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PubMed2002

[Tick-borne encephalitis in Norway].

BACKGROUND: The first person reported with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Norway fell ill in 1998; the second patient caught the disease in autumn 1999. Both had been to the island of Tromøy in Aust-Agder county. Searches for TBE antibodies were intensified in persons with encephalitis and a seroprevalence study was carried out. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sera from persons with encephalitis were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies to TBE virus with enzyme immunoassay and a neutralization test. Stored sera from persons living on Tromøy in 1997-2000 were studied for IgG antibodies. RESULTS: We report three cases of TBE, two had encephalitis in September-October 2000. The third patient, with antibodies to TBE virus found by retrospective testing, had the disease in August 1997. IgG antibodies to TBE virus were found in 3 out of 126 (2.4%) samples from Tromøy. INTERPRETATION: We report the first case of TBE in Norway. Of the first five Norwegian cases, four had been on Tromøy before they fell ill, three of them as tourists. In previous studies, IgG antibodies to TBE virus were found in 0.3-0.4% of persons from different parts of Agder counties. The seroprevalence studies indicate that Tromøy may have a higher incidence of TBE than the rest of the two southern counties. Our results confirm that TBE occurs in the coastal area of southern Norway.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Two-way cross-protection between West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses in bonnet macaques.

Cross-protection between Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses was tested in bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) immunized either with JE virus (JEV) or WN virus (WNV). JEV immunized monkeys were challenged by intranasal (i.n.) route with WNV and vice versa. Four control unimmunized monkeys were similarly infected either with WNV or JEV. Two of three control monkeys infected with WNV, developed paralysis followed by death. Virus was recovered from the central nervous system (CNS) of the both dead control monkeys and the histopathological examination of CNS revealed changes suggestive of viral encephalitis. The control monkey infected with JEV developed encephalitis and the virus was recovered from the blood and CNS. All the 3 JEV-immunized monkeys withstood WNV challenge, whereas only 2 of the 5 WNV immunized monkeys withstood the challenge with JEV. Out of 3 WNV-immunized monkeys surviving challenge with JEV, 2 revealed symptoms suggestive of mild encephalitis followed by complete recovery. The third monkey died on the 60th day post-infection (p.i.) without any symptoms and virus was recovered only from the olfactory lobe. These studies indicate that the immunization with JEV protects the bonnet macaques against WNV, whereas the WNV immunization only reduces the severity of the disease due to JEV.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

THE PATHOLOGY OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS. A REVIEW.

In his review of pathological studies on Japanese encephalitis conducted in Japan over the past 40 years, the author first discusses the findings obtained from post-mortem examinations of persons who had died of the disease, and, secondly, summarizes experimental research carried out on monkeys, horses and mice. He stresses that, although a great deal has been learned from these studies, much research is still needed, in which modern laboratory techniques give good hopes of success.This review suggests that before the Second World War the histopathological findings in Japanese encephalitis resembled those of eastern equine encephalitis but that since the war they have been more like those of western equine encephalitis, although no definitive explanation of this phenomenon can yet be offered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Encephalitis in Taiwan: a prospective hospital-based study.

To investigate encephalitis in Taiwan, a multicenter study was conducted with patients who had acute severe neurological dysfunction and suspected encephalitis from May 2000 to December 2001. Demographic data such as age, sex, and seasons were analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed to determine the microbiologic diagnosis. The patients included 73 males and 54 females, with a peak age of 10-40 years old. Microbiologic diagnoses in 86 (69%) of 124 cases involved herpes simplex virus (HSV, 45 cases), varicella zoster (16 cases), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (10 cases), cytomegalovirus (8 cases), adenovirus (5 cases), influenza (1 case), and enterovirus (1 case). Pathogens were found in 69% of the cases. Encephalitis was most likely to occur in June and July. Based on the results, HSV is still the major viral cause of encephalitis in Taiwan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2002].

In Poland, 861 cases of bacterial meningitis and encephalitis, 307 cases of viral encephalitis, 1022 of viral meningitis and 286 cases of meningitis and encephalitis of other or unknown etiology were reported in 2002. Incidence of the bacterial central nervous system infections has been declining over the past decade and the level of viral infections, following the outbreak in the mid-nineties, remained stable. Etiological factor was determined in 365 (42%) cases of bacterial meningitis/encephalitis. Among them Neisseria meningitidis was found in 90 cases, Haemophilus influenzae in 72 cases and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 85 cases. As in the past type B was the predominant type of N. meningitidis cultured from the patients, but type C appears to be on the rise accounting for 35% of the serotyped strains. 126 cases of tick borne encephalitis were reported in Poland in 2002, most of them from endemic areas of north-eastern part of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Molecular characteristics of three new isolates of Japanese encephalitis virus in Fujian Province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the genotype of newly isolated Japanese encephalitis viruses in Fujian province and the characteristics of amino acid sequence in the E gene. METHODS: PrM and E segments of newly isolated Japanese encephalitis viruses were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were cloned into T vector for sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by PHYLIP program. RESULTS: Newly isolated Japanese encephalitis viruses belonged to genotype III, the nucleotide and amino acid of E gene showed high homology to vaccine strain SA14-14-2, but had some difference in some domains. CONCLUSION: Newly isolated viruses in Fujian province belonged to Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III. E protein of the isolates showed some differences as compared with vaccine strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

[The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of Powassan encephalitis in the southern Soviet Far East].

The present communication deals with the analysis of 14 cases of Powassan encephalitis. As shown in this study, the course of this infection may be accompanied by symptoms indicating the presence of cerebral and meningeal lesions (in 7 cases meningoencephalitic forms with one fatal outcome and in 2 cases meningeal forms were registered) or take febrile and inapparent forms (5 cases). Powassan encephalitis was found to give characteristic symptoms of cerebellovestibular lesions, differentiating this disease from tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The cases of mixed infections caused by TBE virus, Powassan encephalitis virus and tick-born Borrelia were found to be possible.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Detection of virus specific IgG subclasses in Japanese encephalitis patients.

During the Japanese encephalitis (JE) epidemic in 1988 at Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 34 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples with 16 matching sera from 34 anti JEV IgM positive (confirmed JE) and 24 CSF samples with 4 matching sera from 24 anti JEV IgM negative (clinical encephalitis) patients were collected and tested for presence of JEV specific IgG by ELISA. Eighteen CSF samples and 8 matching sera from confirmed JE and 5 CSF samples and one matching serum from clinical encephalitis patients positive for JEV specific IgG were further assayed for subclass specificity using specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Almost all the samples exhibited IgG1 as the virus specific subclass. In addition to IgG1, one serum and one CSF sample each from two different confirmed JE patients showed the presence of virus specific IgG4 and IgG3 respectively. Half of the confirmed JE and clinical encephalitis patients exhibited intrathecal synthesis as evident from either elevated IgG index or CSF IgG/CSF albumin ratio. Most of the patients who recovered had predominantly virus specific IgG1 in CSF. It seems likely that IgG1 might have a protective role in clearance of virus from the central nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Experimental double infection of Japanese encephalitis virus and herpes simplex virus in mouse brain.

In our laboratory, 64 autopsy cases of Japanese encephalitis patients were examined by immunofluorescence. Three patients showed some evidences of double infection of Japanese encephalitis virus and herpes simplex virus. Experiments were done to see the mechanisms of double infection. In doubly infected mice, Japanese encephalitis virus antigen was localized in the herpes simplex virus infected areas in the brain. These results suggested that "blood brain barrier" was broken by herpes simplex virus infection and Japanese encephalitis virus gained access to the susceptible cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Intrahospital outbreak of enterovirus encephalitis].

The authors examined 9 children aged from 13 months to 9 years who, while being in a general hospital, contracted enteroviral encephalitis induced by Coxsackie B3 virus with a possible involvement of Coxsackie B1 virus. This report on a group hospital outbreak of enteroviral encephalitis appears to be the first of the kind in the available literature. The authors discuss the possibility of enteroviral encephalitis and Economo's encephalitis being identical in nature.

Child↗
PubMed1967

An epidemiological study of tick-borne encephalitis in the Tribec region: 1953-63.

As part of an investigation on tick-borne encephalitis in the Tribec region of Czechoslovakia, an epidemiological study has been carried out on 445 cases diagnosed as "virus meningo-encephalitis" over the period 1953-63. The average morbidity rate was 19.3 per 100 000 inhabitants, ranging from 107.9 in 1955 to 3.3 in 1961. The lowest morbidity rates were in the 0-4 years and 60+years age-groups (5.7 and 5.5, respectively) and the highest rate was in the 10-14 years age-group (33.2). When the figures for 1960-63 were analysed, the highest rate (21.3) was found among adult farmers and forestry workers. The morbidity rates in the Tribec region are, on average, 2.6 times those for Czechoslovakia as a whole and 4.7 times those for Slovakia. There is a seasonal variation in incidence, with a maximum in June.The most frequent method of infection was by tick bite. Villages in the south-east of the region had a higher incidence of disease than those in the north-west. Serological examinations revealed variations in activity within the focus: whereas, of 93 inhabitants of four villages who had suffered from "virus meningo-encephalitis", 63 (68%) had antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus, none of 95 randomly selected inhabitants of a village with no reported cases of the disease had antibodies. More accurate diagnosis of the disease has been achieved by the introduction of serological and cultivation procedures.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1981

Persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in monkeys. I. Features of experimental infection.

Sixty-seven Macaca rhesus monkeys were inoculated with 2 mutants and 3 virulent strains of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus including strains isolated from patients with a chronic form of TBE. A model of the clinical course of acute, subacute, and chronic encephalitis was produced by intracerebral inoculation and that of asymptomatic infection was produced by subcutaneous inoculation [with or without administration of cyclophosphane (CP)]. Virus persistence developed after inoculation with all the strains, after non-fatal encephalitis and inapparent infection irrespective of CP administration. In monkeys recovering from encephalitis the virus persisted for at least 783 days. After asymptomatic infection, it persisted for 302 days; neither virus nor virus-specific antigen was detected at 356, 367, and 620 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative characteristics of encephalitis with hyperkinetic syndromes].

On the basis of analyzing the clinical and laboratory (electro- and pneumoencephalographic data, results of immunological and psychological tests) findings in 27 patients suffering from encephalitis of various etiology accompanied with the hyperkinetic syndrome, criteria for diagnostic differentiation of tick-borne and other forms of encephalitis are offered. The results obtained allow one to distinguish with sufficient confidence between chronic tick-borne encephalitis and encephalitis of other etiology. The criteria being offered can be used for deciding on the treatment scheme and for forecasting the disease outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Japanese encephalitis and related disorders].

Epidemics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are widely distributed throughout Asian countries including Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. In Japan, the incidence of JE has decreased markedly since 1967 due to widespread vaccination of children, a decreased mosquito population and other factors. However, approximately several cases of JE per year still occur during the period from August to early September, with high frequency in Kyushu, southern Japan. In this paper, the clinical features and MRI findings were reviewed. Also, St. Louis encephalitis, California encephalitis and Venezuelan encephalitis were briefly described.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

"Neuro-sweet disease": benign recurrent encephalitis with neutrophilic dermatosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe benign recurrent encephalitis in a case of Sweet syndrome that also showed clinical features of Behçet disease. CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old Japanese man developed relapsing and remitting encephalitis and mucocutaneous symptoms mimicking Behçet disease. Magnetic resonance images showed at least 5 episodes of transient abnormal signal intensity in various cerebral regions over a period of 5 years. A skin biopsy specimen of the cutaneous edematous erythematous plaques revealed neutrophilic dermatitis compatible with Sweet syndrome. HLA typing showed B54, which is frequent in Sweet syndrome but rare in Behçet disease. Oral prednisolone therapy (10-60 mg/d) was remarkably effective for the encephalitis as well as for the mucocutaneous symptoms. CONCLUSION: We propose that there is an entity that is like Sweet disease, but with recurrent encephalitis characterized by an association with HLA-B54 and a high responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy, which we have tentatively named neuro-Sweet disease, that is distinct from the classic central nervous system involvement of Behçet disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Vaccines to treat encephalitis lethargica: human experiments at the Neurological Institute of New York, 1929-1940.

BACKGROUND: Encephalitis lethargica, first observed in 1915, became a pandemic. Because of its presumed infectious basis, there were early attempts to treat it with vaccines. The history of the use of these vaccines has not been analyzed. OBJECTIVE: To document the use of vaccines to treat patients with encephalitis lethargica, and, more specifically, the 1000 patients whose treatments took place with the support of the William J. Matheson Commission at the Neurological Institute of New York, NY (1929-1940). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Archival materials were analyzed, including the files of the Matheson Commission and the medical records of patients evaluated at the Neurological Institute of New York. RESULTS: Two primary vaccines were used to combat encephalitis lethargica. The Rosenow vaccine was based on clinical and experimental evidence suggesting that the causative agent was Streptococcus viridans. The Levaditi C (later Gay F) vaccine was based on evidence that herpes simplex virus was the cause. During a therapeutic study conducted from 1929 through 1940, 1000 patients received treatment. Assessing therapeutic efficacy was problematic, but the Gay vaccine was considered more effective. CONCLUSIONS: Because of its presumed infectious basis, several vaccines were used to treat encephalitis lethargica, with the study at the Neurological Institute constituting the largest organized therapeutic attempt. Many of today's standard clinical trial methods were not practiced, which made it difficult to determine efficacy.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1983

Age dependent susceptibility to Reovirus type 3 encephalitis: role of viral and host factors.

Reovirus type 3 inoculated intracerebrally or subcutaneously into newborn mice induced an acute necrotizing and uniformly fatal encephalitis. Subsequently, between the eighth and tenth day of age, reovirus type 3 infection changed to a nonlethal infection. This pattern of virulence was directly correlated with the ability of the virus to replicate in the brain and histologically was accompanied by a gradual diminution in the intensity and extent of encephalitis such that histological abnormalities were absent in the brains of virus-injected adult animals. Some animals injected at ages 10 to 18 days developed brainstem and diencephalic lesions, indicating a nonuniform resistance of neurons to viral infection with aging. Neither a changing immune response pattern nor a modification or loss of viral receptors appears to explain either the susceptibility of newborn or the resistance of adult animals to reovirus type 3 encephalitis. Splenic mononuclear cells from mice younger (but not older) than 7 days also permitted reovirus type 3 replication in vitro. Thus, the age dependent resistance to reovirus type 3 encephalitis appears related to an intrinsic resistance to viral replication by neuronal cells, a resistance that may occur simultaneously in nonneuronal cell populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Japanese encephalitis.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an acute encephalomyelitis which is a primary viral encephalitis accompanying a viral infection. Clinically, the patient who either resides in an endemic region or who has been exposed to the viral vector (mosquito) may have symptoms including high fever, headache, and impaired consciousness. JE involves many portions of the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments including the brain stem, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia, and white matter. Classically MR imaging demonstrates the lesions of JE as hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images. Hemorrhagic transformations have also been described in JE lesions, with corresponding expected T1 and T2 changes. Differential considerations based on the MRI appearance are somewhat broad, including but not limited to primary viral encephalitis, acute encephalopathy, limbic encephalitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The therapy for JE is primarily conservative and supportive since there is no specific treatment for JE, and the disease has a high fatality rate. The prognosis depends on the extent of involvement at primary presentation, and on the autoimmune mechanisms of this disease.

Adult↗