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PubMed1977

Effects of a prolonged vitamin E deficiency in the rat.

Rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet containing 10% "stripped" corn oil had reduced growth rate and elevated platelet count by 12 weeks of age, and a normocytic anemia with elevated reticulocytes by 16 weeks of age. After 5 months, rats became emaciated and developed kyphoscoliosis. Some rats developed skin ulcers and tremors, and mortality was high. Neuromuscular lesions included a chronic necrotizing myopathy and localized axonal dystrophy. There was also a selective activation of lysosomes in the central nervous system microcirculation. Liver ascorbic acid of deficient rats was the same as in those receiving vitamin E. Urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate after a tyrosine load was also the same in deficient and control rats. It was concluded that neither vitamin C synthesis or utilization was affected the E-deficient rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Food of the gods: cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate.

The medicinal use of cacao, or chocolate, both as a primary remedy and as a vehicle to deliver other medicines, originated in the New World and diffused to Europe in the mid 1500s. These practices originated among the Olmec, Maya and Mexica (Aztec). The word cacao is derived from Olmec and the subsequent Mayan languages (kakaw); the chocolate-related term cacahuatl is Nahuatl (Aztec language), derived from Olmec/Mayan etymology. Early colonial era documents included instructions for the medicinal use of cacao. The Badianus Codex (1552) noted the use of cacao flowers to treat fatigue, whereas the Florentine Codex (1590) offered a prescription of cacao beans, maize and the herb tlacoxochitl (Calliandra anomala) to alleviate fever and panting of breath and to treat the faint of heart. Subsequent 16th to early 20th century manuscripts produced in Europe and New Spain revealed >100 medicinal uses for cacao/chocolate. Three consistent roles can be identified: 1) to treat emaciated patients to gain weight; 2) to stimulate nervous systems of apathetic, exhausted or feeble patients; and 3) to improve digestion and elimination where cacao/chocolate countered the effects of stagnant or weak stomachs, stimulated kidneys and improved bowel function. Additional medical complaints treated with chocolate/cacao have included anemia, poor appetite, mental fatigue, poor breast milk production, consumption/tuberculosis, fever, gout, kidney stones, reduced longevity and poor sexual appetite/low virility. Chocolate paste was a medium used to administer drugs and to counter the taste of bitter pharmacological additives. In addition to cacao beans, preparations of cacao bark, oil (cacao butter), leaves and flowers have been used to treat burns, bowel dysfunction, cuts and skin irritations.

Cacao↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anorexia, a recessive mutation causing starvation in preweanling mice.

A new autosomal recessive lethal mutation in mice, anorexia (anx), located close to pallid (pa) on chromosome (chr) 2, is described. Mutant mice are characterized by growth failure, an emaciated appearance, and abnormal behavior including headweaving, body tremors, uncoordinated gait, and hyperactivity during the late preweanling period. Data suggest that the mutant mice are not ingesting the levels of nutrients necessary to sustain life. This mutation may provide an important tool for studying the neurobiology of suckling behavior in the preweanling animal.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2000

Risk factors for abattoir condemnation of turkey carcasses due to cyanosis in southern Ontario.

Cyanosis is a category of condemnation for poultry, as defined by Agriculture and Agrifood Canada. A retrospective study to examine the seasonal patterns and trends for turkey cyanosis condemnation was conducted for the years 1987 to 1995 with the use of condemnation records made available by a single abattoir in Ontario. Condemnation for cyanosis had a significant seasonal pattern, with major losses occurring in the colder months (October to March). A prospective longitudinal study was conducted during January to March and October to December 1996 in the same abattoir and the 75 turkey farms that contracted to process their birds through it and all the 913 truckloads of turkeys processed in these two 3-mo periods. The data from this prospective study were used for multivariate modeling of the effects of potential risk factors on the incidence of cyanosis. Risk factors (at P < or = 0.05) included bird type (broiler age turkeys, mature toms, and mature hens compared to toms and hens), ambient temperature (cold: -9.9 to 0.0 C and very cold: < or =-10.0 C compared to mild: >0.0 C), clean-out lot (the last shipped from a poultry house), shipping time > or =8 h, and emaciation (proportion of turkeys in the lot condemned for insufficient muscle mass). The crate density was a sparing factor, and an increase in turkey density during shipping resulted in a lower incidence of cyanosis. This study suggested that the number of turkeys condemned for cyanosis was associated with cold, shipping stress, and subclinical syndromes.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

Welfare implications of avian osteoporosis.

Cage layer fatigue was first noticed after laying hens began to be housed in cages in the mid-20th century. Hens producing eggs at a high rate were most susceptible to the disease. Early research revealed that cage layer fatigue was associated with osteoporosis and bone brittleness. Severe osteoporosis leads to spontaneous bone fractures commonly in the costochondral junctions of the ribs, the keel, and the thoracic vertebrae. Vertebral fracture may damage the spinal cord and cause paralysis. Osteoporosis appears to be inevitable in highly productive caged laying hens. The condition can be made worse by metabolic deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D. Hens in housing systems that promote physical activity tend to have less osteoporosis and rarely manifest cage layer fatigue. Genetic selection may produce laying hens that are less prone to bone weakness. The welfare implications of osteoporosis stem from pain, debility, and mortality associated with bone fracture. The chicken has well-developed neural and psychological systems specialized to respond to pain associated with trauma and inflammation. Although studies on the chicken have not focused on pain due to bone fracture, physiological and behavioral similarities to other species allow inference that a hen experiences both acute and chronic pain from bone fracture. There is little information on osteoporosis in commercial caged layer flocks, however, evidence suggests that it may be widespread and severe. If true, most caged laying hens suffer osteoporosis-related bone fracture during the first laying cycle. Osteoporosis also makes bone breakage a serious problem during catching and transport of hens prior to slaughter. Estimates of mortality due to osteoporosis in commercial caged layer flocks are few, but range up to a third of total mortality. Many of these deaths would be lingering and attended by emaciation and possibly pain. Osteoporosis-related bone breakage during processing has reduced the marketability of spent caged laying hens, contributing to the need to develop humane on-farm killing methods to support alternative means of spent hen disposition. Overall, the evidence indicates that cage layer osteoporosis is a serious animal welfare problem. A determined effort must be made to make the laying hen no longer susceptible to the harmful effects of excessive bone loss.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of eggshell quality of hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis by application of compression.

Eggs collected from hens of different ages and that differed in infection status with Salmonella enteritidis were evaluated for the ability to resist cracking following application of maximum compression load from an Instron materials testing machine. Orally infected 24-wk-old hens that were prepeak produced eggs with significantly lower hardness units (HU) of shells compared with a paired control group (P < or = 0.01). However, 1 of 3 additional infection trials in hens at peak (29 wk) and older hens postpeak (58 wk) showed an increase in HU in one trial and no difference in the other 2 trials. Thus, Salmonella enteritidis may be able to alter HU in a manner that is influenced by multiple factors, which include the age of the hen and the strain used for infection. Hardness was overall a sensitive physiological barometer of age, because readings correlated positively (all R > 0.50) with hens entering peak production, regardless of infection status. Detection of a very low HU reading (<1.0) was indicative of a hairline crack in the egg, which increased in incidence from 0.01% preinfection to 0.08% postinfection. Two other clinical signs noted postinfection in hens were that i) daily egg production significantly increased in older hens, and ii) emaciation was evident in a few hens that were infected by contact. These results suggest that there may be supportive approaches to achieve reduction of S. enteritidis in table eggs that do not rely on culturing.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Rehabilitation of a patient severely involved with multiple sclerosis.

This case study presents a young woman who was admitted to our facility in an emaciated physical condition. She had multiple pressure sores and severe contractures about the neck, trunk, and lower extremities, necessitating dependence in all care. Slow but consistent progress was noted trhoughout a four-month aggressive rehabilitation program. The various treatment approaches and resulting functional gains are detailed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impairment of the production of delta sleep in anorectic adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Total sleep time and slow-wave sleep (SWS) are frequently reported to be reduced in anorectics. A preliminary study showed that slow-wave activity (SWA, 0.5-4.5 Hz) is decreased in anorectic adolescents. The present study investigates whether this reduction is the result of the increased sleep fragmentation or is dependent on an intrinsic weakness of SWA-producing mechanisms. DESIGN: Statistical analysis of spectral electroencephalogram data recorded during sleep from a group of anorectics and a control group. SETTING: Polysomnographic data were recorded in single rooms in the hospital for 1 night following an adaptation night. PARTICIPANTS: 20 adolescent anorectic girls (13.9 +/- 2.0 years) and 12 age-matched control subjects. INTERVENTIONS: Refeeding and psychotherapy. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Anorectics had an increase of wakefulness after sleep onset, a higher number of arousals, and a reduction of SWS and SWA during total sleep time. No relationship between the reduction of SWA and duration of illness was found, while a relationship between SWA decrease and the level of emaciation (body mass index) was present. The analysis limited to the first non-rapid eye movement sleep cycle did not show any difference between the 2 groups in the number of awakenings and arousals. Nevertheless, anorectics showed a reduction of SWS and SWA. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep of anorectic patients seems to be characterized by an impairment of SWA-producing mechanisms independent of the increased sleep fragmentation. This is probably related to the primary pathophysiologic characteristics of the illness but could also reflect secondary functional and anatomic alterations of the brain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Fasting augments PCB impact on liver metabolism in anadromous arctic char.

Anadromous arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) undertake short feeding migrations to seawater every summer and accumulate lipids, while the rest of the year is spent in fresh water where the accumulated lipid reserves are mobilized. We tested the hypothesis that winter fasting and the associated polychlorinated biphenyls' (PCBs) redistribution from lipid depots to critical tissues impair the liver metabolic capacity in these animals. Char were administered Aroclor 1254 (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body mass) orally and maintained for 4 months without feeding to mimic seasonal winter fasting, while fed groups (0 and 100 mg Aroclor 1254/kg) were maintained for comparison. A clear dose-related increase in PCB accumulation and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) protein content was observed in the livers of fasted fish. This PCB concentration and CYP1A response with the high dose of Aroclor were 1.5-fold and 3-fold greater in the fasted than in the fed fish, respectively. In fed fish, PCB exposure lowered liver glycogen content, whereas none of the other metabolic indicators were significantly affected. In fasted fish, PCB exposure depressed liver glycogen content and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and elevated 3-hydroxyacylcoA dehydrogenase activity and glucocorticoid receptor protein expression. There were no significant impacts of PCB on heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and hsp90 contents in either fed or fasted fish. Collectively, our study demonstrates that winter emaciation associated with the anadromous lifestyle predisposes arctic char to PCB impact on hepatic metabolism including disruption of the adaptive metabolic responses to extended fasting.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1999

Insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and gonadotropins in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and serum of nutrient-restricted ewes.

Body condition scores (BCS) of ovariectomized estradiol-treated ewes were controlled to examine effects of suboptimum BCS on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and LH in the anterior pituitary gland, hypophyseal stalk-median eminence (SME), and circulation. Serum LH increased in ewes with BCS (1 = emaciated, 9 = obese) > 3 (HIGH-BCS), but not in ewes with BCS </= 3 (LOW-BCS), after onset of the breeding season. Concentrations of LH and LHbeta subunits in anterior pituitary glands were lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. Serum IGF-I was lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes but did not differ in SME or anterior pituitary glands. In serum, the 44-kDa IGFBP-3 and 24-kDa IGFBP-4 were lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. In anterior pituitary glands, IGFBP-2 tended to be higher in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. In the SME, IGFBP-2, -3, and -5 were lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. Low body condition may inhibit the increased secretion of LH associated with the onset of the breeding season by altering relative amounts of IGFBPs within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Hepatic encephalopathy and light and electron micrographic changes of the baboon liver after portal diversion.

Six baboons of varying weights and estimated ages had complete portal diversion. All animals became emaciated and lost hair. Five of the 6 developed hepatic encephalopathy so serious that it either killed them or required their sacrifice after an average of 109 days. One exceptional animal which lived for 208 days without encephalopathy had markedly elevated blood ammonia levels. In one brain that was examined, greatly increased numbers of Alzeheimer's Type II astrocytes were diffusely distributed in the cerebral cortex. Changes in liver function tests were similar to those reported by many authors in dogs. The 6 baboon's livers underwent striking atrophy during the 49 to 208 days of postoperative observation. With some variations in degree, the same light and electron microscopic changes were observed that have now also been seen after completely diverting portacaval shunt in rats, dogs and humans. Thru the hepatic injury of Eck fistula is common to all species so far studied although most of the metabolic consequences of the procedure seem to selectively spare rats and man.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1985

Eating disorders: assessment and treatment.

Anorexia and bulimia are eating disorders affecting a significant number of adolescent and young adult women. The core symptoms of both disorders are similar and include a fear of obesity, body image disturbance, erratic eating patterns, and purging. These symptoms produce significant physical and psychologic complications. Both anorexia and bulimia appear to have a common origin in a fear of obesity and dieting. Anorectics, being "successful" dieters, lose a significant amount of weight; whereas bulimics alternate between binges and purges. Treatment for the eating disorders is gradually evolving as clinical research experience accumulates. For anorexia, hospitalization is indicated when weight falls below 15% of ideal, and most investigators agree that therapy for the core symptoms cannot be undertaken until weight is restored. During the impatient stay, a behavior modification program can effectively organize medical, nutritional, and psychologic support, and offers the quickest and most direct route to weight restoration. The nasogastric tube and total parenteral nutrition are used primarily for those who are severely emaciated or who actively resist standard modes of therapy. Inpatient treatment is most effectively and efficiently rendered in a specialized eating disorder unit. Once weight restoration is progressing, behavior therapy for core symptoms is commenced and continued on an outpatient basis. A variety of behavioral techniques are employed, and they are designed primarily to influence anorectic assumptions and beliefs. Although there may be a brief inpatient stay for initiation of treatment, the bulk of therapy for bulimia occurs on an outpatient basis. The available literature indicates that behavioral techniques and antidepressant medication are effective for the symptoms of bulimia. Early identification of core symptoms of both disorders can lead to an initiation of treatment before the core symptoms become ingrained. A potentially more effective intervention lies in efforts to influence the media. As noted, standards for feminine beauty as portrayed in the media have changed significantly over the past 20 years. An attempt at the primary prevention of eating disorders would include efforts to convince the media to change their standards of femininity from cosmetic slimness to a focus on health and physical fitness. These efforts could stem from professional and lay organizations who have the interest and capability to influence policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Bilateral severe keratomalacia after acute pancreatitis.

A rare bilateral severe keratomalacia occurred in an emaciated alcoholic, 57-year-old white man with acute necrotic pancreatitis. The patient had a 10-year history of chronic alcoholism. Laboratory and clinical findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a fat malabsorptive and malnutrition syndrome secondary to chronic and acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Visual acuity of both eyes was limited to light perception. Bilateral corneal necrosis after acute pancreatitis has not previously been reported.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Suppression of graft rejection using 15-deoxyspergualin in the allogeneic rat penetrating keratoplasty model.

We tested the ability of 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), a new immunosuppressant, to inhibit corneal allograft rejection in the rat penetrating keratoplasty model. Fifty-six inbred Lewis rats were recipients of orthotopic corneal allografts from Brown Norway rats. Allogeneic groups received daily intramuscular injections of DSG 2, 3, 4, or 10 mg/kg/day. The animals treated with 2 mg/kg/day had four out of 10 grafts rejected; in the 3 mg/kg/day group none of the six grafts rejected; whereas in the 4 mg/kg/day group one out of 15 grafts rejected. The animals treated with 10 mg/kg/day became emaciated and died during the second and third postoperative weeks with relatively clear grafts. All corneas rejected following discontinuation of the drug. We conclude that the systemic administration of DSG at 3 or 4 mg/kg/day results in effective suppression of corneal allograft rejection in the rat penetrating keratoplasty model.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Neuronal degeneration in the brain of the brindled mouse--a light microscope study.

The brindled mouse (Mobr) is a neurological mutant mouse with a deficiency in copper transport. This mutant has many clinical as well as biochemical features in common with Kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans (Tab. 1). Male hemizygotes (Mobr/Y) are characterized by the absence of fur pigment and curly whiskers. They become inactive, losing weight at around the 10th-12th post-natal day. They usually die in an emaciated state around the 15th-16th postnatal day. The brain weight is usually about three fourths of that of littermate controls. Microscopically, widespread neuronal degeneration was noted in the cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei of male hemizygotes after the 12th post-natal day. The degeneration continued to increase until death. Scattered degenerated cells were also noted in the cerebellum. No such degenerative changes were observed in the brain of female heterozygotes (Mobr/+) or in normal or starved littermates. These degenerative changes of neurons in the brindled hemizygote mouse will be compared with the neuropathological changes observed in KHS and in experimental animals with copper deficiency, and the possible pathogenesis of these changes will be discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

The effect of copper supplementation on the brindled mouse: a clinico-pathological study.

Brindled mottled is a neurological mutant mouse. Hemizygous males have many clinical and biochemical features in common with kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans, and usually die around postnatal day 15, after severe emaciation. Neuronal mitochondrial abnormalities and neuronal degeneration in the cerebrum and cerebellum were constant neuropathological findings in this mutant. A single intraperitoneal injection of cupric chloride, 10 micrograms/g body weight, resulted in an improvement of clinical symptoms and prevention of neuronal degeneration. The degree of improvement was dependent on the date of injection, and day 7 to 10 postnatal appeared to the most effective date. The male hemizygotes which received cupric chloride injections at day 7 or 10 overcame the lethality, and no neuronal degeneration was detected in these mice, although neuronal mitochondrial changes were still persistent. However, following two injections at days 7 and 10, no abnormalities were detected in the cerebral cortical neurons. Even at the ultrastructural level, abnormal mitochondria were very scarce. In the cerebellum, however, mitochondrial changes in the Purkinje cells, particularly in the rostral portion, and generation of white matter were noted in these mice, which were clinically perfectly healthy, judging from the growth rate and behavior. However, cerebellar changes were far less in those which received additional injections later on. These observations indicate that, at least in brindled mutant mice, supplementation of copper is quite beneficial for clinical improvement and the prevention of neuropathological lesions, but the date of administration appears to have crucial importance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal abnormalities with central nervous system malignancy.

Two anorectic, emaciated infants with central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are reported. Diagnosis in each case was delayed, because computed tomography of the head was initially falsely negative, and because primary gastroenterologic illness was suggested by the presence of mild inflammation and villous atrophy of the small intestine. This experience indicates that the diagnosis of CNS neoplasm must be aggressively pursued in cachectic infants who refuse to eat, regardless of the results of the initial radiologic studies. Mild histologic abnormalities of the small intestine that may be present in infants with brain tumors probably represent a nonspecific response to starvation and, if unassociated with malabsorption, should not be considered the cause of illness.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed2002

Applications of the classic dermal fat graft in primary and secondary facial rejuvenation.

Volumetric facial aging occurs primarily as a descent of facial soft tissues, followed by their secondary atrophy. Proper volumetric facial rejuvenation, therefore, demands effective superior redistribution of fallen soft tissues, for which the author prefers malar imbrication. Only then do augmentative adjustments become appropriate, including solid facial protheses, "soft-tissue" fillers, dermal fat grafts, free-fat micrografts, and Erol's "tissue-cocktail." Of these, the author prefers the time-honored dermal fat graft for all primary volumetric augmentations within the surgical field, reserving free-fat micrografts for adjustments outside the field and those performed secondarily. Dermal fat grafts are added to the face in three categories: "camouflage" grafts from the anterior face lift discard specimen to correct contour irregularities in the sculpted subcutaneous cheek in half of patients; "transition" grafts from the suprapubic abdomen to the zone between the midface and lower face in 5 percent of patients with an emaciated quality to their aging; and "secondary" grafts from the abdomen in occasional patients with volumetric deformities following inexpert face lift and other forms of trauma. All grafts were harvested, prepared, and placed according to 10 straightforward technical principles. The grafts were highly effective and predictable in their ability to augment contour; none of 283 total grafts were regarded as a treatment failure. The use of such grafts was extremely safe, with complications limited to cyst formation in 1.5 percent of grafts, all of which were treated nonoperatively. The use of the dermal fat graft is seen as safe, effective, and convenient when the subcutaneous plane of the face is exposed during facial rejuvenation. The majority of grafts were derived from the face lift discard specimen. Although those that came from outside the head and neck presented extra inconvenience and operative time, their use was limited to occasional and challenging circumstances that justified extra investment.

Adipose Tissue↗