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PubMed1990

Levocabastine versus cromolyn sodium in the treatment of pollen-induced conjunctivitis.

Thirty patients with allergic conjunctivitis, caused by Parietaria or grass pollens, participated in a double-blind parallel study comparing levocabastine to cromolyn sodium, both given as eye drops. Symptom and sign scores were recorded during a 4-week period. The patients received only these drugs during the time of observation. The evaluation of the clinical signs and symptoms by the clinicians and by the patients revealed a significant improvement of conjunctivitis in all patients. The intergroup comparison was equal in the two groups treated respectively with levocabastine and cromolyn. Therefore, levocabastine and cromolyn are effective in the treatment of pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

Conjunctivitis associated with a Mycoplasma-like organism in swine.

A midwestern producer reported high incidence of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in a herd of crossbred finishing swine. Complete necropsy was performed on 3 pigs with bilateral mucopurulent conjunctivitis and chemosis; other gross lesions were not seen. Mycoplasma sp was isolated from conjunctival swab specimens obtained from 1 pig; small numbers of streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated from conjunctival swab specimens from all 3 pigs. Neither swine influenza virus nor pseudorabies virus was isolated from conjunctival swab specimens. Histologically, the 3 pigs had chronic lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis with lymphofollicular hyperplasia and foci of epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia. Ultrastructural examination of conjunctival specimens from the 3 pigs revealed large numbers of Mycoplasma-like organisms adhered to superficial conjunctival cells. Mycoplasma-like organisms also were seen in membrane-bound vacuoles in superficial conjunctival cells. Bacteria (including chlamydiae) or viruses were not seen ultrastructurally. The lymphoproliferative nature of the conjunctival lesion and the evidence of adhered and intracellular organisms suggested an etiologic role for a Mycoplasma-like organism in the disease in these pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Incidence and etiology of conjunctivitis in Navy recruits.

Recruit sick call at the Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois was monitored for cases of conjunctivitis during two 2-week periods in March in 1981 and 1982. Twenty-three cases were detected. The incidence of conjunctivitis was 1.1 cases per 1000 recruits per week. Peak incidence occurred during the third and fourth weeks of training and two recruit companies had multiple cases. Conjunctival cultures for viruses and Chlamydia trachomatis were negative in all cases. Concurrent cultures of conjunctival exudate were obtained from 12 cases. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from three of these cases and Streptococcus pneumoniae from one. Despite the high percentage of negative cultures, the clinical characteristics and pattern of occurrence of conjunctivitis in Navy recruits suggest that it is caused by an infectious agent or agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Double-blind group comparative study of 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops with placebo eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

A multicenter double-blind group comparative study was carried out in 126 patients, 64 of whom received 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops, and 62 placebo eyedrops twice each day for the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis to birch pollen. The patients were evaluated at 2 week intervals for clinical signs of conjunctivitis and kept daily diary records of eye symptoms (0-4 severity scales) and concomitant therapy. Diary trends favored active treatment, and reached significance for excessive lacrimation (P less than .05) during peak pollen challenge. Clinic assessments showed the same directional trend and final opinions of treatment efficacy were significantly in favor of nedocromil sodium (P = .003, patients; P = .006, clinicians). In addition, the placebo group used significantly more topical (P less than .05) and oral (P less than .01) concomitant antihistamine therapy. Nedocromil sodium and placebo treatments were equally acceptable and well tolerated. The results show that 2% nedocromil sodium used topically twice each day is an effective therapy for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1990

Common ocular problems in children: conjunctivitis and tear duct obstructions.

Conjunctivitis, both in the newborn period and later, and nasolacrimal duct obstructions are common ocular problems facing all pediatricians. Conjunctivitis in childhood is separated into ophthalmia neonatorum and conjunctivitis at a later time. Gonococcus and chlamydia are the organisms causing the most concern in the neonatal period. Later, the diversity of causes becomes greater, but the consequences are smaller except for herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis. Nasolacrimal duct obstructions are common in the first few months of life with most patients clearing spontaneously. Management is aimed at controlling symptoms until spontaneous resolution occurs or until the lacrimal system is probed.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea.

Eye washing with chamomile tea is a folk remedy used by the general public to treat conjunctivitis and other ocular reactions. Chamomile is also found in many cosmetic products. Some cases of contact dermatitis (but not reactions of type I) were reported following its topical applications. We present seven hay fever patients that suffered from conjunctivitis; two of them also had lid angioedema after eye washing with chamomile tea. All seven patients had positive skin prick tests to the chamomile tea extract, Matricaria chamomilla pollen and Artemisia vulgaris pollen extracts. Positive conjunctival provocations were also observed in all the patients with the chamomile tea extract. In contrast, no symptoms were observed after oral challenges with this infusion. IgE activity against chamomile tea and Matricaria and Artemisia extracts (composite pollens) was detected by ELISA in the seven patients' sera. A cross reactivity among the above extracts was observed by an ELISA inhibition study. In all cases, the IgE activity to chamomile tea could fully be absorbed by Matricaria pollen extract. Skin prick tests and conjunctival provocation tests also performed in 100 hay fever controls revealed a positive immediate skin response to Artemisia in 15 patients, eight of them also to Matricaria pollen and five of them to Chamomile tea as well. Only two of the last patients had a positive conjunctival response. The results were negative in the rest of the controls. We conclude that the chamomile tea eye washing can induce allergic conjunctivitis. Matricaria chamomilla pollens contained in these infusions are the allergens responsible for these reactions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

[Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis].

Adenoviral conjunctivitis is contagious and it should be diagnosed rapidly. Adenoviral ocular infection showed epidemic keratoconjunctivitis due to Ad8 and pharyngoconjunctival fever due to Ad3 but those clinical pictures are changing because of the appearance of new serotypes of adenovirus such as Ad4, 19 and 37 which are related with acute conjunctivitis. The diagnosis of viral infection is generally time consuming and complex. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test, using monoclonal antibody to adenovirus hexon have been applied for rapid diagnosis. ELISA showed 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity in 59 cases with adenoviral conjunctivitis and was therefore shown to be more practical than IFA which showed only 67% sensitivity.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1987

Brazilian purpuric fever: epidemic purpura fulminans associated with antecedent purulent conjunctivitis. Brazilian Purpuric Fever Study Group.

In late 1984, 10 children in a small, rural town in Brazil had high fever associated with vomiting and abdominal pain. Within 12-48 h of the onset of fever, purpura developed associated with vascular collapse and peripheral necrosis. All 10 children died. Cerebrospinal fluid examinations did not suggest meningitis and, when done, tests were negative for Neisseria meningitidis. Other culture, serological, and necropsy examinations did not reveal a cause. Case-finding uncovered another cluster of similar illness in children in a second town and sporadic cases in five other cities. Two case-control studies demonstrated that children who became ill were significantly more likely than control children to have had conjunctivitis during the month before illness. This conjunctivitis was purulent, preceded the onset of more severe disease by 3-15 days, and had resolved before fever began. Although no conjunctival cultures were obtained from case-children, Haemophilus aegyptius was the most common pathogen isolated from other conjunctival cultures during the epidemic. This organism was also isolated from a non-aseptic skin scraping from 1 case child. A 25-megadalton plasmid distinguished the H aegyptius isolates epidemiologically associated with illness from other Brazilian conjunctival isolates. Brazilian purpuric fever is a newly recognized syndrome of epidemic purpura fulminans associated with antecedent purulent conjunctivitis, possibly caused by H aegyptius.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of acute conjunctivitis.

Aerobic and anaerobic cultures and clinical data were obtained from 131 patients presenting with acute conjunctivitis. Similar cultures were obtained from 60 noninflamed individuals. Anaerobes were isolated from 66 patients, 51 times in mixed culture with aerobes and 15 times (11.5%) as the only isolates. Aerobes only were recovered in 54 patients. The organisms found to be statistically significantly more commonly recovered from eyes with conjunctivitis were Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium acnes. No statistical difference was present between the bacterial flora of the eyes with unilateral conjunctivitis when compared to their uninvolved mates in 20 cases in which only one eye was involved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Bacterial etiology of conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome.

Simultaneous cultures of conjunctivae and middle ear exudates were obtained from 20 episodes of the syndrome of purulent conjunctivitis and otitis media. Paired cultures from 18 episodes yielded Haemophilus influenzae at both sites. In two cases with prior topical antibacterial therapy of the conjunctivitis, H influenzae was isolated from the middle ear exudate only. Biotyping and outer membrane protein analysis of H influenzae isolates from five patients demonstrated that: conjunctival and middle ear strains were concordant in all cases, and all five patients had different strains. The conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome is most often caused by strains of nontypable H influenzae of diverse clonotype.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[The allergic conjunctivitis (author's transl)].

The authors report the study of 51 cases of conjunctivitis which the allergic character has been showed. They emphasize: 1. the special frequency with the young person (between 20 and 30 years for allergic conjunctivitis, generally before 7 years for vernal conjunctivitis); 2. the importance of atopic ground; 3. the weak incidence of business; 4. the difficulty of diagnosis, because the monosensibilisations are uncommon; 5. the favourable result of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Biological characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from conjunctivitis].

The biological properties of 101 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from conjunctival secretions of conjunctivitis patients, as well as from healthy persons were studied. More than a half of these strains (66%) were identified as Staph. epidermidis. 18% of the strains differed from this species only by the absence of phosphatase activity. The existence of the phosphatase-negative variants of Staph. epidermidis was inferred from this fact. About 1/3 of the cultures could not be identified in accordance with the scheme of the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Staphylococci and Micrococci. The biological activity of the cultures isolated from conjunctivitis patients did not differ from that of the cultures isolated from healthy persons. The frequent occurrence of hemolytic activity in the strains isolated from both conjunctivitis patients and healthy persons was noted (88% and 83%, respectively). The conclusion on the variegated character and lability of the phenotypic characteristics of staphylococci has been made.

Coagulase↗
PubMed1983

A double-masked comparison of ocular decongestants as therapy for allergic conjunctivitis.

A prospective, randomized, double-masked study of three commercially available ocular decongestant products was conducted to compare their relative efficacies in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. All three products contained a vasoconstrictor (naphazoline hydrochloride) and an antihistamine (antazoline phosphate or pheniramine maleate) in varying concentrations. Eighty-nine (89) patients presenting the ocular signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis were enrolled and randomly distributed among the three treatment groups. Patients were evaluated for three ocular signs (lid swelling, bulbar conjunctival inflammation and palpebral conjunctival inflammation) and three ocular symptoms (itching, tearing and discomfort). An overall follow-up impression of treatment results was also recorded. The treatment period lasted one week. The three preparations were found to vary greatly in patient comfort and acceptability but were not different in their ability to ameliorate the itching, tearing, redness, edema and discomfort when dosed topically for the relief of allergic conjunctivitis.

Antazoline↗
PubMed1984

Experimental Salmonella-associated conjunctivitis in cats.

Cats were infected experimentally with Salmonella typhimurium via the conjunctiva. Clinical signs consisted of lacrimation, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, prominent nictitating membrane and scleral injection. These signs were accompanied by an absolute neutrophilia and conjunctival smears indicative of moderate to severe suppurative inflammation. Ocular signs disappeared by day 6 postinfection. Salmonella typhimurium was cultured intermittently from the inoculated conjunctivae and rectal swabs through day 7. At necropsy, mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes were enlarged. Histopathological findings included chronic conjunctivitis and lymphoid hyperplasia in cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes. This study confirms that S. typhimurium can cause a primary conjunctivitis and that the ocular route of infection can lead to fecal excretion of Salmonella, in the absence of other clinical manifestations.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Laboratory studies in chronic conjunctivitis.

Conjunctival cultures and scrapings for cytological examination were done in 852 cases of chronic conjunctivitis. Bacteria were recovered in 464. Of these, Staphylococcus sp were isolated in 91%; their etiologic importance over normal flora is questionable. Important cytological findings included atypical epithelium (three cases), Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusion bodies (two), and eosinophils (104). Epithelial degenerative changes were common (585 cases). Crystals (105) and microorganisms (283) were other frequent findings. Active infection seems to be an uncommon cause of chronic conjunctivitis. Cultures are important in avoiding unnecessary antibiotic therapy when no organism is present. Cytological examination can be a helpful diagnostic adjunct in selected cases and is to be recommended especially in chronic follicular conjunctivitis, possible drug toxicity or allergy, dry eye states, and other atypical clinical presentations.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

Suture barb giant papillary conjunctivitis.

Giant papillary conjunctivitis can be due to an allergic reaction as in soft contact lens wearers and allergic palpebral conjunctivitis, or can result from a cut exposed suture end that abrades the upper palpebral conjunctiva. The syndrome of suture barb giant papillary conjunctivitis consists of a mucoid ocular discharge with blurred vision, a foreign body sensation, upper lid edema and blepharoptosis concomitant with giant papillae of the upper palpebral conjunctiva. Removal of the offending suture(s) results in resolution of the papillae and symptoms.

Conjunctivitis↗
PubMed1981

Treatment of ragweed allergic conjunctivitis with 2% cromolyn solution in unit doses.

Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of topical cromolyn solution in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. However, the preservative, phenylethanol, produces an immediate burning or stinging sensation when the drops are first instilled in the eye. A double-blind, crossover, placebo controlled study using 2% cromolyn solution was conducted, without the preservative and supplied in unit doses. Twenty six patients took part in the trial. They had ragweed pollen-induced conjunctivitis. The results of the trial indicate that the active drug was effective in controlling the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in 22 of the 26 patients, i.e., 84.6% (p less than 0.001). Two patients preferred the placebo. There were no complaints of stinging or burning sensation after the instillation of the drops in the eyes. There were no cases of infection of the eye. Without the preservative, the cromolyn solution does not damage the soft contact lens.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Gnat sore eyes: seasonal, acute conjunctivitis in a southern state.

In late summer 1981, a widespread outbreak of acute bacterial conjunctivitis occurred in southeast Georgia, affecting primarily grade-school children. This outbreak was similar to previously described seasonal conjunctivitis in the South. As suggested in previous studies, the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio, may serve as a mechanical vehicle in the transmission of the suspected causative agent, a possible Haemophilus species. The 1981 Georgia outbreak illustrates that "gnat sore eyes" is not obsolete and apparently can occur unpredictably during warm months in the southern states. Physicians and other health-care workers should be aware of the unique clinical and epidemiologic features of acute seasonal conjunctivitis.

Acute Disease↗