongatum from duck to duck both by bite and after intraperitoneal injection of sporozoites. Infections of the 2 isolates tested occurred in ducks after intraperitoneal injection of sporozoites from Cx. restuans and Cx. salinarius. The results suggest that these 3 Culex species are potential vectors of P. elongatum from raptors in Florida.

Aedes↗

PubMed1998

Influenza A--Florida and Tennessee, July-August 1998, and virologic surveillance of influenza, May-August 1998.

During July and August 1998, the state departments of health in Florida and Tennessee each reported an outbreak of influenza. The Florida outbreak occurred in July in two residential homes for children; the Tennessee outbreak occurred in August among members of a family that vacationed together. This report summarizes the investigation of these outbreaks, which were caused by influenza type A(H3N2) viruses, and presents information on influenza isolates received by CDC during May-August 1998, 81% of which were influenza A(H3N2).

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tuberculosis among foreign-born residents of southern Florida, 1995.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of foreign-born people with tuberculosis (TB) in Southern Florida, their contribution to the total number of TB cases, and available data on their HIV status as well as to determine the number of cases detected by the overseas medical screening of immigrants and refugees. METHODS: The authors reviewed TB cases reported by Broward, Dade, and Palm Beach counties in 1995. Case records were matched against the CDC Division of Quarantine database of immigrants and refugees suspected to have TB at the time of visa application overseas. RESULTS: Nearly half (49%) of TB cases in the three counties were among people born outside the United States--34% in Broward County, 58% in Dade County, and 40% in Palm Beach County. A high percentage (26%) were co-infected with HIV. Of those with known date of arrival, 68% had been in the United States for five or more years. Only three cases had been identified by overseas immigrant screening. CONCLUSIONS: A low percentage of TB cases in foreign-born people were identified through the overseas screening system. Controlling TB in South Florida will require efforts targeted toward high risk populations, including people with HIV infection.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Diaphragm structure and function in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris).

Relative to many other mammals, little is known about the functional morphology of the four extant species of the order Sirenia. In this study, 166 Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) carcasses fresh enough to collect detailed anatomical information were examined to describe the gross anatomy of the diaphragm. Our results show that the Florida manatee's diaphragm differs from those of other mammals in that it: lies in a dorsal plane, rather than in the more typical transverse plane; is located dorsal to the heart and does not attach to the sternum; and attaches medially at the "I"-shaped central tendon to bony projections extending ventrally from the vertebral bodies, forming two distinct hemidiaphragms. The manatee's transverse septum is a separate structure that lies at a right angle to the diaphragm and separates the heart from the liver and other viscera. The extreme muscularity of the diaphragm and the ability of manatees to adjust their position in the water column with minimal external movement suggest that diaphragmatic contractions may change the volume of each pleural cavity to affect buoyancy, roll, and pitch. We also hypothesize that such contractions, in concert with contractions of powerful abdominal muscles, may compress gas in the massive large intestine, and thereby also contribute to buoyancy control.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Hemoglobin South Florida: a genetic variant with laboratory recognition of only 20% of its product.

Hemoglobin South Florida is a recently identified hemoglobin variant that is not associated with any clinical disorder. The standard electrophoretic procedures routinely utilized to identify hemoglobin variants did not recognize hemoglobin South Florida. The acetylated form of this hemoglobin co-eluted with hemoglobin A1c on a Bio-Rex 70 column. The quantity of this hemoglobin component was consistent with the amount of hemoglobin A1c associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The affected individuals did not have diabetes. This observation led to the characterization of a hemoglobin variant that otherwise would have gone unrecognized. This is an example of a variant peptide that was unrecognized for two generations in one family. It is likely that this type of unrecognized peptide variation is common in mammals. These silent structural alterations may be responsible for the variable physical responses occurring in humans exposed to the same environmental agents.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Purification of betulinic acid from Eugenia florida (Myrtaceae) by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

A high yield of betulinic acid (up to 17% from the ethanolic extract) was found in the leaves of Eugenia florida collected in south-eastern Brazil, making this species a potential commercial source of the title compound. Extracts of E. florida were subjected to solvent partition, and rapid high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to the semi-crude extracts to afford betulinic acid in high purity. The mobile and stationary phases were derived from the two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (10:5:2.5:1). The developing solvent system (stationary and mobile phases) for optimum HSCCC separation was chosen by dissolving the fraction to be chromatographed in the proposed solvent mixture and determining the amount of betulinic acid in each phase by densitometric TLC. Purified betulinic acid was characterized by 13C-NMR, GC-MS and co-injection of its methyl ester with standards in GC-FID. The HSCCC technique is commonly employed to isolate triterpene glycosides, but is applied in this study to an aglycone.

Countercurrent Distribution↗

PubMed2002

Viral papillomatosis in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris).

The Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is one of the most endangered marine mammals in American coastal waters. Naturally resistant to infectious disease, the manatee immune system appears highly developed to protect it against the harsh marine environment and the effects of human-related injury. In 1997, seven captive Florida manatees developed multiple, cutaneous, pedunculated papillomas over a period of 6 months. Approximately 3 years later, four of the seven manatees developed multiple, cutaneous, sessile papillomas topically and clinically distinct from the initial lesions, some of which are still present. Histologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features indicated that the two distinct phenotypic lesions were caused by papillomaviruses (PVs). Preliminary immunologic data correlated with daily clinical observations suggested that the manatees were immunologically suppressed and that the papillomas were caused by activation of latent PV infections and reinoculation from active infections. The emergence of PV-induced papillomas in captive manatees, the possibility of activation of latent infection or transmission of active infection to free-ranging manatees, and the underlying cause of immune suppression predisposing manatees to develop viral papillomatosis are serious concerns for the future management of this highly endangered species.

Female↗

PubMed2000

Dive Operator Use Patterns in the Designated No-Take Zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS).

/ The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), created by Congress in 1990, addressed the issue of resource protection partly by proposing 26 "no-take" zones. These areas, discussed in the 1995 Draft Management Plan, disallowed all extractive activities, and four of the zones also prohibited diving and snorkeling. Furthermore, the Draft Management Plan considered recreational carrying capacity, proposing that use densities be studied and eventually limited in high-use and sensitive areas. Conducted with 62 commercial dive operators from the Florida Keys in 1995-96, this study uses geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the extent of FKNMS zone use by dive operators, assess the regional importance of FKNMS zones to operators, and compare management strategies by which to allow use while minimizing impacts to the coral reef resource. Dive operators took almost 70% of their total trips and 77% of their total divers to FKNMS zones in 1995. Although zone use is generally related to the proximity of dive locations, dive operators do rely disproportionately on single sites in certain regions. The resulting profiles demonstrate that management strategies need to consider disproportionate use, as well as the average number of users per trip, to effectively protect the region's environmental resources. In addition to implementing a carrying capacity plan, the FKNMS should consider a limited-entry system for dive operators.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

AmphiD1/beta, a dopamine D1/beta-adrenergic receptor from the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae: evolutionary aspects of the catecholaminergic system during development.

Catecholamine receptors mediate wide-ranging functions in vertebrates and invertebrates but are largely unknown in invertebrate chordates such as amphioxus. Catecholaminergic cells have been described in amphioxus adults, but few data are known about the transmembrane signal transduction pathways and the expression pattern of related receptors during development. In Branchiostoma floridae, we cloned a full-length cDNA (AmphiD1/beta) that corresponds to the dopamine D1/beta receptor previously cloned from a related species of amphioxus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum, but no expression studies have been performed for such receptor in amphioxus. In B. floridae, AmphiD1/beta encodes a polypeptide with typical G-protein-coupled receptor features, characterized by highest sequence similarity with D1 dopamine and beta-adrenergic receptors. The expression of AmphiD1/beta mRNA in different regions of the cerebral vesicle corresponds to that of D1-like receptors in vertebrate homologous structures. Furthermore, in situ experiments show that during development, the expression in the nervous system is restricted to cells located anteriorly. A further expression was found in larvae at the level of the endostyle, but it has no counterpart in the predominant expression domains of vertebrate dopamine and/or adrenergic receptor genes. At the same time, we compared the dopaminergic system, consisting of AmphiTH-expressing cells, with the AmphiD1/beta expression. In conclusion, the identification of the AmphiD1/beta receptor provides further basis for understanding the evolutionary history of the dopaminergic system at the transition from invertebrates and vertebrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Relationship of parity and body condition score to pregnancy rates in Florida beef cattle.

Pregnancy rates, determined by per rectum palpation, were analyzed with respect to cow parity (range 1 to >8 calvings) and body condition score (BCS, 1=thin to 9=fat) at pregnancy examination for 3734 beef cattle females on 3 commercial beef operations (8 herds) in 3 Florida counties in 1989 and 1990. The means and standard deviations for the herds were the following: pregnancy rate, 81.3 +/- 39% (range 62.1 to 91.5%); BCS, 4.7 +/- 0.6 (range 4.3 to 4.9); and parity, 3.9 +/- 2.3 (range 2.8 to 4.8). Significant associations were found between pregnancy rate, parity, BCS and herd (P < 0.001); and between the variable interactions, parity with BCS, herd with BCS, and herd with parity (P < 0.001). Cows with a BCS </=4 had a pregnancy rate of 59%; those with a BCS >/=5 had a pregnancy rate of 90%. Cows having a parity of <4 had a PR of 80%, while cows having a parity >/=4 had a PR of 85%. The interaction of parity with BCS was significant, resulting in pregnancy rates as follows; parity <4 and BCS </= 4 was 51%; parity < 4 and BCS >/= 5 was 88%; parity >/=4 and BCS </= 4 was 66%; and parity >/=5 and BCS >/= 5 was 93%. Body condition, parity, and the interaction of body condition and parity play important roles in the reproductive performance of commercial beef cows in Florida.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Outlining the nascent nervous system of Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus) by the pan-neural marker AmphiElav.

The cephalochordate amphioxus is the closest living relative of the vertebrates. The anatomy and development of the amphioxus nervous system is giving insights into the basic chordate neural organisation, prior to the increase in neural complexity that characterised the origin of vertebrates. We have analysed the expression of the pan-neural marker AmphiElav in the Florida lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae) through development and up to larval stages. AmphiElav is expressed in the developing neural tube with particular temporal and spatial dynamics that correlate with neuronal differentiation. In addition, AmphiElav is expressed in isolated epidermal cells from mid-neurula embryos. This epidermal expression probably corresponds to precursors of sensory neurons. Together with data from other neural markers, we discuss the evolutionary relevance of these neural precursors to the origin of some of the most dramatic vertebrate inventions, neural crests and placodes.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Fgfrl1, a fibroblast growth factor receptor-like gene, is found in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae but not in the urochordate Ciona intestinalis.

FGFRL1 is a novel member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family that controls the formation of musculoskeletal tissues. Some vertebrates, including man, cow, dog, mouse, rat and chicken, possess a single copy the FGFRL1 gene. Teleostean fish have two copies, fgfrl1a and fgfrl1b, because they have undergone a whole genome duplication. Vertebrates belong to the chordates, a phylum that also includes the subphyla of the cephalochordates (e.g. Branchiostoma floridae) and urochordates (tunicates, e.g. Ciona intestinalis). We therefore investigated whether other chordates might also possess an FGFRL1 related gene. In fact, a homologous gene was found in B. floridae (amphioxus). The corresponding protein showed 60% sequence identity with the human protein and all sequence motifs identified in the vertebrate proteins were also conserved in amphioxus Fgfrl1. In contrast, the genome of the urochordate C. intestinalis and those from more distantly related invertebrates including the insect Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans did not appear to contain any related sequences. Thus, the FGFRL1 gene might have evolved just before branching of the vertebrate lineage from the other chordates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Refractive Error Study in Children: results from La Florida, Chile.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of refractive errors and vision impairment in school-age children in a suburban area (La Florida) of Santiago, Chile. METHODS: Random selection of geographically defined clusters was used to identify a representative sample of children 5 to 15 years of age. Children in the 26 selected clusters were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and invited to report to a community health clinic for examination. Visual acuity measurements, cycloplegic retinoscopy, cycloplegic autorefraction, ocular motility evaluation, and examination of the external eye, anterior segment, media, and fundus were done from April through August 1998. Independent replicate examinations of all children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision were done for quality assurance monitoring in six clusters. RESULTS: A total of 6,998 children from 3,830 households were enumerated, and 5,303 children (75.8%) were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting, and best visual acuity 0.50 (20/40) or worse in at least one eye was 15.8%, 14.7%, and 7.4%, respectively; 3.3% had best visual acuity 0.50 or worse in both eyes. Refractive error was the cause in 56.3% of the 1,285 eyes with reduced vision, amblyopia in 6.5%, other causes in 4.3%, with unexplained causes in the remaining 32.9%. Myopia -0.50 diopter or less in either eye was present in 3.4% of 5-year-old children, increasing to 19.4% in males and 14.7% in females by age 15. Over this same age range, hyperopia 2.00 diopters or greater decreased from 22.7% to 7.1% in males and from 26.3% to 8.9% in females. Females had a significantly higher risk of hyperopia than males. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive error, associated primarily with myopia, is a major cause of reduced vision in school-age children in La Florida. More than 7% of children could benefit from the provision of proper spectacles. Efforts are needed to make existing programs that provide free spectacles for school children more effective. Further studies are needed to determine whether the upward trend in myopia continues far beyond 15 years of age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of flap valve as an alternative continence mechanism in the Florida pouch.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate urodynamic findings in a successful flap valve (FV) continence mechanism in association with a continent colonic urinary reservoir (Florida pouch) and to compare the urodynamic findings of the FV mechanism with the doubly plicated (PI) standard anti-incontinence segment in the same reservoir. METHODS: Thirteen patients who successfully received the Florida pouch between 1988 and 1996 agreed to undergo urodynamic evaluation as part of a pilot study. Eight patients had a PI continence mechanism and a mean time from surgery of 51 months; 5 had a FV continence mechanism and a mean time from surgery of 14 months. Enterocystometry was performed with a trans-stomal Bard triple channel 7F catheter. Volume and pressure at first desire to empty (VFDE, PFDE), as well as maximal enterocystometric capacity and pressure (VMEC, PMEC), were recorded. Maximal outlet pressure (MOP) was recorded using the catheter withdrawal technique. RESULTS: PI and FV groups demonstrated the following mean values respectively: VFDE, 692.7 and 403 mL; PFDE, 19.5 and 19.2 cm H2O; VMEC, 876.5 and 515 mL; PMEC, 25.9 and 24.6 cm H2O; MOP, 57.5 and 51.2 cm H2O (reservoir empty) and 50.5 and 52.6 cm H2O (reservoir full); and functional length of outlet, 24.3 and 24.6 cm. MOP measurement demonstrated greater variability in the PI than in the FV group. CONCLUSIONS: Urodynamic comparison of these mechanisms reveals that MOP measurement was closer to the mean among FV than PI patients. In addition, the mean VFDE (692.7 mL for PI versus 403 mL for FV, P < 0.05) and the mean VMEC (876.5 mL for PI versus 515 mL for FV, P < 0.05) were significantly less in the FV group. Lower VMEC and less variability in MOP indicate that continence may be more dependent on MOP in the FV mechanism. A longer follow-up time and a larger number of patients will be of assistance in clarifying these findings.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Stimulation of defense factors for oysters deployed to contaminated sites in Pensacola Bay, Florida.

A positive association between chemical contaminants and defense factors has been established for eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Florida, but it is unknown whether such factors can be stimulated through short-term exposure to contaminants in the field. Hatchery oysters were deployed at two contaminated sites and one reference site near Pensacola, Florida, during spring and summer in 1998. Putative defense measurements, notably hemocyte count and bactericidal activity, were significantly elevated after 12-week deployment during summer at the most contaminated site. This site exhibited a dramatic increase in chemical concentrations in oyster tissue relative to both the initial concentrations in hatchery oysters and to oysters deployed at the reference site. Hemocyte activity was not stimulated after 16-week deployment of hatchery oysters in spring, despite similar increases in tissue chemical concentrations, so defense activation by short-term exposure may covary with other unmeasured environmental or physiological parameters. Using the converse approach, Pensacola Bay oysters were collected from two contaminated sites and deployed at the reference site for 16 weeks during spring. Results from this converse deployment were ambiguous; serum lysozyme concentrations were reduced for oysters transplanted from both sites, but hemocyte activities were not significantly changed. The principal outcome from this study was the demonstration of enhanced defense activities for oysters upon short-term summer deployment at a contaminated site.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of lipids in selected tissues of the Florida manatee (Order Sirenia) and bottlenose dolphin (Order Cetacea; Suborder Odontoceti).

The position, porosity and oil-filled nature of the zygomatic process of the squamosal bone (ZPSB) of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, suggest that it may have a similar sound conduction function to that of the intramandibular fat body (IMFB) of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, and other odontocetes. To examine this possibility we determined the lipid composition of the ZPSB and adipose tissue from the dorsal part of the head region of the Florida manatee, and compared it to that of the dolphin IMFB and melon (another fatty area implicated in sound conduction in odontocetes). Lipids from manatee ZPSB and from adipose tissue were composed almost entirely of triacylglycerols. The most abundant fatty acids of the ZPSB were 18:1, 16:0, 14:0 and 16:1. The major fatty acids of the adipose tissue in the head were the four mentioned above, along with 12:0 and 18:0. Manatee samples did not contain isovaleric acid (iso-5:0), which was found in the bottlenose dolphin IMFB and melon, and has been related to sound conduction in dolphins and some other odontocetes. Thus, if manatee tissues are capable of sound conduction, and this process does occur through the ZPSB, a somewhat different suite of lipid components must support this function.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1976

[Mushroom worker's lung caused by inhalation of spores of the edible fungus pleurotus Florida ("oyster mushroom") (author's transl)].

A new edible mushroom, known as oyster mushroom (Pleutrotus Florida, variety of Pleurotus ostreatus) has recently gained commercial importance in Europe, having been imported from the U.S.A. in 1963 and cultivated in Germany between 1972 and 1973. Several persons concerned with the cultivation and industrial production of this mushroom fell ill, after close contact with it over a period of some months, with exhaustion, headache, chills and fever, and cough. These symptoms, similar to those of "farmer's lung" were proved to be caused by the spores of Pleurotus Florida, inhaled in harvesting rooms. The suspicion of an allergic disease, is supported by the history and clinical picture, and the demonstration of precipitating antibodies against spore extracts (Ouchterlony test). The antigens probably have a high molecular weight and are fixed to the spore membrane. Experimental sensitisation of rabbits also revealed precipitins. One of three isolated antigens produced antibodies identical in man and rabbit.

Adult↗