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PubMed1992

Spatial adaptation to text on a video display terminal.

We employed vertical sinusoidal test gratings to search for spatial adaptation to lower-case text presented on a standard video display terminal. The parameters of the contrast sensitivity test were selected on the basis of waveform analysis of horizontal spatial luminance profiles of the text. We found that subjects exhibited a small (4-5 dB), but significant, frequency-specific spatial adaptation consistent with the frequency spectrum of the stimulus. The theoretical and practical significance of this finding is discussed.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1997

Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility.

This study examined the association between occupational chemical and radiation exposures and risk of medically diagnosed infertility in 281 women compared with 216 fertile women. After adjustment for age and exposures that occurred before case/referent ascertainment, there was an increased risk of infertility among those women exposed to volatile organic solvents (odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 2.71), chemical dusts (OR, 2.66; CI, 1.17 to 6.05), pesticides (OR, 3.02; CI, 1.10 to 8.29), and video display terminals (OR, 2.21, CI, 1.22, to 4.01). Among the medically diagnosed causes of infertility, the adjusted risk associated with having an ovulatory factor increased among those women exposed to solvents (OR, 1.75; CI, 1.03 to 2.98), dusts (OR, 3.00; CI, 1.19 to 7.52), or pesticides (OR, 3.82; 1.28 to 11.42). Solvents and dusts also were associated with a higher risk of tubal-factor infertility (solvents; OR, 1.95; CI, 1.08 to 3.52; dusts: OR, 2.87; CI, 1.05 to 7.88) and endometriosis (solvents: OR, 2.13; CI, 0.96 to 4.72; dusts: OR, 3.63; CI, 0.99 to 13.28). Video display terminal exposure was more likely to be found among those women diagnosed with endometriosis (OR, 3.69; CI, 1.50 to 9.13) and cervical-factor infertility (OR, 2.65; CI, 0.99 to 7.12). Results suggest that among women with a medically confirmed diagnosis, fertility may be adversely affected by a variety of occupational chemical exposures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Work at video display terminals].

The different problems connected with work at video-terminals are thoroughly discussed, and above all the preventive aspects both as to repercussions on the operator's health and as to a better relationship between operator and machine are set out. These aspects require the participation of a variety of specialists concerned with techniques, methods, and ergonomics, as well as norms, also with a view of the future given the ever wider use of computerized systems.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed1993

Relationships between health status and working conditions and personalities among VDT workers.

A total of 486 visual display terminal (VDT) workers were surveyed on their health status, working conditions, type A state, and depression state through questionnaires. They were also divided into three groups by self-assessment: technocentered (TC), technoanxious (TA), and neither (N). The weekly working hours and daily VDT operating hours of the type A group were longer than those of non-type A group. Type A subjects had more symptoms than non-type A subjects. The mean weekly working hours of depressive group was 61.3 hr, much longer than that of the others. The TC subjects worked daily with the VDT for longer hours than the other subjects. The TA subjects felt most dissatisfied with their computer training (TC, 47.4%; N, 64.5%; TA, 91.7%). Awkward VDT operators were more often in the TA group (36.1%) than in the others (TC, 3.8%; N, 10.5%). The TA subjects had a higher previous history of duodenal ulcer than the others (TA, 13.9%; N, 4.6%; TC, 3.8%).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Video display terminals: their electromagnetic safety].

Widespread application of video terminals (VT) has led to accumulating some unambiguous data on harmful effect of electromagnetic and electrical fields on the health. An analysis indicates that the level of electromagnetic and electrical fields is below permissible limits. IRPA/INIC concludes that the electromagnetic effects on VT users health are unharmful. However, the problem of VT use is an integrated one and involves not only radiation but ergonomic aspects and in this context requires further studies.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed1991

Methodological issues for the assessment of clusters of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the workplace: the case of video display terminal users.

In this paper, we review the consecutive methodological steps to follow when assessing clusters of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) in the workplace and the decisions to be taken at each step. The example of clusters of APO reported in VDT users in 1979 to 1982 is taken to illustrate each point. It appears that the number of "expected-unexpected" clusters of APO in VDT users has been largely overestimated as compared to observations and that this might be due to inadequate choices in the models used.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

Hardware to hard hats: training workers for action (from offices to construction sites).

A university-based labor education program provides training to unionists, emphasizing the skills needed by workers and their representatives in order to promote their rights to health and safety on the job. The article describes two examples of this training approach. The first example is a training program for video display terminal (VDT) operators which prepares them to take a leadership role in advancing policies to regulate working conditions for VDT users. The second is a program designed to improve the quality of safety, or "tailgate" meetings in the construction industry by promoting an approach that encourages active worker participation in identifying potential hazards and developing solutions. The methodologies used to achieve action-oriented outcomes are described.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1992

Magnetic fields of video display terminals and spontaneous abortion.

The aim of this study was to examine whether work with a video display terminal and exposure to the magnetic fields of video display terminals are related to spontaneous abortion. The study was conducted among women employed as bank clerks and clerical workers in three companies in Finland. The cases (191 spontaneous abortions) and controls (394 births) were identified from Finnish medical registers for the years 1975-1985. Use of video display terminals was defined using the workers' own reports and information provided by the companies. The assessment of exposure to the magnetic fields was based on measurements of the fields of video display terminals. The odds ratio for spontaneous abortion for working with video display terminals was not increased (odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.7-1.6). However, the odds ratio for workers who had used a video display terminal with a high level of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (> 0.9 microT) was 3.4 (95% confidence interval 1.4-8.6) compared with workers using a terminal with a low level of these magnetic fields (< 0.4 microT). Adjustment for ergonomic factors and mental work load factors changed the odds ratio for magnetic field exposure only very slightly. The findings suggest the need for future studies with assessment of exposure to the magnetic fields in the actual working environment to confirm the possible risk.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes.

In the genetic code, UGA serves as a stop signal and a selenocysteine codon, but no computational methods for identifying its coding function are available. Consequently, most selenoprotein genes are misannotated. We identified selenoprotein genes in sequenced mammalian genomes by methods that rely on identification of selenocysteine insertion RNA structures, the coding potential of UGA codons, and the presence of cysteine-containing homologs. The human selenoproteome consists of 25 selenoproteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

The effect of work-rest schedules and type of task on the discomfort and performance of VDT users.

Consideration of the literature survey indicates that video display terminal (VDT) operators tend to have a high incidence of musculoskeletal problems, visual fatigue, and job stress. Although a number of ergonomic improvements in workstation design and work environment can help to reduce these problems, a proper work-rest schedule deserves consideration since it is easily applicable and inexpensive. The objective of this study was to compare the work-rest schedules for VDT operators considering data entry and mental arithmetic tasks. An experiment was conducted with 10 male college students as participants. The methodology included a discomfort questionnaire and performance measures. The independent variables were the work-rest schedule (60-minute work/10-minute rest, 30-minute work/5-minute rest, and 15-minute work/micro breaks) and the type of task (data entry and a mental arithmetic task). The results were analysed using multiple analysis of variance followed by separate analyses. The 15/micro schedule resulted in significantly lower discomfort in the neck, lower back, and chest than the other schedules for data entry task. The 30/5 schedule followed by 15/micro schedule resulted in the lowest eyestrain and blurred vision. Discomfort in the elbow and arm was the lowest with the 15/micro schedule for the mental arithmetic task. The 15/micro schedule resulted in the highest speed, accuracy, and performance for both of the tasks, compared with the 60/10 and 30/5 schedules. The data entry task resulted in significantly increased speed, accuracy, and performance, and lower shoulder and chest discomfort than the mental arithmetic task.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A computational method to predict genetically encoded rare amino acids in proteins.

In several natural settings, the standard genetic code is expanded to incorporate two additional amino acids with distinct functionality, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine. These rare amino acids can be overlooked inadvertently, however, as they arise by recoding at certain stop codons. We report a method for such recoding prediction from genomic data, using read-through similarity evaluation. A survey across a set of microbial genomes identifies almost all the known cases as well as a number of novel candidate proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Visual strain and lighting preferences of VDT users under different lighting systems.

Lighting influences users' visual strain and well-being. Therefore creating lighting that ensures visual work conditions do not result in visual fatigue is a preventive activity. The aim of the study was to model different lighting systems for visual display terminal (VDT) work and to determine their influence on users' visual strain and preferences. The results of the study showed that visual fatigue was lowest for indirect and compound lighting systems. On the other hand, in general, direct lighting realized by "dark-light" luminaires was the most preferred lighting system. Some interesting differences related to age, gender, and VDT work experience were found. On the basis of the obtained results lighting designers can be provided with some guidance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of reports of periconceptual occupational exposure: maternal-assessed versus industrial hygienist-assessed exposure.

BACKGROUND: While the number of women entering the work force has grown, so has the importance of investigating occupational reproductive hazards. The objective of this study was to examine the concordance between maternal-assessed and industrial hygienist-assessed exposure to four classes of occupational agents - video display terminals, paints, solvents, and agricultural chemicals. METHODS: Case (n=87) and control (n=102) mothers who participated in a population-based study of orofacial clefts provided occupational histories and exposure (yes/no) to selected classes of agents for the one-year period prior to their child's delivery. Two industrial hygienists reviewed the occupational histories and assigned mothers an exposure status for each class of agent. Using industrial hygienist-assessed exposure as the "gold standard", sensitivity and specificity of maternal reports were calculated for each class of agent. Kappa statistics were calculated for the study population to account for chance agreement between the two exposure assessment methods. RESULTS: Sensitivity estimates for cases were the highest for video display terminals (77%) and lowest for agricultural chemicals (14%). Respective estimates for controls were 74% and 14%. Specificity estimates tended to be high for both groups. Kappa values ranged from 0.16-0.45. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to the classes of agents examined, these data suggest screening questions alone may not be the preferred method of obtaining occupational exposure histories, even when the time period of interest is fairly short and recent.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The morbidity characteristics of workers in an information reference service employed at video terminals].

Female telephone operators working with displays perform monotonous operations which cause marked hypodynamia. A study was performed to investigate the labour conditions, which revealed respiratory diseases as the main cause of morbidity with temporary disability. Extensive medical examinations also showed the prevalence of gynaecological disorders resulting from the working posture and hypodynamia. Laboratory tests revealed marked changes in the peripheral blood system. The questionnaire analysis performed showed the prevalence of complaints of asthenic manifestations and excessive fatigability by the end of the working shift.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1995

[Changes in the functional state of the visual analyzer during work at video display terminals of graphic images].

The examination covered female operators of sewing pickup, engaged into the work at video-displays. The total work load appeared to equal 77.6% and the work at video-display--75.2% of the shift time. Functional state of the vision demonstrated a decrease even after 2 hrs of the work, then stabilized by midpoint of the shift and afterwards lowered by 10-12 hrs of the work. Those objective changes correlated with the sensation of orbital discomfort. The findings served as a base for prophylaxis to restore the performance during the regulated breaks.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Human electroretinogram responses to video displays, fluorescent lighting, and other high frequency sources.

Time-averaged human electroretinogram (ERG) responses were determined for several workplace visual stimuli which are temporally modulated at rates exceeding the perceptual critical fusion frequency (CFF). A clearly identifiable synchronous response was in evidence for a video display terminal (VDT) stimulus operating with a refresh rate as high as 76 Hz. A directly viewed fluorescent luminaire with controllable driving frequency elicited a synchronous response at rates as high as 145 Hz. In addition, an intense stimulus created by modulating the light from a slide projector produced responses at least as high as 162 Hz. The implications of these high-frequency responses are representing a potential basis for visual symptoms are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The dependence of the degree of visual fatigue on the shift duration in work with video terminals and an assessment of the efficacy of preventive measures].

Dynamic studies of visual capacity for work in individuals working with displays revealed decreased accommodation volume after the long concentration on the display. The total time of work with the display of more than 2h a day involved a decrease of the accommodation volume by 0.42-0.49 diopters and transitory myopia of 0.15-0.21 diopters, as well as increased self-appraisal of fatigue. The system of prophylactic measures including rest breaks, special exercises, massage was worked out and put into practice. Repeated study has proved the effectiveness of suggested measures.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of dry eye in Japanese eye centers.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the investigation was to ascertain the prevalence of dry eye in new outpatients. METHODS: A total of 2127 consecutive new outpatients seen in eight Japanese centers from April 1992 to January 1993 underwent comprehensive examinations, including double vital staining and measurement of tear film break-up time, basal tear secretion, and tear clearance. Dry eye was diagnosed if patients had abnormalities of both the tear film and the ocular surface. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-nine patients (17%) had dry eye. There was no seasonal pattern for dry eye. The condition was significantly more common in Tokyo than in suburban areas (P < 0.01). The prevalence of dry eye in visual display terminal (VDT) users and contact lens (CL) wearers was significantly higher than in non-VDT users and non-CL wearers (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that dry eye is one of the most common ocular disorders encountered by physicians. Furthermore, if patients use VDTs or wear CLs, the likelihood of dry eye occurring is higher.

Adolescent↗