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Results for “Child Development Disorders, Pervasive”

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PubMedDate not supplied

A second visually impaired, mentally retarded male with pervasive developmental disorder, Tourette disorder and Ganser's syndrome: diagnostic classification and treatment.

The authors report a second visually impaired, mentally retarded male who presents with symptoms consistent with atypical pervasive developmental disorder, Tourette disorder, and a syndrome of approximate answers (Ganser's syndrome). Both this case and an earlier reported case are significant in that they identify two children with strikingly similar long-standing symptoms and developmental histories. Since these findings may have broader relevance to children with multiple coexisting disorders, diagnostic and intervention strategies in this population are reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders.

Our understanding of childhood autism and the related pervasive developmental disorders continues to advance in many areas. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of phenotypic expression presents many challenges, not least to efforts to ascertain the prevalence of the disorders. There is now wide agreement on, and reliable application of, the diagnostic criteria for childhood autism, but there is less agreement on and less reliable application of the criteria for the related disorders atypical autism, pervasive developmental disorder-unspecified and Asperger's syndrome. Evidence about genetic associations indicates that several genes are involved in creating susceptibility to the disorder, and the first steps to identify susceptibility loci have begun. Neuroanatomical models have yet to receive consistent support but early signs of promising advances have been made in pharmacological interventions, and adequate evaluation of behavioural intervention programmes is now underway.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Disturbance of imagination and symbolization in pervasive developmental disorders: preliminary study utilizing the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Two clinical cases of children of 6 and 7 years are presented with their respective Rorschach records. The first case had a diagnosis of autism, the second of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The modes of elaboration and responses to the ambiguous stimuli of the Rorschach test were compared with the clinical symptoms of the two subjects, which are centered on the two opposite poles of absence of imagination in the first case and distortion of the imaginative processes in the second.

Child↗
PubMed2004

In search of neurophysiological markers of pervasive developmental disorders: smooth pursuit eye movements?

Genetic studies of autism would benefit from the identification of (neurophysiological) markers of the disease. Reports that subjects with autism suffer from abnormalities of visual motor processing, indicate that abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) may be a marker of the disorder. Sixteen high-functioning school-aged children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) were compared with a matched group of eighteen normally developing controls on performance of a SPEM task and a task which tested the integrity of visually guided saccadic eye movements. Both groups of children had normal eye movements during performance of these tasks. Thus abnormalities in SPEM would appear not to be a marker of PDD. The earlier reported abnormalities in visual motion processing might need to be reinterpreted.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Theory of Mind--based action in children from the autism spectrum.

In this study we investigated whether task interest facilitated the application of Theory of Mind capacities in high-functioning children from the autism spectrum. Children were invited to carry out two simple tasks. Sabotage of both tasks by a third party resulted in the experimenter appearing to have a false belief. Whereas pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) children tended to correct the experimenter's false belief in the rewarded task condition, children with autism were not influenced by task condition. These results highlight the role played by social and communicative factors in the application of Theory of Mind knowledge in the former clinical group.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

[Non-autistic pervasive developmental disorders: Rett syndrome, disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified].

The category "Pervasive Developmental Disorders" includes autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, Rett's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and a residual category, named pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. In this review, Rett's syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder, which are well-defined categories, will be discussed, as well as the not well defined categories that have been included in the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified group. Different proposals of categorization have been created, some of which based on descriptive phenomenological approach, and others based upon other theoretical perspectives, such as neuropsychology. Current proposals are presented and discussed, followed by critical appraisals on the clinical advantages and disadvantages of these concepts.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Childhood disintegrative disorder: should it be considered a distinct diagnosis?

First termed Dementia Infantilis by Theodore Heller in 1908, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) has had a history longer than that of Autistic Disorder. Presently, CDD is classified as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The characteristics most often cited as distinguishing CDD from Autistic Disorder, another one of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders, is the age of onset and evidence of normal development prior to the presence of symptomatology. Otherwise, the behavioral symptoms of CDD and Autistic Disorder are strikingly similar. The purpose of this article is to provide a historical background on CDD, examine the evolution of diagnostic criteria, review the existing literature pertaining to the disorder, and, finally, to draw conclusions regarding the validity of CDD as a distinct diagnosis with reference to current and alternative classification approaches.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1994

Risperidone in the treatment of pervasive developmental disorder.

Elevated concentrations of blood serotonin have been documented in autistic children and mentally retarded adults. Antiserotonergic pharmacotherapy has been partially effective in treating a subgroup of children with autistic disorder. Therefore, the possibility is raised that an antiserotonergic treatment may be of value to adult psychiatric patients with a history of pervasive developmental disorder. Two such cases are described where the patients underwent psychiatric and neuropsychological examination before and after treatment with risperidone, a potent 5-HT2 antagonist with additional D2 antagonistic properties. Particular improvements were documented in both patients, despite long histories of cognitive compromise and high likelihood of damage to the central nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Did Asperger's cases have Asperger disorder? A research note.

With publication of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV), standardized criteria for Asperger Disorder, a putative subtype of Pervasive Developmental Disorder, are now available. This paper examines the four cases Asperger originally presented in his seminal paper (1991/1994), using DSM-IV criteria to determine whether a diagnosis of Autistic or Asperger Disorder is most appropriate. We found that all four cases met DSM-IV criteria for Autistic Disorder, rather than Asperger Disorder. This suggests that the syndrome Asperger originally described may not be captured by present diagnostic criteria. Implications for future research are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Risperidone in pervasive developmental disorders.

Atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used in the treatment of severe behavioral disturbances in people with pervasive developmental disorders. Among these compounds, risperidone has been the most broadly studied. This drug profile will review the available data on the use of risperidone in individuals with pervasive developmental disorders. In addition, the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of risperidone are discussed. Emphasis will be placed on adverse effects associated with risperidone in these people, including a discussion of measures that can be taken to monitor for these effects. Finally, a discussion of the future direction of risperidone use in this population and key issues will be presented.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorder in a sample of psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents.

Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) is underrecognized because of lack of awareness of the wide range of severity and differing manifestations of the disorder. A survey of psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents was conducted. 3.2% of the sample of boys was found to have PDD. Underappreciation of the presence of PDD characterized the patients. Family members experienced a wide array of psychiatric symptoms and showed evidence for the presence of familial Tourette syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Global developmental disorders--etiology and classification dilemmas].

We report in this paper pervasive developmental disorders. They represent a rather numerous group of severe psychic diseases of early childhood, of unknown etiology. All psychic functions are disturbed: thinking, emotions and mental functioning. Different classifications of these disorders include various terms for similar clinical conditions. So, there is a dilemma whether it is a case of special nosologic entities or different clinical conditions of the same disorder. Infantile autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome and atypical psychosis are described. Although prognosis is commonly unfavourable, therapy may be very helpful.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Fluvoxamine treatment of a child with severe PDD: a single case study.

Recent reports suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are useful in the treatment of individuals with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. We report on a single case study of the use of fluvoxamine with a 7-year-old Caucasian girl with severe pervasive developmental disorder. Our findings indicate that fluvoxamine was significantly effective in reducing stereotypical, repetitive behaviors, anxiety, and aggression and in improving prelinguistic and social behaviors. Our results indicate that the use of the SSRIs as a platform for the long-term habilitation of these children should be considered, but further studies are required to establish the efficiency of fluvoxamine for the treatment of children with autism.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Early manifestations of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the early diagnosis of behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence and to provide the pediatrician with practical knowledge about the first symptoms of the main behavioral disorders at this age. SOURCES OF DATA: PubMed (emphasis on the past decade). SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Pediatricians should be prepared to detect behavioral disorders as early as possible. Early detection could improve outcome and/or lead to etiologic diagnosis of mendelian inheritance disorders, allowing genetic counseling. Early symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, schizophrenia, the main eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) and substance use and abuse are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The early symptoms of the main behavioral disorders in children and adolescents may appear before the age in which these conditions are currently diagnosed. Detection of early symptoms leads to early intervention, proper orientation about prognosis and, in some cases, to genetic counseling. The comorbidity among these disorders is frequent, and the symptoms of one disorder could be the first clue to allow the diagnosis of other conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The evaluation and treatment of aggression maintained by attention and automatic reinforcement.

In the current investigation, we used direct and indirect methods to assess and treat several topographies of aggression that were hypothesized to have separate operant functions in a young boy with severe mental ratardation and pervasive developmental disorder. First, a functional analysis of aggression, using the methods described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994), was conducted and produced inconclusive results. Next, indirect methods were used to develop a second functional analysis, which showed that chin grinding (firmly pressing and grinding his chin against the skin and bones of others) persisted independent of social contingencies and that the other topographies of aggression (e.g., hitting, kicking) were maintained by social positive reinforcement (attention). A treatment designed to decrease aggression maintained by attention--functional communication training with extinction--reduced all forms of aggression except chin grinding. This latter topography of aggression, which we hypothesized was maintained by automatic reinforcement, was reduced when the response--reinforcer relation was interrupted through response blocking and the child was provided with an alternative form of chin stimulation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1988

Acquisition of attention skill in pervasively hyperactive children.

The hypothesis that pervasively hyperactive children have disturbed attention and fail to acquire learning skills is tested. Attention and learning skills are defined here in terms of the controlled versus automatic processing distinction. In this report 12 pervasively hyperactive children and 12 controls were compared for their ability to develop automatic information processing during a memory recognition task. It was predicted that, if hyperactive children failed to adopt task-appropriate cognitive sets, automatic processing would either fail or develop more slowly than in controls. The data indicated that the groups differed in task efficiency: hyperactive children were slower, within-subject variance of reaction time was greater, and errors occurred more frequently than in controls. However, group differences could not be explained in terms of an attention dysfunction or an inability to develop automatic processing in the hyperactive child.

Attention↗
PubMed1984

A family with fragile-X syndrome.

A family with fragile-X syndrome is reported. One sibling has atypical pervasive developmental disorder and moderate mental retardation. A second sibling has Tourette's syndrome, moderate mental retardation, seizure disorder, and autism. A third sibling has attention deficit disorder, moderate mental retardation, and developmental language disorder, expressive type. The authors believe that this family represents a classic example of the differential outcome of interactions of common biogenetic and environmental influences. We propose that in this family the multipotential outcome is at least influenced by if not caused by a common genetic defect.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2001

Child'sTalk--for children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder.

A research assessment protocol and early intervention approach designed for use by multi-disciplinary professionals with children who have the severe social communication deficits of early autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) are described. The assessment analyses the specific pattern of social communication impairment in each child and defines the characteristics of the dyadic communication between parent and child. The intervention aims to identify facilitative strategies, using video feedback, which lead to close interpersonal interaction between the child and their parents. Parents can reflect on their own interaction and identify which strategies successfully engage their child. Child'sTalk aims to facilitate adaptations to the child's level of communication by sensitively and finely tuning the interaction and mutual sharing of intentions as a fundamental agent for the emergence of communication.

Autistic Disorder↗