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PubMed2001

Medicare program; civil money penalties, assessments, and revised sanction authorities. Final rule with comment period.

This final rule with comment period is a technical rule that updates our civil money penalty (CMP) regulations to add CMP authorities already enacted as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) and delegated to us. The rule delineates our authority to assess penalties for: failure to bill outpatient therapy services or comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation services (CORS) on an assignment-related basis, failure to bill ambulance services on an assignment-related basis, failure to provide an itemized statement for Medicare items and services to a Medicare beneficiary upon his/her request, and failure of physicians or nonphysician practitioners to provide diagnostic codes for items or services they furnish or failure to provide this information to the entity furnishing the item or service ordered by the practitioner. The rule also contains technical changes to further conform our current CMP rules to changes in the statute enacted by the BBA.

Ambulances↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of Civil Hospital Karachi.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) amongst the health workers of Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study. A precoded Proforma was filled out which included questions regarding the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of HIV, HBV and HCV. SETTING: Departments of a tertiary health care facility at CHK. Antibodies to HIV, HCV and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were done using enzymes linked immunabsorbant assay [ELISA]. RESULTS: Uptake of screening was 98% to those offered. The prevalence was 5-6% for antibodies to HCV, 2.4% for HBsAg, while none of those studied had antibodies to HIV. CONCLUSION: Our results show the prevalence of antibodies to HCV in health workers are 20 folds higher than health workers in the developed countries. Similarly, the prevalence of HBV although not as high as HCV is significant. Seroprevalence of HIV does not exist in this group. We need to ensure better training; regulations regarding preventive and safety measures also need to be enforced.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The form of marriage in Europe: civil ceremony, religious ceremony. Survey and trends.

The author examines trends in the distribution of civil and religious marriage ceremonies in Europe over time. Information is provided on marriages among different religious groups in Central, Southern, and Northern Europe. "In many countries the proportion of religious marriages is declining, in others it shows little change, while in others it is on the increase.... In some countries their decline precedes that in the total number of marriages, in others it follows it, while in others the two movements coincide. Hypotheses have been advanced to explain these different developments, based on the socio-political and institutional contexts. These contexts can now usefully be reviewed, not in order to make forecasts, but to indicate the course of possible future developments."

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2002

Automatism: comparison of common law and civil law approaches--a search for the optimal.

This article reviews common and civil law approaches to automatism with discussion of legal definitions and the conditions in which automatism occurs. The common law approach to sane (exogenous) and insane (endogenous) automatism is examined. Despite a change in the law, which obviates mandatory incarceration for all persons found not guilty on the basis of insane automatism, the stigma of insanity remains. A number of Continental jurisdictions, though, have adopted an approach divorced from judgmental labels, whereby acts, which result from automatism, are classified under the rubric of unconsciousness. The article draws upon this approach, analyses alternatives to insane automatism and proposes instead an analysis by reference to "cognitive dysfunction", thereby removing all reference to the concept of insanity.

Automatism↗
PubMed1988

Act partially amending the Civil Code and other laws, 26 September 1987.

This Act amends the adoption provisions of the Japanese Civil Code to introduce special adoption. The following are the major principles governing special adoption: 1) special adoption occurs when decreed by the family court in circumstances where it is considered particularly necessary (e.g., when parental care is difficult or inadequate); 2) the adoptive parents should, in general, be married and be at least 25 years old; 3) the child adopted should be under six years old, but can be up to eight years old if the prospective adopters have taken care of it before it reached the age of six; 4) both parents of the child must give consent to adoption; 5) the adoption decree is not to be issued until the prospective parents have taken care of the child for at least six months; 6) legal ties between the natural parents or blood relatives and the child are terminated by the adoption decree, although the prohibitions on marriage between close relatives still apply; 7) the adopted child is considered the legitimate child of the adopting parents; 8) adoption is irrevocable except in circumstances where the adoptive parents abuse or desert the child and the natural parents can take care of the child. The Law also amends general adoption rules (under which ties to the natural parents are not severed) to allow one spouse to adopt unless the adoptee is a minor child.

Adoption↗
PubMed1988

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The following are countries that have ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights since 1983: 1) Argentina, 8 August 1986; 2) Cameroon, 27 June 1984; 3) Congo, 5 October 1983; 4) Equatorial Guinea, 25 September 1987; 5) Luxembourg, 18 August 1983; 6) Niger, 7 March 1986; 7) Philippines, 23 October 1986; 8) San Marino, 18 October 1985; 9) Sudan, 18 March 1986; 10) Togo, 24 May 1984; 11) Democratic Yemen, 9 February 1987; and 12) Zambia, 10 April 1984.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1988

Optional Protocol to the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The following countries have ratified the Optional Protocol to the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights since 1983: 1) Argentina, 8 August 1986; 2) Austria, 10 December 1987; 3) Cameroon, 27 June 1984; 4) Congo, 5 October 1983; 5) Equatorial Guinea, 25 September 1987; 6) France, 17 February 1984; 7) Gambia, 9 June 1988; 8) Hungary, 7 September 1988; 9) Luxembourg, 18 August 1983; 10) Niger, 7 March 1986; 11) San Marino, 18 October 1985; 12) Spain, 25 January 1985; 13) Togo, 30 March 1988; and 14) Zambia, 10 April 1984.

Human Rights↗
PubMed1988

Order No. R-004 creating two departments within the National Directorate of Civil Status and Population: a department of Mauritanians abroad and a department of refugees, 18 January 1988.

This Order creates two departments within the National Directorate of Civil Status and Population: a department of Mauritanians abroad and a department of refugees. The first of these is to occupy itself with all questions tied to the oversight of Mauritanian groupings abroad and the second with the problems of refugees within Mauritania.

Africa↗
PubMed1988

Civil Status (Amendment) Act 1987 (No. 2 of 1987), 13 November 1987.

This Act amends the Civil Status Act 1981 to remove provisions that had pledged to give the Muslim population of Mauritius a codified personal law to regulate marriage and personal relations. The Act has the effect of making the marriage of Muslims governed by the Napoleonic Code.

Africa↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 2458 of 1988 authorizing civil marriage separations before a notary, 28 November 1988.

This Decree authorizes separations in civil marriages in Colombia to be effected before a notary in cases of mutual consent. In such cases, the public instrument is to make provision for children and spousal support. An agreement of the spouses regarding their reciprocal obligations and their common children can be modified by common agreement before a notary or revised through judicial proceedings in accordance with the law.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Act No. 59, Civil Code, 16 July 1987.

Among other things, the Civil Code of Cuba contains the following provisions on intestate succession: "Article 514: 1) The estate falls in the first place to the direct line of descendants, formed by children and other descendants. 2) The children of the deceased inherit in their own right. The inheritance is divided between them in equal parts, without prejudice to the rights of the spouse or of parents who are incapable of working and depended economically on the deceased. 3) Grandchildren and other descendants inherit by right of representation. Article 515: 1) The estate falls in the second place to the parents. 2) If the father and mother survive, they inherit in equal parts, without prejudice to the spouse. Article 516: Parents who are incapable of working and depended economically on the deceased take part [in the estate] with the descendants of the deceased and the surviving spouse and inherit a portion equal to theirs. Article 517: If the surviving spouse takes part in the inheritance with the descendants or parents of the deceased, a portion equal to that of the persons with whom the spouse takes part will fall to the spouse. Article 518: If the deceased has neither descendants nor parents, the entire inheritance will fall to the spouse. Article 520: If there are no heirs falling within the previous sections, the grandparents and other ascendants inherit in equal parts along both the maternal and paternal lines." The Law also contains rules on testate succession. It protects the children of the deceased, their descendants, the spouse, and ascendants of the deceased who are not able to work and were dependent on the deceased. No matter what the provisions of the will left by the deceased, they are to receive half of the estate of the deceased, divided equally among them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Self-advocacy among people with disabilities in the transition from good will to civil rights: Is it sufficient?

The burdens associated with eliminating discrimination on the basis of disability have been bestowed upon those individuals in our society with the least experience in defending themselves from social and interpersonal bias. Offering people with disabilities training in civil rights, barrier identification, interpersonal communication, and problem solving skills to enhance and empower self-advocacy have been the primary means of government sponsored human service institutions to generate the desired social change. There is evidence that these actions are less than effective. Overt public commitment and outreach efforts are needed to effectively elicit change from those individuals who are directly responsible for discriminatory actions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Usefulness of the French DRG based information system (PMSI) in the measurement of cancer activity in a multidisciplinary hospital: the Hospices Civils de Lyon].

Measuring the burden of cancer activity in big teaching multidisciplinary hospitals becomes a real challenge in France for organizational, quality of care and economic reasons. At the "Hospices Civils de Lyon" University Hospital in France, we have chosen to face this question by using the french DRG based information system called PMSI. It allows to identify hospital stays related to cancer care through the use of an algorithm based on selected ICD 10 codes for hospital stay. We then estimate the proportion of patients concerned by cancer and classify hospital stays and patients according to various epidemiological and clinical parameters. The results for the year 1999 taken as an example showed that 43,883 out of 293,827 (15%) of hospital stays were related with a diagnostic of cancer, corresponding to 12,777 different patients. The concordance study on 154 patients between the data from the electronic PMSI files and medical paper records showed a 97% concordance for cancer diagnosis and 93% for the precise type of tumor. In absence of hospital based cancer registries, the PMSI data base gives an accurate source of information for cancer burden and provides many potential applications in defining hospital policies for cancer management and resource allocations.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMed2002

The civil commitment of sexually violent predators: a unique Texas approach.

Numerous states have enacted statutes focusing on the civil commitment of sexually violent predators. The Texas statute, like many others, calls for the involuntary commitment of those with a mental abnormality--specifically in Texas, a behavioral abnormality--who are likely to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence. All of these states, except Texas, have passed legislation creating inpatient treatment for those persons committed. Texas, instead, has focused exclusively on the use of outpatient treatment and supervision as an alternative to the route of inpatient commitment This article is focused on the development and implementation of the Texas statute with an emphasis on forensic assessment, expert testimony, and risk assessment.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed2002

[Experiences and psycosocial impact on soldier boys and girls from the civil war in El Salvador].

Exploratory research with 293 excombatants who participated as child soldiers in the El Salvador civil war as FMLN (Marti Front for National Liberation) members or as Armed Forces soldiers was conducted to examine their current living conditions and the impact of past military experience. Although nearly ten years have passed since the peace accords were signed, the excombatant exhibited signs of emotional disturbance. Current underprivileged living conditions and social marginalization were decisive factors which inhibited reentry into civilian life and constituted an important psychosocial impact by placing at risk their integration at the family, community and society levels.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Clara Barton: teacher, nurse, Civil War heroine, founder of the American Red Cross.

Clara Barton was a nineteenth century woman driven to greatness. She was a teacher, a nurse, a Civil War heroine and founder of the American Red Cross. In order to cut a path into the future we must know where we have been. The story of Clara Barton is about someone who cut that path. It is about courage, overcoming obstacles, never giving up and doing the job that needs doing. What makes it fascinating is the human side, the weaknesses that coloured her life. We can learn from her journey as we develop our own path into the future.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2003

[Fatal injuries of flight crews in civil aircraft and sport aircraft].

The analysis of the 74 cases of civil aviation accidents have been done from the period 1991-2000, in which 107 persons were killed. The Institute of Aviation Medicine has participated on the investigation of 86.5% crashes in the Czech republic. The majority of accidents happened in the period from april to september, 55.4% cases during weekend days. The male prevalence among bodies was significant, the average age of dead pilots was 43.5 years. Polytrauma was the most frequent cause of death. The medical cause of accident genesis was managed in one case. Heavy problem were almost 11% positive BAC of the investigated crew members. The positive toxicology findings of medical drugs in pilots were sporadic. The type of crashes and their collisions were also analysed.

Accidents, Traffic↗