Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cod Liver Oil”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of the process of oxidation of fats of diverse character during storage].

The process of various commercial fats, such as cod oil, edible whale and sperm oil, as well as sunflower seed oil oxidation occurring under the effect of atmospheric oxygen was investigated. The susceptibility of fats to oxidation was found to be determined by the degree of their unsaturation, conditioned by the composition of fatty acids. During oxidation of cod and edible whale oil under test conditions there takes place decomposition of biologically active acids with 5 and 6 double bonds, which is most strongly pronounced in unsaturated cod oil and thus bears witness to a materially diminished nutritional value of these oils. The data obtained proves the advisability of storing different fats under dissimilar conditions and confirm the need for using highly effective means for inhibiting the processes of the cod oil oxidation, this oil being used for medical purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Hydrolysis of fish oils containing polymers of triacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase in vitro.

Fish oils containing different levels of polymers of triacylglycerols formed during autoxidation were incubated with pancreatic lipase to establish whether these polymers are substrates for lipase hydrolysis. With oils containing low amounts (less than 4%) of triacylglycerol polymers as substrates, both triacylglycerols and polymers of triacylglycerols were almost completely hydrolyzed, and fatty acid monomers and monoacylglycerols were the major lipid products. Under the same incubation conditions, some triacylglycerols remained intact when highly oxidized oils containing 20 or 30% triacylglycerol polymers were the substrate. The fatty acid composition of these residual triacylglycerols was almost identical to that of triacylglycerols present at the start of the assay. When fish oil containing 30% triacylglycerol polymers was incubated with the lipase, the component triacylglycerols and polymers of triacylglycerols were hydrolyzed at similar rates, and fatty acid dimers were detected as a product. It is concluded that the high molecular weight polymers of triacylglycerols present in oxidized fish oils can be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fish oil consumption and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease: a comparison of findings from animal and human feeding trials.

There is growing evidence that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), abundant in marine organisms, may reduce the development of cardiovascular disease. Because of this, results of laboratory animal and human volunteer feeding trials (using fatty fish, fish oils, or purified n-3 PUFAs) that have examined similar biochemical and metabolic parameters are compared. The limited data reveal that laboratory animal and human volunteers show many similar responses in certain parameters (ie, serum lipids, lipoproteins, trigacylglycerides, cholesterol, etc), to the consumption of n-3 PUFAs. The biochemical and metabolic changes observed are generally consistent with reduced development of cardiovascular disease. However, comparisons between species are limited because relatively few comparable feeding trials have focused on the effects of fish oils on thromboxane, prostacyclin, platelet aggregation, etc. Limitations of the studies and needed research are discussed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

In vivo inhibition of Walker 256 tumour carnitine palmitoyltransferase I by soya oil dietary supplementation.

The role of dietary fatty acids in the regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity has been shown in liver but their role in the regulation of tumour CPT activity in vivo is unknown. The present study investigated the effects of several oils, given as dietary supplements, upon the activity of CPT I and II in the Walker 256 rat tumour and the inhibition or stimulation of tumour growth. CPT I activity was markedly inhibited by soya oil, rich in linoleic acid (70% inhibition vs control). CPT I mRNA expression was not inhibited by any of the oils studied, indeed soya oil caused a marked increase (132% vs control) in expression. These results suggest that soya oil can modulate, in vivo, the beta-oxidative pathway of tumour tissue and further supports the hypothesis of tumour CPT I regulation by polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Fish oil feeding is associated with an increased accumulation of dietary lipids in enterocytes: results from an in vivo study in rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic fish oil consumption is associated with reduced postprandial lipaemia, but the mechanism behind this effect is not fully understood. We studied whether lipid absorption might be altered in rats fed fish oil. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were fed fish oil enriched chow (n = 6) or control oil enriched chow (n = 6). After 4 weeks, 61 mg 3H-triolein was instilled into duodenal tied-off loops. Intestinal segments were removed after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min. Enterocytes were then isolated by calcium chelation and quantified by DNA determination. Non-absorbed 3H-lipid and 3H-lipid contents of enterocytes were determined by liquid scintillation counting. Two other groups of rats (2 x 6) fed the experimental diets were given an oral fat load and fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken. RESULTS: The accumulation of 3H-lipids in enterocytes was higher in rats fed fish oil than in controls (area under the 3H-lipid time curve: 1041.3 versus 670.3 nmol oleic acid x min/microg DNA, P < 0.05). Separation of lipids showed that an accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids occurred in rats fed fish oil. The amount of non-absorbed 3H-lipid tended to be higher in the fish oil fed rats (P > 0.1). It was confirmed that the fish oil enriched chow caused lower postprandial lipaemia (34% reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Attenuated postprandial lipaemia following fish oil feeding is explained, at least partly, by a transient lipid accumulation in enterocytes which may result in a delayed triglyceride efflux from the enterocytes into the circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

The composition of marine-oil triglycerides as determined by silver ion-thin-layer chromatography.

The fractionation of marine-oil triglycerides according to their degree of unsaturation was achieved on silica gel thin layers with 8% silver nitrate (w/w). Under the optimum conditions, cod-liver and whale oils were reproducibly separated into seven and six fractions, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of the fractions obtained from cod-liver and whale oils were further studied by gas-liquid chromatography. The following was found in both oils: Saturated and monoenoic acids were not only abundant in their corresponding fractions, but also comprised about two-thirds of the fatty acids in the more unsaturated fractions. Instead, polyenoic fatty acids of similar degrees of unsaturation predominated only in the particular fraction which corresponded to their number of double bonds. Thus, the distribution of fatty acids of varying degrees of unsaturation among marine triglycerides is not random.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Effects of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementations on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat.

1. Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by intramuscular administration of gentamicin (80 mg k-1 d-1) for 6 days. 2. Oral supplementation with fish oil (5 ml kg-1 d-1), for 2 weeks prior to and during gentamicin exposure, markedly ameliorated the drug-induced nephrotoxicity. The beneficial effects of oil were evidenced by significantly reduced serum creatinine and urea concentrations, increased renal cortical alkaline phosphatase activity and improved renal tubular histology, compared with the non oil-treated animals, receiving gentamicin. 3. Similar supplementation with sunflower oil, rich in omega-6 fatty acids, failed to reverse any of the parameters of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. 4. Hypercholesterolaemia and reduced cortical GSH associated with gentamicin nephrotoxicity were both normalised by supplementation with fish oil, but not by sunflower oil. 5. The beneficial effects of fish oil on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity were not related to the extent of uptake and accumulation of the drug by the kidney.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Optimized separation and determination of methyl sulfone metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE in biota samples.

An optimised method is described for the determination of 27 methyl sulfone polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and DDE in biota samples. Initially, the samples were extracted by hot Soxhlet and the methyl sulfones were separated by liquid/liquid extraction with concentrated sulfuric acid and back-extracted with hexane. The parameters of the back-extraction were studied and it was found that for a quantitative extraction of the methyl sulfones from the concentrated acid layer, a 50% dilution with cold water should be done. The hexane layer containing the methyl sulfones was further cleaned-up on basic silica (33% KOH) and Florisil. After concentration, the extract was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron capture negative ionisation (ECNI) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). It was shown that, for methyl sulfones, the ion formation was dependent on the chlorine substitution, position of the MeSO2-group and the ion source temperature. If the ion source temperature was higher than 200 degrees C, [M-CH3]- was the predominant ion for most methyl sulfones. Therefore, for increased sensitivity, quantitation of most congeners was done using [M-CH3]- ions instead of the molecular ion as used in previously reported methods. The method was validated for the determination of 26 tri- to hepta- 3- and 4-substituted MeSO2-PCBs and 3-MeSO2-DDE in animal and human tissues. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.06 to 0.10 ng g(-1) lipid weight. Average recoveries of individual congeners from vegetable oil spiked with individual standards (3.33 ng g(-1)) ranged from 73 to 112% with a mean value of 89%. The coefficients of variation ranged from 5.2 to 12.2%, which is within the acceptable range for environmental analyses.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary fish oil supplementation enhances endothelium-mediated vasodilator responses in human heart transplant recipients, a group known to have coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been shown to enhance endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in animal models of atherosclerosis. METHODS: Endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to intracoronary acetylcholine infusion and endothelium-independent responses to nitroglycerin were evaluated in heart transplant recipients who received a high dose of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids for 3 weeks (5 g of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/day, n = 7) and compared with responses in a group of matched heart transplant recipients who did not receive fish oil (control patients, n = 7). Acetylcholine was selectively infused into the midportion of the left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery, with the noninfused left coronary artery serving as a control vessel. Serial coronary angiograms were performed after infusion with increasing doses of acetylcholine (infused concentrations 10(-6) to 10(-3) mol/liter) and after intracoronary nitroglycerin administration. RESULTS: The patients treated with fish oil showed a normal vasodilator response to acetylcholine with 14 +/- 2.5% and 15 +/- 7% vasodilation (vs. baseline diameter) at infused acetylcholine concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/liter, respectively. In contrast, the control patients demonstrated vasoconstrictor responses (-1 +/- 1% and -9 +/- 4%) to acetylcholine at these same doses (p < 0.05 and < 0.005, respectively, for treated vs. control patients). There were no differences in the response to nitroglycerin between the control and treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with fish oil significantly alters endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients without alteration of the responses to endothelium-independent vasodilation. Whether this enhancement of endothelial function can beneficially alter the natural history of heart transplant atherosclerosis warrants further study.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1984

Dietary modification of platelet and renal prostaglandins.

The effects of specific types of dietary fats on prostanoid biosynthesis, platelet function and the cardiovascular system are reviewed. Studies examining the influence of dietary modification of prostanoid synthesis on blood pressure regulation in normotensive and Goldblatt hypertensive rats showed that while dietary supplementation with either sunflower or linseed oil at 40% of energy respectively stimulated and inhibited tissue prostanoids in vitro and urinary PGE2 excretion in vivo, the development of 1 kidney, 1 clip hypertension was not altered in parallel. Rats on both oil rich diets did however, show an average lower blood pressure than animals on a standard diet. In order to minimise possible non-specific effects of large amounts of dietary fats, the effects on prostanoid metabolism of different oils at 5, 20 and 40% of energy in the diet were studied. While as little as 5% dietary supplements alter fatty acid and prostanoid synthesis in platelets, it appears that higher levels (at least 20%) are required to alter significantly renal prostaglandin metabolism.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2005

Effects of droplet size on the oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions.

The effects of droplet size and emulsifiers on oxidative stability of polyunsaturated TAG in oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions with droplet sizes of 0.806 +/- 0.0690, 3.28 +/- 0.0660, or 10.7 +/- 0.106 microm (mean +/- SD) were investigated. Hydroperoxide contents in the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 0.831 microm were significantly lower than those in the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 12.8 microm for up to 120 h of oxidation time. Residual oxygen contents in the headspace air of the vials containing an o/w emulsion with a mean droplet size of 0.831 microm were lower compared with those of the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 12.8 microm. Hexanal developed from soybean oil TAG o/w emulsions with smaller droplet size showed significantly lower residual oxygen contents than those of the larger droplet size emulsions. Consequently, oxidative stability of TAG in o/w emulsions could be controlled by the size of oil droplet even though the origins of TAG were different. Spin-spin relaxation time of protons of acyl residues on TAG in o/w emulsions measured by H NMR suggested that motional frequency of some acyl residues was shorter in o/w emulsions with a smaller droplet size. The effect of the wedge associated with hydrophobic acyl residues of emulsifiers was proposed as a possible mechanism to explain differences in oxidative stability between o/w emulsions with different droplet sizes.

Cod Liver Oil↗
PubMed1998

Effects of dietary fish oil and soy phosphatidylcholine on neutrophil fatty acid composition, superoxide release, and adhesion.

Fifty-seven healthy volunteers matched for sex and age were subdivided in 3 groups and their usual Western diets were supplemented according to three different protocols: group 1, fish oil supplement (20 ml/day); group 2, soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) (25 g/day) and group 3, no supplementation (control group). After 2 weeks several important modifications of neutrophil fatty acid composition were observed: fish oil induced a significant decrease of linoleic (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) and a significant increase of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while soy PC induced significant increases of LA, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and PUFA/SFA ratio. Neutrophil superoxide generation and adhesion were not modified by fish oil diet, on the contrary a slight but significant increase of O2.- production in response to fMLP was measured after soy PC diet. Our study confirms the possibility of changing neutrophil fatty acid composition in vivo by dietary means, but also suggests that the manipulation of cell functions, like superoxide anion generation and adhesion, is not easily and directly achieved by controlling membrane lipid environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. III. Lipolysis in affected adipose tissue.

Basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis of adipose tissue was measured at successive stages during the development of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. Changes of lipolytic activity at an early stage of yellow fat disease were not seen. There was a significant increase of basal lipolysis and a decrease of stimulated lipolysis when many fat cells were affected (stage E). Since the increased basal lipolysis probably originates from degenerated fat cells, the mechanism of enzyme activation is not clear. The decreased stimulated lipolysis was proportional to the number of affected fat cells and resulted from membrane damage of these cells. Increased 5-nucleotidase activity, seen in affected fat cells, may be important, to this reduced stimulated lipolysis.

Adipose Tissue↗