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PubMed1994

Teaching disability and rehabilitation to medical students. Steering Group on Medical Education and Disability.

A survey of UK medical schools was undertaken to determine the teaching that was being offered on disability and rehabilitation. In general, teaching on this topic appeared fragmented and inadequate but a number of interesting innovations were identified. These included: a drama workshop run by a group whose members mainly have learning disabilities at St George's Medical School, student-directed learning at the University of Dundee and structured teaching programmes at the Universities of Leeds and Edinburgh. The General Medical Council Education Committee's 1991 discussion document on the undergraduate curriculum specifically mentions disability as an important topic. A number of schools mentioned that they were in the process of revising their curriculum as a consequence. Recommendations arising from the findings of the survey include integration of disability and rehabilitation into clinical teaching, focus of teaching on those types of disability which are common in the community, greater emphasis on functional assessment in teaching the physical examination, and the wider use of standard assessment instruments, for example for activities of daily living, cognitive impairment and locomotor disability. There is a need for improved communication between medical schools to facilitate the spread of educational activities on this topic.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2006

Stem cell research: cloning, therapy and scientific fraud.

Stem cell research has generated intense excitement, awareness, and debate. Events in the 2005-2006 saw the rise and fall of a South Korean scientist who had claimed to be the first to clone a human embryonic stem cell line. From celebration of the potential use of stem cells in the treatment of human disease to disciplinary action taken against the disgraced scientists, the drama has unfolded throughout the world media. Prompted by an image of therapeutic cloning presented on a South Korean stamp, a brief review of stem cell research and the events of the Woo-suk Hwang scandal are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Television and families: what do young children watch with their parents?

A sample of 271 3- and 5-year-olds and their families participated in a 2-year longitudinal study of television viewing patterns. 5 1-week diaries for all family members were collected at 6-month intervals. Programs were categorized as: (1) child informative, (2) child entertainment, (3) news and informative, (4) sports, (5) comedy, (6) drama, (7) action-adventure, and (8) variety-game. The majority of child programs were viewed without parents, while the majority of adult programs were watched with parents. Coviewing patterns of adult programs were predicted from parents' individual viewing habits, but not from the child's. Coviewing declined with age. Parental encouragement and regulation of viewing were orthogonal. Children whose parents encouraged viewing watched more child informative programming; children of restrictive parents watched less entertainment programming. Encouraging parents coviewed more than nonencouraging parents. Results support the assertion that parental viewing preferences, habits, and orientations toward television influence children's viewing, both with and without parents.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1980

Lingering terminal illness and family: insights from literature.

Literature invites us to enter into the human dilemma in a manner that is different from but no less penetrating than clinical observation. The writer's craft uncovers realities other than the statistically measurable and objective. In languages far from the strictly literal and closer to indirection, symbolism, and aesthetics, the literary artist probes imagination and consciousness. He presents us with transcripts of conversations replete with intonations, and we thereby become privy to motivations and inner thoughts. The artistry of a piece of fiction, autobiographical essay, poem, or drama propels us into empathetic relationships. We feel with the emotions of the involved dramatis personae; we witness their interactions; we experience their points of view. And by such participation, we, the readers, come to perceive and even refine our own. Themes of chronic illness, dying, and bereavement are certainly not alien to literature. This paper explores several literary moments that may help the professional who is working with these issues to have a broader appreciation of the subtleties of these human experiences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

The treatment of extreme shyness in maladjusted children by implosive, counselling and conditioning approaches.

This article deals with the reason why little research has been conducted into the area of timidity or shyness in children, and the effect this has on their socialisation and learning. The study attempts to define and treat the problem of timidity by: reducing anxiety both general and specific; developing greater assertiveness in the child's behaviour; promoting the ability to communicate effectively with other people; discovering and treating the areas which are creating feelings of inadequacy by reducing or eliminating them; investigating parental background and trying to influence this, and attempting to decrease over-sensitivity. A control group of 11 and an experimental group of 11 are studied and treated after random sampling. The duration of study is 7 months. They are treated for 6 months and followed up by reassessment of both groups 2 weeks after the 6-month period. The sample is assessed by the MPI (Maudsley Personality Inventory) and a rating scale. Among the implosive approaches used is the forcing of the individual to react by promoting an emotion such as anger, or even verbal or physical attack, to develop communication of some kind. Individuals are therefore forced to participate in activities such as swimming and games, experience loud noises in music, are involved in drama therapy and encouraged to mix with members of the opposite sex. Additionally, behaviour therapy is used including the shaping of increasingly assertive responses. Timidity is modified statistically by showing an improved reading ability and through the measurement of extroversion on the MPI. No such change is reported in the control group. Changes in reading, spelling and math are also in the expected desired direction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Advanced methods for evaluating the impact of family planning communication programs: evidence from Tanzania and Nepal.

Evaluations of national family planning communication campaigns are often complicated by nonrandomized research designs and self-reported measures of exposure to media messages, both of which can bias estimates of campaign effectiveness if suitable analytical methods are not employed. This study uses three methods to address these problems: (1) single-equation multiple regression analysis; (2) propensity score matching (PSM); and (3) maximum-likelihood simultaneous equation models (SEM), namely bivariate probit. We use these methods to evaluate the impact of family planning health-communication campaigns on the use of modern family planning methods, focusing primarily on the radio drama Zinduka! in Tanzania and Ghanti Heri Haad Nilaun in Nepal. We find that these methods led to substantially different estimates of the magnitude of the impact of these communication campaigns. Specifically, we found that self-reported exposure to each radio program was exogenously related to family planning use and that PSM and multiple regression analysis gave similar estimates in those situations. An indicator of exposure to any type of family planning message was found to be endogenous, in which case bivariate probit and PSM gave different estimates of program impact. Researchers should, therefore, pay close attention to the results of tests for endogeneity and identification that guide the appropriate use of the different methods.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Assessment of chemosensory functioning in aging. Subjective and objective procedures.

Assessments of human sensory and perceptual functioning are meaningfully classified as either subjective or objective. Both subjective and objective measures have been employed in studies of age-related changes in chemosensory functioning. Subjective and objective assessments proceed from different philosophic assumptions, provide different types of information, and play different roles in understanding age-related change. Subjective assessment exploits each person's unique access to the functioning of his or her own sensory apparatus. It assumes that subjects can and will give an accurate account of their sensory experience and is distinguished by the attempt to directly communicate private experience. Objective assessment strategies circumvent the practical and philosophical problems of verifying and communicating private experience. Objective measures assume that sensory function is reflected in the subject's performance of tasks that require perception of the relevant sensory information. Subjective measures are primarily descriptive. They can be used to characterize chemosensory experience and may reveal the fullness and drama of age differences. Objective measures, while they may fail to capture the richness of perceptual experience, are directly relevant to the investigation of the underlying mechanisms. Thus, subjective measures serve to direct attention to the issues and phenomena of perceptual change in aging whereas objective measures are most useful for specifying and evaluating candidate mechanisms by which these changes might be generated.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

The arts in the lives of Australian veterinarians: a preliminary survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of the arts in the lives of those veterinary students and veterinarians who could be found to be active in one or more of the arts. PROCEDURE: Veterinary students and veterinarians active in the arts were sought by advertisement and personal contact. Respondents each completed a questionnaire, which was analysed using SAS. RESULTS: Of the 55 respondents (43 veterinarians; 12 students), 73% were involved in music, 31% in theatre, 27% in writing and 15% art, but for more than 80% this occupied no more than 10 hours/week, about one quarter of the time for veterinary work. Although most would like to spend more time on the artistic activity, this was generally limited by the need to earn an income from veterinary work. Music and drama provided satisfaction, variety, and relaxation while catering to creative needs. A creative outlet and satisfaction was very important for writers as well, but they also valued the intellectual stimulation. A complex relationship existed between the artistic and the veterinary activities, but the nature of this relationship varied both between type of artistic activity, and the person concerned. CONCLUSIONS: Veterinary science and the arts can complement one another with each making important contributions to the person and the artistic field involved, even though limitations of time for the arts may cause frustration.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Temporal integration and children's understanding of social information of television.

Recent studies are reviewed that suggest that preschool and young grade-school children often have incomplete or distorted impressions of social portrayals on television. It is suggested that cognitive-processing factors in understanding television dramas may put these younger viewers at special risk for deleterious effects of television viewing.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

A longitudinal study of the effects of television viewing on aggressive and prosocial behaviours.

A longitudinal study investigated the extent to which children's exposure to aggressive and prosocial television models in drama programmes influences their aggressive and prosocial behaviour. In The Netherlands we did not find significant positive correlations between prosocial behaviour and the viewing of prosocial behaviour on television. Positive correlations were found, however, between aggression and television violence viewing. This relationship disappeared almost completely when corrections for the starting level of aggression and intelligence were applied. The hypothesis, formulated on the basis of social learning theory, that television violence viewing leads to aggressive behaviour could not be supported. Our findings are further discussed and compared with the results found in the other countries participating in the international study.

Aggression↗

PubMed1983

Poetry as therapy.

In the practice of general psychiatry, art therapy in the form of painting is widely employed. Music and drama similarly provide regular treatment occasions. The use of poetry is less familiar and is little discussed in the literature. This paper reviews a therapeutic liaison, happening largely by chance, which depended almost exclusively upon an exchange of verse. The relationship between the processes of psychotherapy, on the one hand, and the writing and reading of poetry, on the other, is suggested and illustrated by the patient's writings. It may be that good poetry, like successful psychotherapy, arises from disturbed emotions only when they are given resolution and form. Exceptionally the two go hand-in-hand.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Conditioning surfaces to suit the biomedical environment: recent progress.

One major determinant of the suitability of various engineering materials for use in biological settings is the relative strength of adhesion obtained between those materials and their contacting viable phases. Maximal adhesive strength and immobility are desired for orthopedic and dental implants, for example, while minimal bioadhesion is critical to preventing unwanted thrombus formation in cardiovascular devices, plaque buildup on dental prostheses, and bacterial fouling of heat exchangers. This article reviews the principles of adhesive phenomena in such harsh environments, introduces some novel test methods and materials available for sensitive analysis of the earliest interfacial events, and provides a brief illustration of their use in the study of surface fouling of food processing equipment. Attention is then directed to adhesive phenomena in the oral environment, examining new surface conditioning methods for the prevention of micro-organism deposits, as well as the promotion of excellent tissue bonding to implanted prosthetic devices. Other bioadhesive phenomena considered include those important to the safe and effective function of new cardiovascular devices, such as the artificial heart and substitute blood vessels, and the prevention of biological fouling of materials in the sea. Comparisons of the primary interfacial events in these diverse systems--all wet, salty, and biochemically active--illustrate that Nature has been very conservative in accommodating encounters with strange boundaries. As with a classic drama, the players and timing may vary, but the script remains the same.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1979

Penis captivus--did it occur?

The symptom of penis captivus during sexual intercourse has had a largely hearsay existence in medical history, and rumour has embellished the drama of its occurrence. It is not entirely mythical, however. It seems to have been a symptom of great rarity in former times and to have vanished perhaps completely in this century.

Coitus↗

PubMed2006

"We were treated like adults"--development of a pre-medicine summer school for 16 year olds from deprived socioeconomic backgrounds: action research study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a one week widening access summer school for 16 year old pupils from non-traditional backgrounds who are considering applying to medical school, and to identify its short term impact and key success factors. DESIGN: Action research with partnership schools in deprived inner city areas in five overlapping phases: schools liaison, recruitment of pupils and assessment of needs, programme design, programme delivery, and evaluation. The design phase incorporated findings from one to one interviews with every pupil, and workshops and focus groups for pupils, parents, teachers, medical student assistants, NHS staff, and other stakeholders. An in-depth process evaluation of the summer school was undertaken from the perspective of multiple stakeholders using questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observation. PARTICIPANTS: 40 pupils aged 16 years from socioeconomically deprived and under-represented ethnic minority groups. RESULTS: The summer school was popular with pupils, parents, teachers, and staff. It substantially raised pupils' confidence and motivation to apply to medical school. Critical success factors were identified as an atmosphere of "respect"; a focus on hands-on work in small groups; the input of medical students as role models; and vision and leadership from senior staff. A particularly popular and effective aspect of the course was a grand round held on the last day, in which pupils gave group presentations of real cases. CONCLUSION: An action research format allowed us to draw the different stakeholders into a collaborative endeavour characterised by enthusiasm, interpersonal support, and mutual respect. The input from pupils to the programme design ensured high engagement and low dropout rates. Hands-on activities in small groups and social drama of preparing and giving a grand round presentation were particularly important.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Newspaper framing of fatal motor vehicle crashes in four Midwestern cities in the United States, 1999-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the public health messages conveyed by newspaper coverage of fatal motor vehicle crashes and determine the extent to which press coverage accurately reflects real risks and crash trends. METHODS: Crash details were extracted from two years of newspaper coverage of fatal crashes in four Midwestern cities in the United States. Details and causal factors identified by reporters were compared to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) using odds ratios and two tailed z tests. RESULTS: Papers covered 278 fatal crashes over the two year period, in contrast to 846 fatal crashes documented in FARS. Papers assigned blame in 90% of crashes covered, under-reported restraint use and driver's risk of death, failed to reflect the protective value of restraints, and misrepresented the roles played by alcohol and teen drivers. CONCLUSION: Newspaper coverage did not accurately reflect real risk. Papers presented fatal crashes as dramas with a victim/villain storyline; in keeping with this narrative strategy, papers were most likely to cover stories where a driver survived to take the blame. By highlighting crashes that diverge from the norm, focusing on the assignment of blame to a single party, and failing to convey the message that preventive practices like seatbelt use increase odds for survival, newspapers removed crashes from a public health context and positioned them as individual issues. Public health practitioners can work with media outlets in their areas to draw attention to misrepresentations and change the way these stories are framed.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1995

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the elderly: patients' and relatives' views.

One hundred inpatients on an acute hospital elderly care unit and 43 of their relatives were interviewed shortly before hospital discharge. Eighty per cent of elderly patients and their relatives were aware of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Television drama was their main source of information. Patients and relatives overestimated the effectiveness of CPR. Eighty-six per cent of patients were willing to be routinely consulted by doctors about their own CPR status, but relatives were less enthusiastic about routine consultation. Patients' and relatives' views about the appropriateness of CPR did not differ significantly. Seventeen percent of patients did not desire CPR. However, 64 per cent of patients were ultimately willing to follow their doctor's advice about the appropriateness of CPR. The conclusion reached is that mentally competent, elderly patients but not their relatives should be routinely consulted about their own desire for CPR in order to avoid resuscitating patients against their wishes. Further research is required to find out how patients would feel about resuscitation if they were terminally ill or chronically confused, and how carers would feel about resuscitating such patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of a video based health education strategy to improve sexually transmitted disease partner notification in South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility and impact of a health education intervention promoting partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). METHODS: The research setting was a busy public health clinic in a rural district in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. A before/after quantitative study design was used to measure the effect of an audiovisual presentation of a compelling love drama, posters, and pamphlets. Measures collected from all consenting STD index patients during a 6 week pre-intervention (control) phase were compared with those collected during a 6 week intervention phase. A qualitative evaluation assessed whether the intervention accurately portrayed the intended educational messages. RESULTS: 150 index patients (55% female) were interviewed in the control phase and 185 index patients (64% female) in the intervention phase. The intervention phase showed improvements on several measures of self efficacy about notifying casual partners, such as a belief among index patients that a greater proportion of their casual partners would see the importance of seeking treatment as a result of their notification interaction. The rate of contact cards returned per index patient was 0.27 in the intervention phase, compared with 0.20 in the control phase (95% CI for the rate difference: -0.05, 0.17). The qualitative research found that the intervention was thoroughly enjoyed by patients and clinicians, but a fundamental problem with it was that patients received confused messages about the relation between HIV/AIDS and other STDs. This has potentially negative consequences for partner notification. CONCLUSION: The intervention needs further development, and then could provide a highly acceptable, cost effective model for health education in clinics in developing countries.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Integrated pest management: historical perspectives and contemporary developments.

Twenty five years after its first enunciation, IPM is recognized as one of the most robust constructs to arise in the agricultural sciences during the second half of the twentieth century. The history of IPM, however, can be traced back to the late 1800s when ecology was identified as the foundation for scientific plant protection. That history, since the advent of modern organosynthetic pesticides, acquired elements of drama, intrigue, jealousy, and controversy that mark the path of many great scientific or technological achievements. Evolution of IPM followed multiple paths in several countries and reached beyond the confines of entomological sciences. Time and space constraints, however, bias this review toward entomology, among the plant protection sciences, and give it an obvious US slant, despite the global impact of IPM.

Animals↗