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Results for “Expressed Emotion”

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PubMed1996

Emotional expression during mid- to late-stage dementia.

This study examined the quality of emotional responsivity in mid- to late-stage dementia patients. Eighty-two nursing home patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type served as subjects. Patients were staged using the Global Deterioration Scale. The level and type of patient affectivity were assessed by family reports, aide reports, and direct observation and coding of patient facial expressions during a family visit. All three measures indicated that patients with Alzheimer's disease expressed a range of affective signals. Some showed an intact and functional emotion system even during the last stage of the disease; one third of end-stage dementia patients expressed sadness at the departure of their relatives as coded by an objective facial affect coding system.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2004

Ethnicity, expressed emotion, attributions, and course of schizophrenia: family warmth matters.

The authors examined the role of family factors and the course of schizophrenia by carrying out additional assessments and analyses in 2 previously published studies of Mexican American and Anglo American patients and families. The authors found partial support for an attributional model of relapse for families who are low in emotional overinvolvement. Attributions of control, criticism, and warmth together marginally predicted relapse. The data also indicated that for Mexican Americans, family warmth is a significant protective factor, whereas for Anglo Americans, family criticism is a significant risk factor. These findings suggest that the sociocultural context shapes the pathways by which family processes are related to the course of illness. Moreover, the warmth findings suggest that families may contribute to preventing relapse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Expressed emotion and depression. A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies show that criticism by relatives during acute depressive illness predicts relapse over nine months, but the course of criticism over time and its relation to the course of illness, have not been examined in depressed patients. METHOD: Thirty-nine depressed patients and their partners, were interviewed separately at three-monthly intervals over about one year. Illness was assessed by Research Diagnostic Criteria and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Criticism was measured by the Camberwell Family Interview. RESULTS: Criticism when patients were most depressed predicted neither remission nor subsequent relapse. Patients who fully recovered, with or without later relapse, had partners who were consistently uncritical, or critical only at presentation. Patients with residual symptoms during remission had more persistently critical partners. CONCLUSIONS: The nature of the association between criticism and depression could not be unequivocally established, although it appeared likely that continuing criticism was a result of continuing depression. Relatives' understanding of the illness may mediate between levels of criticism and the course of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The meaning of infant emotional expressions: regularities in caregiving responses in normal and Down's syndrome infants.

In two studies, photographs of facial expressions of normal and Down's syndrome infants were viewed by mothers who recognized discrete emotions and reported regularities in caregiving associated with these emotions. Stimulating interactions were reported more frequently for high intensity expressions than for low intensity expressions. While these regularities held for both groups of infants, high intensity expressions were less frequent in the Down's group. The biological mothers of Down's infants seemingly compensated by reporting more stimulating interventions in response to their infants' low intensity expressions. Mothers who were unfamiliar with both groups of infants did not evidence this compensatory adjustment.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

Infants' use of attentional cues to identify the referent of another person's emotional expression.

This study explored 14- and 18-month-old infants' ability to identify the target of an emotional display. In the visual task, infants were presented with 2 boxes. Each box contained an object that could be identified by opening the box lid and looking inside. In the tactile task, the objects had to be pulled out of the boxes before they could be seen. An experimenter expressed happiness as she looked or put her hand inside one box, and disgust as she repeated this action with the other box. Infants were then allowed to explore the boxes. Infants touched both boxes but preferred to search for the happy object. Thus, regardless of age or task, infants identified the target of each emotional display as something inside a box and not the box itself. Infants appeared to use the experimenter's attentional cues (gaze and action) to interpret her emotional signals and behaved as if they understood that she was communicating about the objects.

Attention↗
PubMed1999

Decoding of emotional expressions in children and adolescents.

The aim of this study was to assess whether different kinds of emotions are decoded in different ways during ontogeny. 151 normal subjects (80 boys; 71 girls) aged 8 to 16 were recruited in primary, secondary (middle), and high schools and 46 slides (3 male; 3 female) from Picture of Facial Affect showing six basic emotions were stimuli. Analysis showed that boys and girls in all age groups did not differ in decoding facial expression; happiness and disgust had the highest percentage scores in all age groups, 99% and 94%, respectively, while sadness and fear had the lowest percentage scores, 69% and 55%, respectively. This was possibly due to the intrinsic unpleasantness of those emotions for children. Competence in discrimination of sadness, fear, and surprise changed across age groups, but this growing competence did not show a linear trend and was not similar for all emotions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Influence of premorbid personality and location of lesion on emotional expression.

Both premorbid personality characteristics and location of brain lesion have been proposed to account for emotional changes after cerebral damage. To explore the relative merits of each hypothesis, we compared the MMPI profiles of 30 epileptic patients, who showed either a euphoric or depressive reaction after injection of amobarbital into the right or left hemisphere, with the MMPI profiles of 30 matched controls. There were no significant T-score differences between euphoric, depressed, or control patients on any of the MMPI scales. However, more patients with euphoric (42%) than depressed (0%) reactions had hypomania (scale 9) scores greater than 70 T. With regard to location of lesion, there was a statistically significant association between emotional reaction and side of amobarbital brain inactivation. Euphoria was more frequent following right, and depression was more common after left, hemisphere inactivation. Although support was found for both premorbid personality and lesion location in the genesis of emotional reactions after brain damage, results were more robust for location of lesion.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Parental socialization of children's dysregulated expression of emotion and externalizing problems.

The relations of parents' warmth, emotional expressivity, and discussion of emotion to 2nd-5th graders' regulation of emotional expressivity, externalizing problem behaviors, and expressivity were examined. Parents' and children's facial expressions to evocative slides were observed, as was parents' discussion of the slides, and parents and teachers provided information on children's regulation of expressivity and problem behavior. Analyses supported the hypothesis that the effect of parental variables on children's problem behavior was at least partly indirect through their children's regulation of emotion. Children's low negative (versus positive) facial expressivity to negative slides was associated with problem behavior for boys. A reversed model did not support the possibility that children's functioning had causal effects on parenting. The findings suggest that parents' emotion-related behaviors are linked to children's regulation of expressivity and externalizing behaviors.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

Concordance between surface and intra-muscular recordings of facial emg during emotional expression.

Needle and surface EMG recordings were made from the left corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles, and the skin overlying them, in 12 right-handed normal subjects during imagined and posed sad, happy and angry states. The surface and needle EMG recordings showed good correspondence for the corrugator and zygomaticus major muscles within each individual subject. Considerable inter-subject and inter-emotion variability was, however, observed. The surface to needle concordance was poor when the EMG activity itself was low. While this study does not suggest that specific surface EMG recordings from the face are inappropriate, it provides a note of caution when the activity is low.

Adult↗