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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Vagally mediated gastric motor and emetic reflexes evoked by stimulation of the antral mucosa in anaesthetized ferrets.

1. In the urethane-anaesthetized ferret chemical (NaCl, NaOH or HCl) or mechanical (stroking) stimulation of the gastric antral mucosa evoked a decrease in corpus pressure and inhibition of contractions in the presence of guanethidine, adrenalectomy and sectioned greater splanchnic nerves. 2. The fall in corpus pressure was present following administration of atropine but was abolished by vagotomy. 3. Preliminary evidence, using 100 mM-NaOH as the stimulus, is presented that the effects on corpus motility are due to simultaneous activation of the vagal efferents supplying the intramural non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory neurones and inhibition of those supplying the intramural cholinergic neurones. 4. The possible roles of this antro-corpus vago-vagal reflex in the regulation of gastric emptying and in the prodromal phase of vomiting are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Isolation of the emetic principle from Fusarium-infected corn.

A mycotoxin responsible for vomiting in swine has been isolated from Fusarium-contaminated field corn. The compound was tentatively identified as a trichothecene, 3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxy-trichothe-9-en-8-one, and has been given the trivial name vomitoxin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Induction of emetic, pyrexic, and behavioral effects of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in the ferret.

Ferrets which had been orally dosed with 5 mg of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) responded with an increase in subcutaneous temperature. At 75 min, the subcutaneous temperature was significantly higher (+ 0.9 degrees C +/- 0.38 degrees C, P < 0.007) than in control animals. Animals dosed with 1 or 2 mg of SEB responded with a small, but not significant, increase in subcutaneous temperature. All of the animals dosed with 5 mg of SEB retched and vomited. The mean latency for the onset of retching was 105 +/- 36 min, and the mean latency for the onset of vomiting was 106 +/- 34 min. The mean number of retches was 17.8 +/- 19.6, and the mean number of vomits was 2.0 +/- 1.5. These findings indicate that ferrets can be used as alternatives to primates for the study of the biological activities of SEB.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

[Long-term results of the anti-emetic effectiveness of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron].

40 patients with metastatic breast cancer, under treatment with epirubicin (greater than 50 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (greater than 500 mg/m2), had an antiemetic therapy with Ondansetron 3 x 8 mg day, for a maximum of 10 cycles. A total of 128 treatment cycles were analysed. There was no reduction in antiemetic efficacy, regarding vomits/day and grade of nausea. 77% (31/40) had a steady or better control of vomiting during the whole treatment period. Only 23% experienced a reduction in the antiemetic efficacy in repeated therapy. 60-100% of the patients also had control of nausea (mild or none). Generally, there were no signs for a reduction of the antiemetic efficacy of Ondansetron in repeated therapy. There were neither clinically relevant side effects nor changes in laboratory values related to Ondansetron.

Antiemetics↗
PubMed1996

Towards understanding the aetiology and pathophysiology of the emetic reflex: novel approaches to antiemetic drugs.

The introduction of 5-HT3 antagonists, such as ondansetron, as antiemetic agents has transformed the management of patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Studies in animal models with NK1 antagonists suggest that these represent a new class of antiemetic agents having a broader spectrum of activity than 5-HT3 antagonists. Compounds of this class may prove to be more effective in man against delayed emesis induced by cisplatin, post-operative nausea and vomiting and motion sickness. Thus, they have the potential to complement 5-HT3 antagonists and so provide a further advance in the management of nausea and vomiting.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of prophylactic anti-emetic effects of ondansetron and dexamethasone in women undergoing day-case gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.

We aimed to determine the effect of ondansetron and dexamethasone on preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Sixty women undergoing laparoscopic gynaecological surgery were randomized to receive ondansetron 4 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg or saline. Drugs were administered 2 min before induction of anaesthesia, and anaesthesia and post-operative analgesic regimens were standardized. The incidence of PONV in the first 24 h after the operation was 35% in the ondansetron group, 55% in dexamethasone group and 85% in the control group. A significant difference between the groups was only seen in the first 3 h post-operatively. In this period, ondansetron was significantly more effective than dexamethasone and saline, but no differences were seen between dexamethasone and saline. In all treatment groups, post-operative visual analogue scale scores, sedation scores and usage of analgesics were similar. In conclusion, ondansetron, but not dexamethasone, prevented PONV in the first 3 h after gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The use of oral granisetron versus intravenous ondansetron for antiemetic prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: the effect on emetic symptoms and quality of recovery.

Based on comparative studies in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy, it has been suggested that granisetron would be more effective than ondansetron for the prevention of postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV). However, there have been no direct comparisons of these two popular 5-HT3 antagonists with respect to PDNV and quality of recovery. We designed this randomized, double-blind study to compare the antiemetic efficacy of oral granisetron (1 mg) to a standard IV dose of ondansetron (4 mg) when administered for antiemetic prophylaxis as part of a multimodal regimen in a laparoscopic surgical population. A total of 220 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery with a standardized general anesthetic technique were enrolled in this prospective study at two major medical centers. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two prophylactic treatment groups: the control (ondansetron) group received an oral placebo 1 h before surgery and ondansetron, 4 mg IV, at the end of the surgery, and the granisetron group received granisetron, 1 mg per os, 1 h before surgery, and normal saline, 2 mL IV, at the end of the surgery. The early recovery profiles, requirement for rescue antiemetics, incidence of PDNV, and the side effects were recorded over the 48 h study period. In addition, nausea scores were assessed using an 11-point verbal rating scale at specific intervals in the postoperative period. The quality of recovery and patient satisfaction scores were recorded at 48 h after surgery. The demographic characteristics were similar in the two prophylaxis treatment groups, as well as the recovery times to patient orientation, oral intake, and hospital discharge. The incidences of PDNV, requirements for rescue antiemetics, and quality of recovery did not differ between the two study groups. The antiemetic drug acquisition costs to achieve comparable patient satisfaction with ondansetron and granisetron were US 25.65 dollars and 47.05 dollars, respectively. Therefore, ondansetron (4 mg IV) was more cost-effective than granisetron (1 mg per os) for routine antiemetic prophylaxis as part of a multimodal regimen in patients undergoing either outpatient or inpatient laparoscopic surgery.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Use of anti-emetics after intragastric balloon placement: experience with three different drug treatments.

BACKGROUND: Tropisetron treatment was compared with alizapride treatment. The secondary aim was to assess whether droperidol supplement would still improve the therapeutic outcome of tropisetron. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 51 obese patients was treated with an intragastric balloon to obtain weight reduction. Patients were divided at random into 3 groups. Each group received a different antiemetic and spasmolytic regimen to control postoperative nausea and vomiting for 24 hours. Statistical analysis of both parameters showed that all 3 populations are comparable and the studied incidence of vomiting was only influenced by the choice of the antiemetics used. A specially developed form was completed during the recovery period every 6 hours until 24 hours postoperatively and recorded all episodes of vomiting. The incidence of vomiting was then calculated as number of episodes/24 hours RESULTS: The incidence of vomiting was significantly lower in the tropisetron group compared to the alizapride group. There was no significant difference between the tropisetron group and the tropisetron plus droperidol group. CONCLUSION: To decrease the incidence of vomiting in patients undergoing intragastric balloon placement, tropisetron proved to be the most effective antiemetic. A supplement of droperidol gave no better results but impaired postoperative mood and wellbeing. Alizapride was least effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of anti-emetic drugs in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations.

Four rapid, simple, reproducible and sensitive methods (A-D) for assaying domperidone (I) and metoclopramide (II) in a bulk sample and in dosage forms were investigated. The first and second methods, A and B, are based on the oxidation of I and/or II by Fe3+ in the presence of o-phenanthroline (o-phen) or bipyridyl (bipy). The formation of tris-complex upon reactions with Fe3+-o-phen and/or Fe3+-bipy mixture in an acetate buffer solution of the optimum pH-values was demonstrated. Methods C and D involve the addition of excess Ce4+ and the determination of unreacted oxidant by a decrease of the red color of chromotrope 2R (C2R) at a suitable lambda(max) of 528 nm for method C, or a decrease in the orange pink color of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) at a suitable lambda(max) value of 525 nm for method D. A regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed a good correlation in the concentration range of 0.2-5.8 microg ml(-1). The apparent molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were calculated. For a more accurate analysis, the Ringbom optimum concentration ranges are 0.35-5.6 microg ml(-1). The developed methods were successfully applied to the determination of domperidone and metoclopramide in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations without any interference from common excipients.

Antiemetics↗
PubMed2001

Anti-emetics for cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis: Potential of alternative delivery systems.

Currently, the most commonly used routes of administration of antiemetics in chemotherapeutic regimens are oral and intravenous. Patient compliance and thus efficacy of conventional drug schedules and formulations are often impaired by difficulties associated with oral or intravenous uptake of the administered chemotherapy. Alternative or new drug delivery systems should overcome these problems by improving patient compliance. Several new drug delivery systems are available and development of these new systems is ongoing, in particular to meet delivery requirements of modern biological therapeutics and the application of gene therapy. However, at the present time, the implementation of new techniques of alternative antiemetic drug administration for chemotherapy-induced emesis is very limited. The challenge for clinical investigations to further develop new delivery systems, in particular for antiemetic therapies, remains.

Adult↗