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PubMed2000

Influences of directed research and clinical observations on the development of a tartar control whitening dentifrice.

Early literature described the benefits of cleaning the mouth and teeth to prevent tartar accumulation and tooth loss. For more than a century, the need for meticulous tooth scaling and regular brushing to maintain oral health has been recorded. More recently, because of innovative research into the chemical and biological activity of saliva, dentifrices have been formulated which specifically interrupt the mineralization of plaque and food debris to stain and calculus. Proof of efficacy of these dentifrices are obtained with well-designed clinical tests which quantify stain and calculus by using reliable scoring systems.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Effect of a bicarbonate-containing dentifrice on pH changes in a gel-stabilized plaque after exposure to sucrose.

Because many factors influence the acid-forming ability of dental plaque in the mouth, a model system was used in which reproducible Stephan curves could be generated after exposure of a gel-stabilized plaque to sucrose. Simulation of the use of a high-bicarbonate dentifrice at a time when plaque pH had fallen to about 4.5 caused a rapid return of the pH toward neutrality, whereas simulation of the use of a low-bicarbonate dentifrice had much less effect.

Acids↗
PubMed1997

Effect of a bicarbonate-containing dentifrice on pH changes in a gel-stabilized plaque after exposure to sucrose.

Because many factors influence the acid-forming ability of dental plaque in the mouth, a model system was used in which reproducible Stephan curves could be generated after exposure of a gel-stabilized plaque to sucrose. Simulation of the use of a high-bicarbonate dentifrice at a time when plaque pH had fallen to about 4.5 caused a rapid return of the pH toward neutrality, whereas simulation of the use of a low-bicarbonate dentifrice had much less effect.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

The benefits of high-potency fluoride dentifrices.

National surveys show that the incidence of caries in children, adults, and seniors is still quite high, despite interpretations to the contrary. The dental profession and general public agree that the standard level of 1,000 ppm to 1,500 ppm fluoride (F) in most dentifrices reduces dental caries. Many studies using higher concentrations of fluoride in dentifrices and gels, 2,000 to 5,000 ppm F, have shown that caries prevention increases with fluoride concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of two dentifrices with respect to efficacy for the control of plaque and gingivitis, and with respect to extrinsic tooth staining: a six-month clinical study on adults.

The objective of this six-month, double-blind clinical study, conducted in harmony with American Dental Association guidelines, was to provide a comparison between Colgate Total Toothpaste and Crest Gum Care Toothpaste with respect to their levels of efficacy for the control of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis, and with respect to the levels of tooth staining associated with their use. Adult male and female subjects from the Edinburgh, Scotland area were entered into the study and stratified into two treatment groups which were balanced for age, sex, baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and baseline Löe-Silness Gingival Index scores. Subjects received an oral prophylaxis, and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice, using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for plaque, gingivitis and extrinsic tooth staining were conducted after three months' and again after six months' use of the study dentifrices. One-hundred and nine (109) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire six-month clinical study. At both the three- and six-month study examinations, the Colgate Total Toothpaste group exhibited statistically significantly less plaque, gingivitis and extrinsic tooth staining compared to the Crest Gum Care Toothpaste group. At the six-month examination, the magnitude of these differences exceeded 18% for all six parameters measured (18.7% for Plaque Index, 60.5% for Plaque Severity Index, 22.2% for Gingival Index, 85.1% for Gingivitis Severity Index, 45.3% for stain intensity, and 46.3% for stain area). Thus, the results of this six-month clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Toothpaste provides a statistically significant, substantive advantage in efficacy for the control of plaque and gingivitis over Crest Gum Care Toothpaste, while, at the same time, providing better control against the development of extrinsic tooth staining.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The scientific rationale and development of an optimized dentifrice for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.

PURPOSE: To describe the development of a new dentin hypersensitivity treatment, Colgate Sensitive Maximum Strength dentifrice, containing 5% potassium nitrate as the anti-hypersensitivity active agent. The objective was to develop a home-use hypersensitivity dentifrice that would be superior to the market leader, improving on what is available, which also contains 5% potassium nitrate as the anti-hypersensitivity active agent. METHODS: In vivo (clinicals, taste evaluation and rat caries), in vitro (potassium flux) and analytical (rheology, dispensed volume, scanning electron microscopy, electron scanning chemical analysis and radioactive dentin abrasion) methods were performed. RESULTS: The objective was accomplished with the development of a new activated silica technology that resulted in enhanced potassium ion activity. In vitro documentation, supported by clinical studies, demonstrated that the resulting formula is more effective than the market leader for relief of hypersensitivity pain. Fast pain relief in less than 2 weeks and long-lasting protection against pain with regular use have also been clinically documented. Furthermore, FDA-required in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that this formula, which contains 0.45% stannous fluoride (1100 ppm fluoride) as the anti-caries active agent, is effective against caries. Good taste, acceptable rheology, acceptable abrasivity, and cosmetic and chemical stability have all been engineered into this unique dentin hypersensitivity treatment. In summary, a highly efficacious consumer friendly treatment for dentin hypersensitivity has been developed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effectiveness of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on microbiological and inflammatory parameters.

According to the US Surgeon General's report, "Oral Health in America," published in 2000, most adults in the United States show some degree of periodontal pathology, with severe periodontal diseases affecting about 14% of middle-aged adults. Periodontal diseases are polymicrobial-induced inflammatory diseases, and they vary from mild gingival inflammation to severe deterioration of the periodontium, ie, loss of periodontal supportive tissues and, ultimately, tooth loss. New evidence shows that periodontal diseases may impact systemic health. For this reason, the maintenance of a healthy mouth is becoming increasingly important for the overall health of the body. This article summarizes laboratory research conducted during the development of a novel, multibenefit, oral-care technology based on triclosan--a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent--and a polyvinylmethylether/maleic acid copolymer. This unique combination of agents is found in Colgate Total, a clinically proven efficacious dentifrice for control of dental plaque and gingivitis. Data are presented that demonstrate the unique antibacterial properties of this dentifrice: (1) a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile; (2) the long-lasting retention of triclosan on hydroxyapatite and epithelial cells; and (3) molecular evidence of antibacterial activity against specific pathogens in clinical dental plaque. In addition, data are presented that demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of triclosan on specific cytokines, the interruption of inflammatory pathways, and the inhibition of bone resorption. Overall, these data support the multibenefit clinical effects of Colgate Total and suggest a plurality of mechanisms of action.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1991

Clinical evaluation of seven anticalculus dentifrice formulations.

One hundred ninety-two subjects completed a clinical trial to determine the effects of seven dentifrice formulations on calculus inhibition. The double-blind study involved a ten-day control phase and a ten-day experimental phase. For the control phase, subjects were evaluated for calculus present, received a prophylaxis and had pre-weighed mylar strips attached to the lingual surfaces of the mandibular incisors to harvest mineral deposits. Subjects were then assigned the placebo dentifrice for unsupervised twice-daily use and were required to report once a day for a supervised mouthrinse using a 1:3 dilution of the dentrifice. The experimental phase was identical except that subjects were allocated the experimental dentifices using a stratified random assignment based on age, gender and the initial presence of calculus. Simple linear regression analyses of the dry and ash log weights obtained from the strips were performed. The results showed no statistically significant differences among the test products; however, two formulations containing zinc citrate showed some calculus inhibition-potential suggesting that further research and development of such products may be warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Extrinsic whitening effects of sodium hexametaphosphate--a review including a dentifrice with stabilized stannous fluoride.

The number of tooth whitening products available to patients has grown dramatically during recent years. While peroxide is the primary agent found in products that bleach and remove intrinsic sources of discoloration, various ingredients are incorporated in formulations to remove and inhibit extrinsic sources of tooth discoloration, ie, tooth stain. Recently, an advanced antitartar ingredient with extrinsic-stain-inhibiting benefits was introduced: sodium hexametaphosphate. This long-chain condensed phosphate, also known as polypyrophosphate, chemically removes existing stains and provides long-lasting inhibition of new-stain chromogen adsorption. Sodium hexametaphosphate was originally introduced in a sodium fluoride dentifrice formulation and was later marketed in a chewing gum delivery system. Recently, sodium hexametaphosphate was launched in another dentifrice formulation containing stabilized stannous fluoride (Crest Pro-Health). This article reviews published clinical and laboratory data demonstrating sodium hexametaphosphate's extrinsic whitening benefits in all three formulations.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2006

The stain removal performance of a new anti-hypersensitivity dentifrice.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the stain removal potential in vitro of a new anti-hypersensitivity dentifrice. The dentifrice contains a low level of abrasive, the zwitterionic surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine, and potassium nitrate. It has been developed to be as gentle as possible to tooth surfaces and oral soft tissues, while effectively treating dentinal hypersensitivity. METHODOLOGY: The Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA) method was used to measure abrasivity. The Pellicle Cleaning Ratio (PCR) and the Natural Extrinsic Stain Removal (NESR) methods were used to test stain removal performance against suitable controls. RESULTS: The RDA value for the formulation was 34 +/- 2 (Mean +/- S.E.). The PCR value was 46 +/- 4, comparable with Elmex Sensitive. The NESR test, which has previously been shown to give better clinical correlation than the PCR, demonstrated that the new formulation gave superior stain removal performance compared with both Sensodyne MultiCare and a conventional nonsensitivity formulation, and similar stain removal performance to Elmex Sensitive. CONCLUSION: The new formulation has been shown, in these studies, to combine low abrasivity with an in vitro stain removal performance comparable with that of benchmark marketed pastes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Concentration of antimicrobial proteins in human saliva. The effect of six months use of an antiplaque dentifrice on levels of antimicrobial proteins in unstimulated saliva from 102 adults.

Student nurses (aged 20-26 years) were assigned to two groups that were matched for plaque levels and gingival health. For six months, one group used a standard fluoride dentifrice while the other used an identical dentifrice to which zinc citrate (1%, w/w) and Triclosan (0.2%, w/w) had been added. Levels of natural antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase and Immunoglobulin A) in whole, unstimulated saliva taken from the students at the start and on completion of the six months were measured. No statistically significant differences were found in the levels of antimicrobial proteins in saliva between the test and placebo groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Toothbrush abrasion caused by different dentifrices.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the abrasive effect on toothbrush bristles caused by three brands of commercially distributed dentifrices: Colgate regular flavor, Crest tartar-control formula, and Caffree gel. New brushes and brushes tested in distilled water served as controls. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of all test samples, randomly labeled, then presented to independent evaluators. Each bristle evaluated was assigned to one of seven wear categories adapted from previous studies. Crest and Caffree produced the most bristle wear and were not significantly different from each other. Colgate and water resulted in less wear, and new brushes the least wear. These results demonstrate that the effective life of a toothbrush will vary with the type of dentifrice used.

Dentifrices↗
PubMed1990

Microbiological and clinical effects of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan in the human experimental gingivitis model.

A partial mouth experimental gingivitis model was employed to establish the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.2% Triclosan and 0.5% zinc citrate on the development of chronic gingivitis. In addition, changes in the plaque flora associated with the developing gingivitis have been monitored. Following a period of stringent oral hygiene, volunteers were allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups. A toothshield was constructed to fit 4 posterior mandibular teeth. During the 21-day experimental period test or placebo dentifrice was applied to the experimental teeth via the tooth shield. The toothshield also prevented plaque removal from those teeth during habitual brushing of the remaining dentition. Supragingival plaque was collected at baseline and day 21 for analysis of the total bacterial flora. At the end of the experimental period, plaque and gingivitis had developed in both groups. However, the test group had significantly less plaque and gingivitis than the placebo group. The microbiological data demonstrated that plaque from the test group contained significantly lower numbers of anaerobes compared to plaque from the placebo group. This was considered particularly significant as these bacteria are generally associated with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. There was also a trend for the numbers of actinomyces to decrease in plaque from the test group but not in the placebo group.

Actinomyces↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical evaluation of anticalculus dentifrices.

One hundred and eighty-seven patients participated in a six-month study to evaluate the calculus-inhibiting effect of a zinc citrate dentifrice compared to Crest Tartar Control and a placebo, Crest Regular. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant calculus prevention benefit over Crest Regular for both Crest Tartar Control and a 2% zinc citrate/silica product. Compared to the control, the zinc citrate product reduced calculus formation by 32.3%, and Crest Tartar Control reduced it by 21.4%. These findings also demonstrate no statistically significant difference in stain or soft tissue status among the three dentifrices. All products were found to be safe to oral tissues and acceptable for taste.

Citrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative clinical effectiveness of three anticalculus dentifrices.

A three-month double-blind clinical study was conducted to compare the effect of three commercially available antitartar dentifrices in retarding the rate of supragingival calculus formation. After a thorough dental prophylaxis, the subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily with either Prevent, Crest Tartar Control Formula (TCF), or Colgate TCF. Supragingival calculus accumulation on the mandibular anterior teeth was measured after 3 months use of the assigned dentifrice. The results of this study showed that Prevent retarded calculus formation 38.0% more than Crest TCF. Colgate TCF retarded calculus accumulation by 36.0% more than Crest TCF. No significant differences in anticalculus effectiveness were noted between Prevent and Colgate TCF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A closer look at tartar control dentifrices.

A variety of tartar control dentifrices is currently on the market. This has led to some confusion on the part of both clinicians and the public about the need for and efficacy of these products. A description of the effects of these dentifrices on calculus, a discussion of the commercial products available, and comparative research findings are presented.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enamel fluoride content after using amine fluoride- or monofluorophosphate-sodium fluoride-dentifrices.

The fluoride retention in enamel was determined in vivo comparing the short-term unsupervised use of amine fluoride- and monofluorophosphate-sodium fluoride-dentifrices. Acid-etch enamel biopsies in the double-blind study showed that the fluoride content in enamel was significantly higher following use of the amine fluoride dentifrice, 959 ppm F vs 330 ppm F. Both dissolution of the enamel, determined by the amount of phosphorus (33.9 micrograms vs 50.9 micrograms) and the depth of etch (6.2 microns vs 9.6 microns) were significantly reduced after use of the amine fluoride compared to the monofluorophosphate-sodium fluoride combination.

Amines↗