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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Scintigraphy for evaluating early aspiration after oral feeding in patients receiving prolonged ventilation via tracheostomy.

OBJECTIVE: In tracheotomised patients the incidence of aspiration is difficult to determine because investigators often apply different criteria. In this study a scintigraphic method was used to visualise feeding aspiration directly and the results were compared with clinical evidence of aspiration. DESIGN: Prospective study in difficult-to-wean patients with tracheostomy. SETTING: Respiratory ICU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 62 consecutive patients (16 females, age: 64.1+/-11.1 years). All patients were tracheotomised and had previously been long-term ventilated in other ICUs due to weaning failure. The scintigraphic test was performed during spontaneous breathing. The standard nutrition consisted of a liquid, semi-liquid and solid meal which was labelled with 100 MBq 99mTc-human serum albumin. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Scintigraphic aspiration (SA) was defined as positive if radioactivity was detected in the bronchial system using a scintillation camera. Furthermore, aspiration was proven clinically (CA). CA and SA yielded identical results in 54 of the 62 patients [10 positive (16%) and in 44 negative (71%)]. CA, but not SA, was seen in 4/62 (6.5%) and SA, but not CA, was found in 4/62 (6.5%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our data re-emphasise that aspiration in tracheotomised patients is common (in our study approximately 30%). The scintigraphic method failed to identify all tracheotomised patients with clinically significant aspiration; however, it did suggest that some patients had subclinical aspiration.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Theileria annulata sporozoite antigen fused to hepatitis B core antigen used in a vaccination trial.

A C terminal fragment (SR1) of SPAG-1, a sporozoite surface antigen of Theileria annulata, has been expressed as a fusion protein in the e1 loop of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). This recombinant antigen (HBcAg-SR1) is produced in the form of self-assembling polyhedral particles which have been visualised under the electron microscope. Cattle immunised with HBcAg-SR1 produced high titres of neutralising antibodies. A significant T cell response to both the HBcAg and SR1 determinants was observed but evidence of a T suppressor determinant in SR1 was also revealed. Immunised cattle showed some evidence of protection to sporozoite challenge as assessed by severity of the disease. The significance of these findings for the development of a sub-unit vaccine against T. annulata is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Iopentol (Imagopaque 250) compared with diatrizoate (Urografin 219) in endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). A clinical trial assessing safety (adverse events and S-pancreatic iso-amylase) and diagnostic information (VAS).

The efficacy and safety of the non-ionic contrast medium iopentol, 250 mg I/ml (Imagopaque, Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway) were evaluated and compared to those of the ionic contrast medium diatrizoate 219 mg I/ml (Urografin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany). The trial was carried out as a randomized, double-blind comparative two-group study. One hundred and sixteen patients completed the study: 59 received iopentol and 57 received diatrizoate, the contrast medium used according to routine hospital procedure for ERCP. Demographic data and details of the ERCP procedure were comparable for the two contrast medium groups. Safety was assessed by monitoring serum pancreatic iso-amylase and by recording adverse events. Efficacy was evaluated through assessment of the diagnostic information and the quality of radiographs. Twenty-one of the patients receiving iopentol and 27 of the patients receiving diatrizoate reported adverse events during the ERCP procedure. Pain was the kind of procedure-related event most frequently reported. Three patients experienced serious adverse events with a fatal outcome 2, 10 and 12 days after the ERCP procedure, respectively. The principal investigator concluded for all three serious adverse events that any causal relationship with the contrast medium injected was unlikely. A mean change in serum pancreatic iso-amylase after contrast medium injection was noted in both contrast medium groups. However, statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between mean changes for the two groups. The efficacy results, both in terms of diagnostic information and quality of radiographic visualisation, were comparable for the two contrast media. In conclusion, the study did not show any statistically significant differences between the two contrast media as regards safety or efficacy in ERCP.

Amylases↗
PubMed2000

Visualisation of three-dimensional microcracks in compact bone.

Microdamage in bone contributes to the loss of bone quality in osteoporosis and is thought to play a major role in both fragility and stress fractures (Schaffler et al. 1995). In this study, in vivo microcracks in human ribs were bulk-stained in basic fuchsin and viewed in longitudinal section and in 3 dimensions using 2 different computer-based methods of reconstruction: (1) serial sectioning of methylmethacrylate embedded sections using a sledge macrotome and identification of microcracks using UV epifluorescence followed by computerised reconstruction of microcracks using software and (2) laser scanning confocal microscopy of thick sections followed by reconstruction of microcracks into a 3-D image. The size and shape of microcracks were found to be similar using both techniques. Both techniques of reconstruction showed microcracks to be approximately elliptical in shape. From the serial sectioning reconstructions (n = 9), microcracks were found to have a mean length of 404 +/- 145 microm (mean +/- S.D.) (in the longitudinal direction) and mean width of 97 +/- 38 microm (in the transverse direction). Using epifluorescence microscopy, 92 microcracks were identified; mean microcrack length was 349 +/- 100 microm in the longitudinal direction. This was consistent with other results (Burr & Martin, 1993) and with the theoretical prediction of an elliptical crack shape with aspect ratio (longitudinal: transverse) of 5:1 deduced from analysis of random 2-D sections (Taylor & Lee, 1998). The results obtained provide new data on the nature of microcracks in bone and the method has the potential to become a useful tool in the calculation of stress intensity values which indicate the probability of an individual microcrack propagating to cause a stress or fragility fracture.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Visualisation by electron microscopy of the unique part of the cytoplasmic domain of a desmoglein, a cadherin-like protein of the desmosome type of cell junction.

Part of the cytoplasmic domain of a human desmoglein, Dsg1, a cadherin-like protein found in desmosomes of epithelial cells, has been visualised by electron microscopy. The cloned fragment contains five repeats of a 29 +/- 4 residue sequence unique to desmogleins, followed by a glycine-rich region. In rotary shadowed preparations the molecule consists of a globular head attached to a thin tail, the latter perhaps corresponding to the glycine-rich region. This portion of the molecule is thought to span the width of the inner dense plaque. The structure and dimensions concur well to the configuration deduced from the protein sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Chronic sputum production: correlations between clinical features and findings on high resolution computed tomographic scanning of the chest.

BACKGROUND: There are few published data on the correlation between the clinical findings in subjects with chronic sputum production and the appearances on high resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) scans of the chest. METHODS: HRCT scanning of the chest was performed on 40 subjects with chronic sputum production. Three readers independently reported the scans for the presence or absence of bronchiectasis and the extent of bronchiectasis on the basis of the percentage of involved bronchi in each lobe. Relationships were sought between these findings and the clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. RESULTS: HRCT scanning showed that 27 subjects had bronchiectasis. Of the clinical features only the continual production of purulent sputum and childhood pertussis were associated with bronchiectasis. There was a positive correlation between the extent of bronchiectasis and dyspnoea, and a negative correlation with forced expiratory volume in one second but not with forced vital capacity. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that, in subjects with chronic sputum production, only a few clinical features show any correlation with the presence or extent of bronchiectasis as visualised on HRCT scans.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Technetium-99m RP527, a GRP analogue for visualisation of GRP receptor-expressing malignancies: a feasibility study.

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor scintigraphy could allow prediction of response to GRP receptor-targeted treatment options, early non-invasive diagnosis and in vivo prognostic stratification of GRP receptor-positive tumours. This study reports on the imaging characteristics and efficacy for tumour detection of technetium-99m RP527, a 99mTc chelated targeting peptide derived from bombesin, which binds GRP receptors with high affinity. Ten patients (four men and six women, mean age 56.4 years) either suffering from metastasised prostate (n, number of patients = 4) or breast carcinoma (n=1) or presenting with a clinical diagnosis highly suggestive for breast carcinoma (n=5) were included in the study. In the latter five patients, 99mTc-RP527 scintigraphy was performed prior to diagnostic, e.g. biopsy, and staging examinations. Final diagnosis in these patients was breast carcinoma in all five. In all patients, whole-body planar scans and tomographic images were acquired 1 h and 5-6 h post injection of 555 MBq 99mTc-RP527 and tumour to normal tissue (T/N) ratios determined. 99mTc-RP527 showed specific uptake in four of six breast and one of four prostate carcinomas. T/N ratios derived from planar and tomographic images increased significantly (P<0.01) from 1.65 (SD 1.53) and 3.35 (SD 3.04) to 2.58 (SD 1.26) and 7.23 (SD 8.46), respectively. T/N ratios derived from tomographic images were consistently higher (P<0.01). The data presented suggest that 99mTc-RP527 results in specific tumour localisation and exhibits good imaging characteristics with a good T/N ratio that may be further enhanced by single-photon emission tomography.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast cancer imaging with radiolabelled peptide from complementarity-determining region of antitumour antibody.

Specific tumour imaging with radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies has been extensively investigated. Although some success has been reported, there are many limitations due to the slow kinetics, poor extravasation, catabolism by the reticuloendothelial system, and non-specific uptake of macromolecules such as antibodies. We have tried to overcome some of the problems associated with monoclonal antibodies while retaining their specificity by using an antibody-derived synthetic peptide. A synthetic pentadecapeptide (alpha M2) derived from the third heavy-chain complementarity-determining region (CDR-3H) of a tumour-associated monoclonal antibody was produced and shown to retain its specificity against the pan-carcinoma cell-surface antigen, polymorphic epithelial mucin, detected by the parent antibody. The peptide was radiolabelled with technetium-99m and injected intravenously to image malignant lesions in 26 women with primary, recurrent, or metastatic breast cancer. Visualisation of breast tumours and their metastases was obtained shortly after administration of alpha M2, and was optimum by 3 h. Overall, 57 (77%) of 74 sites were visualised. Successful imaging was achieved in 14 of 15 primary tumour sites and all of eight local recurrences. Five of six metastases in the opposite breast, eight of 15 metastatic axillary lymph nodes, and all of six metastatic supraclavicular lymph nodes were imaged. Metastatic sites in the lungs, mediastinum, chest wall, and liver were poorly visualised because of background cardiac blood pool. alpha M2 detected small lesions ( < 2 cm) as efficiently as larger ones. The peptide was rapidly (3 h) cleared from the circulation. No acute or chronic adverse reactions due to the alpha M2 were observed. Specific tumour targeting with the radiolabelled anticancer peptide alpha M2 offers new opportunities for breast cancer imaging and possibly therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Polymorphic curvature of satellite DNA in three subspecies of the beetle Pimelia sparsa.

The curvature of the monomeric repeats of satellite DNAs from three subspecies of the beetle Pimelia sparsa (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) has been analysed. Evidence of curvature was inferred from their retarded migration in native polyacrylamide gels, which was confirmed by direct electron microscopy visualisation. Sequence-comparison analysis, which included sequence alignments and modelling studies, was used to reveal the patterns of local bending and curvature. The effects of the minor-groove-binding drugs distamycin and berenil on the curvature were assayed, and analysed with respect to their (A+T)-rich sequence preferences. Since our study deals with satellite DNAs from closely related organisms (three subspecies), we correlated the differences in sequence, and also the high similarity conserved in the (A+T)-rich regions, with the changes in the patterns of curvature.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prognosis in node-negative primary breast cancer: a neural network analysis of risk profiles using routinely assessed factors.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated complex time-dependent effects of routinely assessed factors on the risk of breast cancer recurrence over follow-up time, with a partial logistic artificial neural network (PLANN) model. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PLANN was applied to data from 1793 patients with node-negative breast cancer, not submitted to any adjuvant treatment and with a minimal potential follow-up of 10 years. RESULTS: The shape of the hazard function changed according to histology, which showed a time-dependent effect, partly modulated by estrogen receptors (ERs). Age and progesterone receptors (PgR) showed protective effects; the latter was more evident for short follow-up and high ER values. Tumour size and ER content showed time-dependent unfavourable effects at early and long follow-up times, respectively. Predicted values of disease recurrence probability at 2 years of follow-up showed that low steroid-receptor content, young age and large tumour size were associated with the highest risk of relapse. Although the oldest patients with high ER content seem to be those most protected overall, high risk predictions tend to spread also to higher steroid-receptor contents, intermediate ages and small tumour size, with an increase in follow-up time. CONCLUSION: PLANN with suitable visualisation techniques provided thorough insights into the dynamics of breast cancer recurrence for improving individual risk staging of node-negative breast cancer patients.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Radiotracer-based strategies to image angiogenesis.

Tumour-induced angiogenesis plays an important role in tumour progression. Great efforts are made to develop therapeutic strategies to interfere with this process resulting in the starvation of the tumour. However, strategies to monitor conventional therapies seems to be inappropriate to control these approaches. Thus, there is a keen interest in developing methods supplying information about the corresponding therapeutical effects. Several radiotracer-based approaches focused on different targets in the angiogenic process are currently investigated. One class of tracers is based on matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors. These compounds show promising results in in vitro assays. However, initial data from in vivo studies using murine tumour models could not confirm successful non-invasive monitoring of MMP activity yet. Another strategy uses a radiolabelled single chain fragment against the ED-B domain of fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein. Promising results demonstrated selective accumulation of the tracer in the tumour vasculature of a murine tumour model. Most of the studies are concentrated on the development of radiolabelled antagonists of the integrin alpha(v)beta(3). This heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein is involved in the migration of activated endothelial cells during formation of new vessels. Different compounds have been labelled with (18F), (111)In, (99m)Tc, (90)Y and several iodine isotopes. In in vitro assays most of them revealed high alpha(v)beta(3) affinity and selectivity. Moreover, in different murine tumour models successful non-invasive determination of alpha(v)beta(3) expression has been shown. Some of these approaches indicate that tumour-induced angiogenesis can be monitored in animal studies. Nevertheless, translation of these approaches into clinical settings allowing visualisation of tumour-induced angiogenesis in patients needs still to be demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Visualisation and measurement of the calcium message in guard cells.

We have applied several novel technologies to investigate the role of cytosolic free calcium [Ca2+]i in signal transduction in guard cells of Commelina communis L. Fluorescence ratio imaging and photometry together with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Indo-1 were used to directly visualise and measure dynamic spatial and temporal changes in [Ca2+]i in response to various exogenous stimuli. More subtle manipulation of the Ca2+ signal transduction pathway was achieved through the use of photoactivateable, caged Ca2+ and caged inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) released directly into the cytoplasm of the guard cell after microinjection. In these experiments, changes in [Ca2+]i were simultaneously monitored with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, Fluo-3. Resting levels of [Ca2+]i (100-200 nM) increased in response to elevated [Ca2+]e, lowering [K+]e, application of the ionophore A-23187 or cytosolic release of either Ca2+ or InsP3 from their caged forms. Stomatal closure was triggered if [Ca2+]i increased above a threshold of about 600 nM. Abscisic acid (ABA) had little effect on [Ca2+]i in the majority of cells studied, being elevated in only a minority of cells investigated. However, stomatal closure occurred in all cases after ABA application. This suggests that ABA acts through both Ca(2+)-independent and Ca(2+)-dependent pathways. The imaging data revealed a substantial heterogeneity in [Ca2+]i within the guard cell. Cytoplasmic regions, particularly near the nucleus, often showed marked elevations and sometimes oscillations. The origin and kinetics of the Ca2+ fluxes leading to the dynamic spatial patterns is discussed along with several new approaches directed towards identification of the source of the Ca2+. These methods include optical sectioning and 3-D reconstruction of both the endomembrane system and [Ca2+]i in living guard cells using confocal microscopy. Overall, our data is consistent with multiple sources for [Ca2+]i, including uptake across the plasma membrane and InsP3- or Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release from internal stores.

Calcium↗
PubMed2002

Modelling large areas of demyelination in the rat reveals the potential and possible limitations of transplanted glial cells for remyelination in the CNS.

Transplantation of myelin-forming glial cells may provide a means of achieving remyelination in situations in which endogenous remyelination fails. For this type of cell therapy to be successful, cells will have to migrate long distances in normal tissue and within areas of demyelination. In this study, 40 Gy of X-irradiation was used to deplete tissue of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs). By transplanting neonatal OPCs into OPC-depleted tissue, we were able to examine the speed with which neonatal OPCs repopulate OPC-depleted tissue. Using antibodies to NG-2 proteoglycan and in situ hybridisation to detect platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor Ralpha (PDGFRalpha) mRNA to visualise OPCs, we were able to show that neonatal OPCs repopulate OPC-depleted normal tissue 3-5 times more rapidly than endogenous OPCs. Transplanted neonatal OPCs restore OPC densities to near-normal values and when demyelinating lesions were made in tissue into which transplanted OPCs had been incorporated 1 month previously, we were able to show that the transplanted cells retain a robust ability to remyelinate axons after their integration into host tissue. In order to model the situation that would exist in a large OPC-depleted area of demyelination such as may occur in humans; we depleted tissue of its endogenous OPC population and placed focal demyelinating lesions at a distance (< or =1 cm) from a source of neonatal OPCs. In this situation, cells would have to repopulate depleted tissue in order to reach the area of demyelination. As the repopulation process would take time, this model allowed us to examine the consequences of delaying the interaction between OPCs and demyelinated axons on remyelination. Using this approach, we have obtained data that suggest that delaying the time of the interaction between OPCs and demyelinated axons restricts the expression of the remyelinating potential of transplanted OPCs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Detection of maternal cell contamination in amniotic fluid cell cultures using fluorescent labelled microsatellites.

A rapid PCR based assay was used to ascertain the presence of maternal cell contamination (MCC) in amniotic fluid cell cultures and to exclude MCC in cases where cytogenetic analysis was possible only from one primary cell culture. Six 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and three 6-carboxyfluorescein hexachloride (HEX) labelled primer sets were used to amplify two tetra- and seven dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms. The PCR amplifications were multiplexed in (three) three primer set reactions and visualised on an Applied Biosystems 373A sequencer running Genescan 672 software. The microsatellite products obtained from 200 amniotic fluid cell cultures where the karyotype was female were compared against corresponding maternal blood PCR products. A single case of MCC was detected indicating the usefulness of such assays. We suggest that screening for MCC should be considered in instances where the amniotic fluid sample is bloodstained or was obtained with difficulty, or where the karyotype is female and chromosome analysis is not possible from more than one primary cell culture.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed2002

VIEWER: a program for visualising, recording, and analysing animal behaviour.

In order to determine the influence of environmental interventions, medical substances, drugs, or diseases on an animal, it is a common to observe the behaviour of the animal in the open field or in other environments. Changes in animal behaviour can be the first indicators for an influence of a substance or an intervention on the organism and certain kinds of behavioural changes can permit speculations about the underlying physiological mechanisms. Behavioural properties which are of interest in this respect are movement parameters such as velocity or direction, activity patterns, spatial distribution and occurrence of several types of standard behaviours of an animal. Observation of simple behaviours such as determining the average activity level can help to detect general changes of the internal state of an animal, while changes in complex behaviours may point to specific influences of a substance or an intervention. Our system 'VIEWER' uses a microcomputer (IBM-compatible PC running WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS NT, or WINDOWS 2000), a low budget framegrabber card (e.g. WinTV, Hauppauge) and a standard black-and-white video camera (if necessary with infrared sensitivity). The software records the position of the animal online with a sample rate of up to 25 frames/s. After identification of the animal in the arena, animal location and orientation with respect to time is determined. In addition, movement velocity and direction, general activity level, and several other behavioural parameters which can include complex behavioural patterns are processed online. Data are presented as graphics and/or tables. Results may also be exported into those programs that are capable of importing graphics (wmf or bmp format) or ASCII-files. VIEWER offers an inexpensive, fast and easy way for analysing simple and complex behaviours of many species of animals in a variety of behavioural situations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sinus venosus syndrome: atrial septal defect or anomalous venous connection? A multiplane transoesophageal approach.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the anatomical features of sinus venosus atrial defect on the basis of a comprehensive transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) examination and its relation to surgical data. METHODS: 24 patients (13 men, 11 women, mean (SD) age 37 (17) years, range 17-73 years) with a posterior interatrial communication closely related to the entrance of the superior (SVC) or inferior vena cava (IVC) who underwent TOE before surgical repair. Records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed and compared with surgical assessments. RESULTS: In 13 patients, TOE showed a deficiency in the extraseptal wall that normally separates the left atrium and right upper pulmonary vein from the SVC and right atrium. This deficiency unroofed the right upper pulmonary vein, compelling it to drain into the SVC, which overrode the intact atrial septum. In three patients, TOE examination showed a defect in the wall of the IVC, which continued directly into the posterior border of the left atrium. Thus, the intact muscular border of the atrial septum was overridden by the mouth of the IVC, which presented a biatrial connection. In the remaining eight patients, the defect was located in the muscular posterior border of the fossa ovalis. A residuum of atrial septum was visualised in the superior margin of the defect. Neither caval vein overriding nor anomalous pulmonary vein drainage was present. CONCLUSIONS: Sinus venosus syndrome should be regarded as an anomalous venous connection with an interatrial communication outside the confines of the atrial septum, in the unfolding wall that normally separates the left atrium from either caval vein. It results in overriding of the caval veins across the intact atrial septum and partial pulmonary vein anomalous drainage. It should be differentiated from posterior atrial septal defect without overriding or anomalous venous connections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Bilirubin, ferritin, D-dimers and erythrophages in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage but negative computed tomography scans.

AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spectrophotometry, cytology, ferritin, and D-dimer measurements in the investigation of suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with negative or equivocal computed tomography (CT) scans. METHODS: CSF specimens submitted for assessment of xanthochromia were examined for erythrophages using a cytospin preparation stained with Wright's stain, for ferritin using the Ciba-Corning Magic IRMA assay, D-dimers using the Dimertest 2 latex agglutination slide test, and for bilirubin by scanning spectrophotometry. The patients were divided into three groups for data analysis and the results compared with the existing methods, CT, and angiogram results. Final diagnoses were reviewed by a consultant neurologist. RESULTS: Thirty six patients were recruited. In those patients with confirmed subarachnoid haemorrhage CSF cytology had a low sensitivity and there were false negative results with both the D-dimer and ferritin assays. Eleven patients with a negative or equivocal CT scan underwent angiography, but only one aneurysm and no arterio-venous malformations or bleeding points were identified. In the patient with the aneurysm there was no laboratory evidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Six patients had CSF abnormalities detected by the special tests only and in none of these cases was subarachnoid haemorrhage confirmed. All results were normal in four out of five cases of traumatic tap. CONCLUSIONS: This is a small study, but it shows that, depending on the timing of the lumbar puncture, false negative results can occur with both ferritin and D-dimer measurements. It suggests that neither of these tests adds significantly to the information provided by CT, visualisation of CSF, and spectrophotometry and confirms that, despite the use of spectrophotometry, D-dimer and ferritin assays in selecting patients for angiography, the proportion of patients with negative CT scans and colourless CSF with demonstrable vascular lesions remains low.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1995

Multi-dimensional visualisation of laboratory findings and functional test results for analysing the clinical course of disease in medicine.

The illustration of a patient's history by a graphical primitive is discussed. Illustration technology is presented which simultaneously represents quantitative examination findings (e.g., laboratory values) and qualitative findings (e.g., from function diagnostics) by a single geometrical figure. Depending on the medical results, this figure takes on characteristic forms which can be identified as patterns typical for a specific disease. The procedure developed is integrated in a user interface which is implemented in the form of a computerized medical record for use on a pentop computer. This portable computer assists the physician during ward rounds, supplies additional, intelligence-based information, serves quality control, and streamlines working procedures making them more efficient.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗