Results for “DIETS” — Page 31

PubMed1991

Feeding practices for young Pakistani children: usual diet and diet during diarrhoea.

Diarrhoea is among the foremost disorders responsible for high mortality and morbidity in children of third world countries. In addition, improper feeding during diarrhoea leads to a vicious cycle of frequent episodes of diarrhoea and malnutrition in these children. In this study 595 households (200 urban and 395 rural) with 741 children who met the age criteria of 36 months or less were randomly selected for assessing the feeding practices during diarrhoea. Out of these, 276 (37%) were infants and 465 (63%) were toddlers. The majority of both breastfed and non breastfed children were also receiving solids and liquid foods. Animal milk was used by 89% of non-breastfed children. Forty six percent of breastfed and 78% of non-breastfed children were given "Khitchri" (rice cooked with lentils) as a solid diet. During diarrhoeal episodes, most mothers (70%) continued breast feeding their children. Whereas, 53% children also received solid and semi-solid diet which was either "Khitchri" or banana as mentioned by more than half of the respondents. The majority of mothers (97%) considered breast-feeding to be a good practice during childhood diarrhoea.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1990

[Diet and health. A survey of diet and health in women 40-50 years of age].

During the period 1980-1986, the Housekeeping Committees of the Danish Rural Institute carried out individual investigations of the diets of 513 women aged 23-50 years. Out of these, 124 were in the age group 40-50 years and this group was selected for health investigation. A Danish version of the Cornell Medical Index questionnaire with 138 enquiries about current and previous health conditions was sent to the 108 women who agreed to participate. All of these were visited in their homes by a doctor who reviewed the replies to the questionnaire and collected supplementary information for use in the diagnostic history. Only few cases of diseases of civilization were found and there were no cases of cancer. The current state of health was assessed summarily on the basis of the number of affirmative replies in the questionnaire. A statistical connection was found between the state of health and the combination of the fat-energy percentage and the vegetable roughage in the diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Effect of high protein low calcium diet on rat alveolus. 7-day diet].

Changes in the bone tissue and the blood vessels in the rat alveolus induced by feeding with a high protein low calcium diet for 7 days were observed by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Almost no difference was observed between the control group and the experimental group in the rat femur. However, in the alveolar bone resorption was observed with the appearance of osteoclasts and the enlargement of osteocyte lacunae. The blood vessels in bone marrow spaces showed alternation of their form from straight to slightly ortuous, diverged more frequently and, as a whole, formed a large loop. The vessels ran up and down adjacent to the side wall of the alveolar bone. In the interalveolar septum, ladder-shaped trabeculae and vessels running along them were observed. The present study clearly shows that a high protein low calcium diet affects the alveolar bone in rats, even when given for a short period of 7 days.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed1987

The influence of a high-fibre diet on body weight, serum lipids and blood pressure in slightly overweight persons. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation with diet and fibre tablets (DumoVital).

Sixty slightly overweight women were treated with a weight-reducing diet for 12 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. In addition to the diet 30 women received dietary fibre tablets, whereas the remaining 30 women received identical-looking placebo tablets. During the trial both groups experienced a significant reduction in body weight (P less than 0.01). The mean weight loss 8.5 kg (7.5-9.5 kg) in the fibre group was significantly higher than that of the placebo group 6.7 kg (4.8-8.0 kg) (P less than 0.01). Both serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered (P less than or equal to 0.02) after treatment in both groups. No significant differences were detected between the groups. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the fibre group. No significant reduction in blood pressure was found in the placebo group. Side-effects, which were gastrointestinal in nature, were of low frequency. We conclude that supplementation with dietary fibre of the form used in this study is useful in the treatment of overweight women.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of the adaptational potentials of the body of children with phenylketonuria to diets including berlofen in long-term diet therapy].

The state of the nitrogen balance and physical development of 14 children ill with phenylketonuria (PKU), aged from 5 1/2 to 8 years, kept on a long dietotherapy for 21/2--61/2 years and subsequent application of a broadened ration of alimentation, was studied. A lengthy dietotherapy is shown to bring about an adaptation of child's organism to restricted phenylalanine in the food, but a diet with berlophen is not optimal for the normal physical development of children suffering from PKU. In children aged over 5 a broadened diet is suggested.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1979

[Carbohydrate-reduced diet and metabolism: about the influence of a 4-weeks isocaloric fat-rich, carbohydrate-reduced diet on body weight and metabolism (author's transl)].

The influence of a 4-weeks carbohydrate-reduced, fat-rich diet on 9 slightly overweighted men was investigated. Caloric and protein intake remained unchanged. 70% were fat, 20% carbohydrates. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerids, serumproteins, urea, uric acid, sodium and potassium were measured in rest. At a 60 minutes bicycle ergometer test glucose, triglycerids, free fatty acids and glycerol were registrated before and after 20 and 60 minutes work. The intensity was 70% of the maximal oxygen uptake. These were the most important results: (1) Body weight decreased continuously. One of the causes is an elevated heat production. (2) Serum-protein and -glucose remained unchanged. Cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced. Serum-urea, -sodium and -potassium diminished continually. On the contrary, uric acid raised over the normal range. (3) Work performance was reduced for 20%. (4) Hypoglycemic values did not appear. The oxidation of fat by the working muscles, and fat mobilisation increased by a fat-rich diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[Effects of indomethacin on rats kept on a normal diet and on a diet without prostaglandin precursors].

The effects of diet lack of precursors of prostaglandins on the rat's gastrointestinal tract are described. Afterwards the different seriousness of the ulcerative lesions caused by indomethacin on normal rats and on rats kept on a diet lack of precursors of prostaglandins is weighed. The achieved experiment permits to confirm the cytoprotective effect of prostaglandins on the gastrointestinal tract and to suppose this effect should take place above all in reply to ulcerogenic exogenous stimulants.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

A prospective clinical trial comparing the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome with simvastatin and diet, versus diet alone.

Of 17 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and nephrotic syndrome, 9 were allocated to treatment with simvastatin (an HMG CoA-reductase inhibitor) and low cholesterol diet, and 8 to diet alone. At entry, the treatment and control groups did not differ in mean serum creatinines, chromium-labelled EDTA clearances, urinary protein/creatinine ratios, serum albumins, and lipid profiles. The mean follow up period (+/- SEM) in the treated group was 19.3 (+/- 4.4) months compared with 16.6 (+/- 5.9) months in the control group. At the end of the trial the fall in chromium-labelled EDTA clearances was similar (-1.27 versus -1.28 mls/min/months/1.73 m2) in the treatment and control groups respectively. The mean (+/- SEM) total and LDL-cholesterol had gone from 10.5 (+/- 0.94) and 8.02 (+/- 1) mmol/l to 5.2 (+/- 0.49) and 3.47 (+/- 0.44) respectively in the treated patients. Additionally the mean (+/- SEM) albumin and urinary protein/creatinine ratio went from 25.6 (+/- 2.4) gm/l and 0.52 (+/- 0.09) gm/mmol to 45.5 (+/- 2.8) and 0.13 (+/- 0.04) respectively. There was little change in total and LDL-cholesterol; albumin and urinary protein/creatinine ratio in the control group. This study supports the observation that lowering serum cholesterol in the nephrotic syndrome reduces proteinuria and increases serum albumin levels. No difference in the rate of decline in renal function could be demonstrated.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Relationship of diet to serum lipids.

Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides of three groups of Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs)--true vegetarians, lacto-ovo vegetarians, and nonvegetarians--and the general population were measured and related to age, sex, and diet. True vegetarian SDAs had the lowest cholesterol levels while cholesterol levels of the other three groups were similar. Triglyceride levels were highest in the true vegetarian SDAs and lowest in general population. Cholesterol levels rose with increasing age while percentage of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell. Female SDAs in all three dietary groups had higher cholesterol levels than males. In all four groups percentage of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in females than in males. In the male subjects, cholesterol levels varied linearly and inversely with carbohydrate intake. Protein and fat intake in true vegetarian SDAs and lacto-ovo vegetarian SDA groups were lower than in the nonvegetarian SDA and general population groups. The differences in protein and fat intake were reflected in elevations in serum cholesterol levels. In the female subjects, cholesterol levels were also inversely correlated with carbohydrate intake but not as distinctly as in the males. True vegetarian SDA females ingested less protein and fat than the other three groups and exhibited lower serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol levels in lacto-ovo vegetarian SDA, nonvegetarian SDA, and general population female subjects were similar and did not reflect differences in protein or fat intake. The true vegetarian dietary lifestyle resulted in lowest cholesterol levels, however, if it was breeched to the least extent, cholesterol levels rose. Thus, intake of skim, low fat, or whole milk resulted in similar serum cholesterol levels as did low or high egg consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Relationship between cariogenic diet and dental caries as evaluated from a 5-day diet diary in 4-12 year-old children.

A preliminary study was conducted on 50 children in the age group of 4-12 years, who were divided into two groups on the basis of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) i.e. Group A (1-3) and Group B (> 3). A 5-day diet diary was evaluated and Sweet Score, Total Sugar Exposure, At Meal Sugar Exposures and Between Meal Sugar Exposure were calculated. There was statistically significant difference between the two groups in relation to Sweet Score and Total sugar Exposures. Between Meal Sugar Exposure and At Meal sugar exposure did not differ significantly.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride.

BACKGROUND: One of the controversies in preventive medicine is, whether a general reduction in sodium intake can decrease the blood pressure of a population and thereby reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In recent years the debate has been extended by studies indicating that reducing sodium intake has effects on the hormone and lipid profile. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effects of low sodium versus high sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol and triglycerides. SEARCH STRATEGY: "MEDLINE" and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from 1966 through December 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies randomising persons to low sodium and high sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the above outcome parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted the data, which were analysed by means of Review Manager 4.1. MAIN RESULTS: In 57 trials of mainly Caucasians with normal blood pressure, low sodium intake reduced SBP by -1.27 mm Hg (CI: -1.76; -0.77)(p<0.0001) and DBP by -0.54 mm Hg (CI: -0.94; -0.14) (p = 0.009) as compared to high sodium intake. In 58 trials of mainly Caucasians with elevated blood pressure, low sodium intake reduced SBP by -4.18 mm Hg (CI: -5.08; - 3.27) (p < 0.0001) and DBP by -1.98 mm Hg (CI: -2.46; -1.32) (p < 0.0001) as compared to high sodium intake. The median duration of the intervention was 8 days in the normal blood pressure trials (range 4-1100) and 28 days in the elevated blood pressure trials (range 4-365). Multiple regression analyses showed no independent effect of duration on the effect size. In 8 trials of blacks with normal or elevated blood pressure, low sodium intake reduced SBP by -6.44 mm Hg (CI: -9.13; -3.74) (p < 0.0001) and DBP by -1.98 mm Hg (CI: -4.75; 0.78) (p = 0.16) as compared to high sodium intake. The magnitude of blood pressure reduction was also greater in a single trial in Japanese patients. There was also a significant increase in plasma or serum renin, 304% (p < 0.0001), aldosterone, 322%, (p < 0.0001), noradrenaline, 30% (p < 0.0001), cholesterol, 5.4% (p < 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol, 4.6% (p < 0.004), and a borderline increase in adrenaline, 12% (p = 0.04) and triglyceride, 5.9% (p = 0.03) with low sodium intake as compared with high sodium intake. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the effect in Caucasians with normal blood pressure does not warrant a general recommendation to reduce sodium intake. Reduced sodium intake in Caucasians with elevated blood pressure has a useful effect to reduce blood pressure in the short-term. The results suggest that the effect of low versus high sodium intake on blood pressure was greater in Black and Asian patients than in Caucasians. However, the number of studies in black (8) and Asian patients (1) was insufficient for different recommendations. Additional long-term trials of the effect of reduced dietary sodium intake on blood pressure, metabolic variables, morbidity and mortality are required to establish whether this is a useful prophylactic or treatment strategy.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed2004

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride.

BACKGROUND: One of the controversies in preventive medicine is, whether a general reduction in sodium intake can decrease the blood pressure of a population and thereby reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In recent years the debate has been extended by studies indicating that reducing sodium intake has effects on the hormone and lipid profile. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effects of low sodium versus high sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol and triglycerides. SEARCH STRATEGY: "MEDLINE" and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from 1966 through December 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies randomising persons to low sodium and high sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the above outcome parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted the data, which were analysed by means of Review Manager 4.1. MAIN RESULTS: In 57 trials of mainly Caucasians with normal blood pressure, low sodium intake reduced SBP by -1.27 mm Hg (CI: -1.76; -0.77)(p<0.0001) and DBP by -0.54 mm Hg (CI: -0.94; -0.14) (p = 0.009) as compared to high sodium intake. In 58 trials of mainly Caucasians with elevated blood pressure, low sodium intake reduced SBP by -4.18 mm Hg (CI: -5.08; - 3.27) (p < 0.0001) and DBP by -1.98 mm Hg (CI: -2.46; -1.32) (p < 0.0001) as compared to high sodium intake. The median duration of the intervention was 8 days in the normal blood pressure trials (range 4-1100) and 28 days in the elevated blood pressure trials (range 4-365). Multiple regression analyses showed no independent effect of duration on the effect size. In 8 trials of blacks with normal or elevated blood pressure, low sodium intake reduced SBP by -6.44 mm Hg (CI: -9.13; -3.74) (p < 0.0001) and DBP by -1.98 mm Hg (CI: -4.75; 0.78) (p = 0.16) as compared to high sodium intake. The magnitude of blood pressure reduction was also greater in a single trial in Japanese patients. There was also a significant increase in plasma or serum renin, 304% (p < 0.0001), aldosterone, 322%, (p < 0.0001), noradrenaline, 30% (p < 0.0001), cholesterol, 5.4% (p < 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol, 4.6% (p < 0.004), and a borderline increase in adrenaline, 12% (p = 0.04) and triglyceride, 5.9% (p = 0.03) with low sodium intake as compared with high sodium intake. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the effect in Caucasians with normal blood pressure does not warrant a general recommendation to reduce sodium intake. Reduced sodium intake in Caucasians with elevated blood pressure has a useful effect to reduce blood pressure in the short-term. The results suggest that the effect of low versus high sodium intake on blood pressure was greater in Black and Asian patients than in Caucasians. However, the number of studies in black (8) and Asian patients (1) was insufficient for different recommendations. Additional long-term trials of the effect of reduced dietary sodium intake on blood pressure, metabolic variables, morbidity and mortality are required to establish whether this is a useful prophylactic or treatment strategy.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed2004

Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation 'Trikatu' on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus.

Combating heart disease is one of the challenging problems of biomedical science today. Towards this goal an indigenous preparation 'Trikatu' (a herbal combination containing Piper longum (fruit), Piper nigrum (fruit) and Zingiber officinale (rhizome) dry powder) was fed to normal and cholesterol fed male Rattus norvegicus to ascertain its efficacy as a hypolipidaemic agent. Its effects on body weight, blood and tissue (aortic, cardiac and hepatic) lipids--total, free and esterified cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL) and high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids--and the atherogenic index were measured. It was found that 'Trikatu' by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and to increase HDL cholesterol can reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Hence 'Trikatu' can be used as a potent hypolipidaemic agent and it can reduce the atherosclerosis associated with a high fat diet.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Fructose transport by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Effect of high fructose diet followed by return to standard diet.

1. D-Fructose uptake in isolated rat intestinal brush border membrane comprised a simple diffusional component and a saturable, carrier-mediated, component. The latter did not follow typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and appeared as a low affinity, high capacity process (Kt = 110 mM, Jmax = 160.5 nmol/min.mg protein). 2. Carrier-mediated D-fructose uptake was highly specific, Na independent and unaffected by phloridzin and metabolic inhibitors. 3. Fructose feeding for 3 days resulted in an activation of D-fructose uptake after a latent period superior to 3 days. The increase was of relatively short duration since it was not further observed 6 days after the return to the standard diet. 4. The activation in D-fructose uptake was due to a slight decrease in Kt and a marked increase in Jmax (from 160.5 to 306 nmol/min.mg protein), suggesting a rise in the number of transporters.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of a low carbohydrate-low fiber diet and a moderate carbohydrate-high fiber diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus.

This study compared the effects of a moderate carbohydrate-high fiber (MC-HF) food and a low carbohydrate-low fiber (LC-LF) food on glycemic control in cats with diabetes mellitus. Sixty-three diabetic cats (48 male castrated, 15 female spayed) were randomly assigned to be fed either a canned MC-HF (n = 32) food or a canned LC-LF (n = 31) food for 16 weeks. Owners were blinded to the type of diet fed. CBC, urinalysis, serum chemistry panel, fructosamine concentration and thyroxine concentration were determined on initial examination, and a complete blood count, serum chemistry panel, urinalysis and serum fructosamine concentration were repeated every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. Insulin doses were adjusted as needed to resolve clinical signs and lower serum fructosamine concentrations. Serum glucose (P = 0.0001) and fructosamine (P = 0.0001) concentrations significantly decreased from week 0 to week 16 in both dietary groups. By week 16, significantly more of the cats fed the LC-LF food (68%, 22/31), compared to the cats fed the MC-HF food (41%, 13/32), had reverted to a non-insulin-dependent state (P = 0.03). Cats in both groups were successfully taken off of insulin regardless of age, sex, type of insulin administered or duration of clinical disease before entering the study. There was no significant difference in the initial or final mean body weights or in the mean change in body weight from week 0 to week 16 between dietary groups. Diabetic cats in this study were significantly more likely to revert to a non-insulin-dependent state when fed the canned LC-LF food versus the MC-HF food.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1985

Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study.

In a prospective epidemiologic study of 1001 middle-aged men, we examined the relation between dietary information collected approximately 20 years ago and subsequent mortality from coronary heart disease. The men were initially enrolled in three cohorts: one of men born and living in Ireland, another of those born in Ireland who had emigrated to Boston, and the third of those born in the Boston area of Irish immigrants. There were no differences in mortality from coronary heart disease among the three cohorts. In within-population analyses, those who died of coronary heart disease had higher Keys (P = 0.06) and modified Hegsted (P = 0.02) dietary scores than did those who did not (a high score indicates a high intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol and a relatively low intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids). These associations were significant (P = 0.03 for the Keys and P = 0.04 for the modified Hegsted scores) after adjustment for other risk factors for coronary heart disease. Fiber intake (P = 0.04) and a vegetable-foods score, which rose with increased intake of fiber, vegetable protein, and starch (P = 0.02), were lower among those who died from coronary heart disease, though not significantly so after adjustment for other risk factors. A higher Keys score carried an increased risk of coronary heart disease (relative risk, 1.60), and a higher fiber intake carried a decreased risk (relative risk, 0.57). Overall, these results tend to support the hypothesis that diet is related, albeit weakly, to the development of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Studies with ammonized straw pellets used as a sole basal diet in the feeding of ruminants. 1. Feeding trials with dairy cows fed ammonized straw pellets as a sole basal diet].

Feeding trials were performed with two groups of dairy cows receiving ammonized straw pellets supplemented with varying levels of concentrates as sole basal diet. The trials were carried out over periods of 546 days and 120 days. An annual milk production of 4217.9 kgs (calculated on the basis of 3.5% of milk fat) per cow was achieved in group I by feeding 3060.6 kgs of straw pellets and 2014.7 kgs of concentrates per animal. After subtracting all additives an amount of 2641.1 kgs of pure straw (= 52%) and of 2434.2 kgs of concentrated food (= 48%) remained so that the resulting amount of dry feed consumed per 100 kg of milk was 120.3 kg. A total of 6309.6 kgs of milk was produced per cow over a period of 546 days of trial. During this period the average weight gain per cow was 98.4 kgs. 1517.3 kgs of milk (calculated on the basis of 3.5% milk fat) per cow were produced in group II (56 cows) over a period of 105 days by feeding 892.5 kgs of straw pellets and 682.5 kgs of concentrate pellets. The concentrate pellets contained 50% of ammonized dried sugar beet chips but not extracted meals.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1978

Oversimplification of diet: coronary heart disease relationships and exaggerated diet recommendations.

The data relating diet to coronary heart disease, when critically examined, clearly show that there is a normal spectrum of blood serum values, and that normal persons do not develop pathological levels upon the ingestion of eggs and other cholesterol-containing the ingestion of large amounts of cholesterol-containing foods. Average data obtained from mixed populations of normal and pathological blood lipid values should not be used to advise the normal majority of that population. The harmful effects of such policy are outlined. The data demonstrating the concept that the risk of coronary heart disease is a function of serum lipids at any level is no longer valid are reviewed. The data of the National Cooperative Pooling Project of the American Heart Association are used to show that up to 250 mg/dl there is no relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and risk.

Adolescent↗