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PubMed2002

Community structure in social and biological networks.

A number of recent studies have focused on the statistical properties of networked systems such as social networks and the Worldwide Web. Researchers have concentrated particularly on a few properties that seem to be common to many networks: the small-world property, power-law degree distributions, and network transitivity. In this article, we highlight another property that is found in many networks, the property of community structure, in which network nodes are joined together in tightly knit groups, between which there are only looser connections. We propose a method for detecting such communities, built around the idea of using centrality indices to find community boundaries. We test our method on computer-generated and real-world graphs whose community structure is already known and find that the method detects this known structure with high sensitivity and reliability. We also apply the method to two networks whose community structure is not well known--a collaboration network and a food web--and find that it detects significant and informative community divisions in both cases.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Special Populations Networks--how this innovative community-based initiative affected minority and underserved research programs.

The Special Populations Networks (SPN) Program was created to address both community needs for cancer information and NCI's desire to obtain community-based answers to research questions and promote training opportunities for racial/ethnic minority and underserved researchers in populations with an unequal burden of cancer. The SPN program included 3 components: 1) infrastructure and capacity building combined with cancer awareness, 2) community-based research, and 3) community-centered training. The 18 SPN grantees conducted more than 1000 cancer awareness activities. More than 2000 community lay health workers were trained. Communities formalized more than 300 partnerships with Memoranda of Understanding (MOU). More than 255 pilot research project applications were submitted by junior researchers and over 135 were funded. Approximately 90% of the applications were submitted by minority junior researchers; of which more than 100 were funded. More than 290 scientific publications thus far have resulted from the work of the SPNs. In the first 3 years of the program, the SPNs also secured an additional $20 million in outside funding. The SPN program effected a paradigm shift for minority research programs by combining community-based cancer awareness, research, and training into a single program. By engaging research leaders of minority and underserved populations to aid their own, train their own, and develop research to help their own, the SPN program activated the power of their commitment to their own. That commitment was reflected in the trust and participation offered by their communities. Cancer 2006. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.

Community Networks↗
PubMed2003

Self-similar community structure in a network of human interactions.

We propose a procedure for analyzing and characterizing complex networks. We apply this to the social network as constructed from email communications within a medium sized university with about 1700 employees. Email networks provide an accurate and nonintrusive description of the flow of information within human organizations. Our results reveal the self-organization of the network into a state where the distribution of community sizes is self-similar. This suggests that a universal mechanism, responsible for emergence of scaling in other self-organized complex systems, as, for instance, river networks, could also be the underlying driving force in the formation and evolution of social networks.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

The "Spirit of Eagles" legacy.

American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) suffer from inordinate morbidity and mortality from various cancers. The Spirit of Eagles is a national Special Populations Network that has developed the community infrastructure to support culturally appropriate, long-range, comprehensive cancer control activities. Subcontracts were developed that involved major cancer centers, nonprofit organizations, policy boards, professional societies, and educators. Community-based cancer control grants were distributed through the Spirit of Eagles program. Community-based participatory research involved 38 communities in a broad range of cancer control activities. The key to long-range improvement in cancer morbidity and mortality in AI/AN communities lies in building infrastructure to support strong partnerships enabling community-based participatory research. Cancer 2006. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.

Alaska↗
PubMed2026

Decoding microbial metabolic complementarity from individual traits to community structuring.

A fundamental challenge in microbiome research lies in elucidating the functional capacity of microbial communities through community membership and genomic data. As community structuring and emergent functional traits are determined by bacterial community metabolic networks, it is important to gain insights into the principles that govern bacteria-bacteria interactions. Here, we applied an integrative framework linking individual strain-level traits to community structuring in a simplified synthetic bacterial community (SSC8) that promotes the growth of ungrafted watermelon. By combining mono- and coculture assays with genome-scale metabolic modeling and metabolomic profiling of spent media, we characterized directional interactions and resource dependencies among community members. Our findings show that positive interactions dominated the community network, accounting for 55% of all pairwise combinations, indicating a high prevalence of growth-promoting effects among strains. Genome-scale metabolic modeling showed that functional divergence among strains enhanced the potential for metabolic complementarity as phylogenetic distance increased. Integrating metabolic modeling with metabolomics further suggested that Pseudomonas azotifigens Q6 not only benefited from all other community members, but also exhibited mutualistic interactions with the other three strains, with metabolite exchange involving compounds such as L-lysine and L-cysteine. Pseudomonas azotifigens Q6 acted as an important driver of community composition by affecting the abundance of several other consortium members in vitro. These findings highlight the role of metabolic complementarity in driving community structuring by promoting selective persistence of specific strains. Our work provides mechanistic insights into microbial interaction networks in vitro and offers a conceptual foundation for the rational design of functionally robust and plant-beneficial microbiomes.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1999

[Factors relate to participation in medical checkups in a rural community an analysis including social network scores].

Since 1969, community-based stroke prevention programs have been conducted in N town, Kochi prefecture. To clarify factors related to participation in medical checkups including social networks, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was performed on 6,704 residents aged 40 and over in N town in 1996. 1. Location of the workplace, types of medical insurance and interest in health were significantly associated with participation in medical checkups. 2. Participation in medical examinations provided at the workplace was significantly, inversely related with participation rates in community checkups in the group aged 40 to 59 years. 3. Low independence level in daily activities was inversely associated with participation rates for medical checkups in groups aged 60 years and older. 4. Visiting medical facilities was inversely associated with the participation rate for medical checkups in female groups. 5. The group with the highest social networks score (5 points) had the highest participation rate for medical checkups. After adjusting for other participation related factors, social networks scores had a significantly positive association with the participation rate for medical checkups provided by the Health Services for the Elderly Act.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The community health advisor program and the deep South network for cancer control: health promotion programs for volunteer community health advisors.

The Community Health Advisor program is a proven, community-driven health promotion program that identifies and trains natural helpers who then seek to improve the health of individuals and their communities. This article details the basis of the Community Health Advisor model and describes early pilot programs in the Mississippi Delta. Also described is the formation of the Community Health Advisor Network, which provides technical assistance to Community Health Advisor programs and the proliferation of Community Health Advisor programs nationally. Specifically, details are presented of the modification of the model for the Deep South Network for Cancer Control and of early findings showing a decrease in health disparities in Alabama.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1999

[Effective use of time in community psychiatry--utopia and the reality of network management].

OBJECTIVE: The development of community psychiatry needs an increasing network management between inpatient and outpatient care. As a whole the question of management structure is open for discussion. Instruments such as psychosocial workshops and community psychiatric team conferences are in need of a critical survey. METHODS: Our paper offers data in basic network management referring to false connections in interinstitutional cooperation by phone. RESULTS: The number of false connections is on a highly significant level, up to six times higher when contacting ambulant complementary staffs or administrative levels than within medical systems. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate a large gap between utopia and reality of network management. Community psychiatric systems must take care for longitudinal medical staff orientation in structural management.

Case Management↗
PubMed1995

Community organizing: an ecological route to empowerment and power.

An important contribution to empowerment theory and community psychology practice can be made by examining how the concept of social power is developed and manifested in the context of community organizing. Theory and practice may be further informed through an ecological analysis of organizing processes and interventions. Lessons from a national community organizing network highlight the relationship between empowerment and power through a set of organizing principles and a cycle of organizing activity. Perhaps most important is the understanding that a reciprocal relationship exists between development of power for community organizations and individual empowerment for organization members. Implications for empowerment theory in the community organizing domain are provided in a matrix adapted from Zimmerman's description of empowerment processes and outcomes at multiple levels of analysis.

City Planning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grassroots network.

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Community Networks↗