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PubMed1995

Use of Office of Population Censuses and Surveys records in medical research and clinical audit.

Clinicians and epidemiologists have become increasingly interested in access to patient records for clinical audit and medical research. This article describes the historical background of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS), and the ways in which its records can be used to support such research. It also discusses how confidentiality is safeguarded, whilst at the same time access for those with approved studies has been improved.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Managing hospital census through physician/administrator teamwork.

This article describes the process of successful implementation of a system to manage and control a hospital's inpatient census. The system has implications not only for every department, but for every profession within a hospital environment. Described here is the overall impact of the system within a hospital. Also presented are important factors which have contributed to the success of implementation in this complex setting.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed1985

Declining average daily census. Part 1: Implications and options.

A national trend toward declining average daily (inpatient) census (ADC) started in late 1982 even before the Medicare prospective payment system began. The decrease in total days will continue despite an increasing number of aged persons in the U.S. population. This decline could have been predicted from trends during 1978 to 1983, such as increasing available beds but decreasing occupancy, 100 percent increases in hospital expenses, and declining lengths of stay. Assuming that health care costs will remain as a relatively fixed part of the gross national product and no major medical advances will occur in the next five years, certain implications and options exist for facilities experiencing a declining ADC. This article discusses several considerations: Attempts to improve market share; Reduction of full-time equivalent employees; Impact of greater acuity of illness among remaining inpatients; Implications of increasing the number of physicians on medical staffs; Option of a closed medical staff by clinical specialty; Unbundling with not-for-profit and profit-making corporations; Review of mergers, consolidations, and multihospital systems to decide when this option is most appropriate; Sale of a not-for-profit hospital to an investor-owned chain, with implications facing Catholic hospitals choosing this option; Impact and difficulty of developing meaningful alternative health care systems with the hospital's medical staff; Special problems of teaching hospitals; The social issue of the hospital shifting from the community's health center to a cost center; Increased turnover of hospital CEOs; With these in mind, institutions can then focus on solutions that can sometimes be used in tandem to resolve this problem's impact. The second part of this article will discuss some of them.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed1998

New data tool provides wealth of clinical, financial benchmarks by census region.

Data Library: Compare your departmental expenses, administrative expense ratio, length of stay, and other clinical-financial data to benchmarks for your census region. A new CD-rom product that provides access to four years of Medicare Cost Report data for every reporting hospital in the nation allows users to slice and dice the data by more than 200 different performance measures.

American Hospital Association↗
PubMed1999

A one year prospective census of workload and process at a community hospital casualty room.

A prospective census of patients attending the casualty room of Wicklow District Hospital (a general practitioner operated service) for one year was performed. A total of 1564 attendances were recorded, of which 904 (58%) were male and 953 (61%) were eligible for free medical care. Almost half, 735 (47%) attended outside daytime hours. Concerning type of presentation, 637 (41%) attended with acute trauma, 450 (29%) attended with acute medical and 477 (30%) attended with elective problems. Repeat visits accounted for 5% of the total. Concerning outcome of consultation, 409 (26%) were given a prescription, 307 (20%) had blood tests, 263 (17%) received dressings, 183 (12%) were referred to secondary care, 168 (11%) were followed up by their GP, 146 (9%) had minor surgery, and 86 (5%) had no intervention. This study indicates that the hospital is responsible for a considerable workload, with a significant out of hours component.

Emergencies↗
PubMed2000

Burden and cost of inpatient care for HIV-positive paediatric patients--status in the Cape Town metropole during the second week of March 1999. Paediatric HIV Census Group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the burden of the HIV epidemic on paediatric inpatient facilities in the teaching hospitals of the Cape metropole and tributaries to these hospitals. SETTING: Second- and third-level hospitals. METHOD: During the second week of March 1999 a multicentre collaborative census was performed of all paediatric beds in the teaching hospitals of Cape Town and all facilities draining to and from them. RESULTS: One hundred and six HIV-infected patients were identified from a total of 1,264 beds. Thirty-nine children were in second-level beds or in a long-term residential facility. Fifty-six children were in second-level beds designated for acute care, and occupied 12% of all such beds. Ten children were in beds designated for the care of tuberculosis. Thirty-two (56%) of the acute admissions were for gastro-enteritis, and 13 (23%) were for pneumonia. In 10 children (18% of all admissions) recognised complications of HIV infection were direct causes of admission. For 29 children (35% of all admissions) the current admission was the first; the remainder had had a mean of 2.4 previous admissions. Fourteen children (25%) had received oxygen, and 26 (46%) had received intravenous therapy. Mean lifetime hospitalisation cost per infected child was calculated to be R19,712. The projected cost of a local initiative to reduce mother-to-child transmission is between R8,326 and R10,806 per vertical infection prevented. CONCLUSION: The inpatient burden of HIV-infected children in Cape Town reflects an early stage of the epidemic. Compared with projected lifetime hospitalisation cost for infected children, an intervention to reduce vertical transmission cost would be cost effective.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of four composite deprivation indices and two census variables in predicting dental caries in 12-year-old children in Wales.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the explanatory power of four composite indices of social economic status in their ability to predict dental caries experience. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: A secondary analysis of Welsh BASCD survey data using ward aggregated dental data, census variables and composite measures of deprivation. CLINICAL SETTING: Examinations took place in schools. PARTICIPANTS: All 12-year-old children examined in the 1996/97 survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The explanatory variables were Jarman index, Welsh Underprivileged Area score (WUPA), Carstairs and Townsend indices and the outcome measure was mean DMFT. RESULTS: The amount of the mean DMFT explained by the explanatory variables ranged from 62.9% with Welsh Underprivileged Area score (WUPA) in Bro Taf Health Authority to 4.2% with the Jarman index in Dyfed-Powys health authority. Of the constituent parts of the composite variables only the percentage with no car appeared in the 'top three' variables in all but one of six models. CONCLUSIONS: The composite indices explained very different amounts of the variation in mean DMFT between the different health authorities. It would be unwise to rely on any one as a method of predicting which sections of the population would be likely to have dental disease.

Child↗
PubMed2001

The delivery of orthodontic care in New Zealand. Part I: Analysis of a census of orthodontists.

A two-part study was undertaken to determine the supply of orthodontic services in New Zealand. Part I focuses on services supplied by specialist orthodontists. A companion paper will describe the amount and characteristics of orthodontic services supplied by dentists. All orthodontists in New Zealand in 1999 were surveyed to provide information on practice location and days practiced in 1996 (the year of the last population Census), and the amount and type of orthodontic treatment carried out in the year 1 July 1998 to 30 June 1999. The response rate was 78.9 percent. Data from 1996 were used to establish and quantify the location and distribution of orthodontists in New Zealand, and their spatial relationship to 12-year-olds and 10- to 14-year-olds using Geographic Information Systems. The information from 1998-1999 was used to determine the amount and variety of services provided by orthodontists and the makeup of their patient base. Nearly two-thirds of orthodontists had a branch practice. Over 50 percent of the 10- to 14-year-old population resided within 5 km of an orthodontist, and nearly three-quarters within 10 km. Disparities between regions existed in the supply of specialist orthodontic services. The catchment areas of main urban areas had more than three times the supply of orthodontists to 12-year-olds than did the secondary and minor urban areas combined. The mean average active patient load was 371, and the mean number of full upper and lower fixed appliances placed was 130.3 during the year of the study. Nearly half of all patients had been referred from dentists, approximately one-quarter were self-referred, and a quarter had been referred by dental therapists. Adults comprised 12.1 percent of the patient load of orthodontists; 60 percent were female.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Single-parent households in Taiwan: estimation from one percent 1990 census data].

"This research employs one percent [data from the] random sample from the 1990 Census...in Taiwan...[to estimate] the proportion of single-parent households [of]...overall households...as 3.9%.... We also report the frequency and percentage distribution of ¿single-parent household' by 23 administration districts in Taiwan." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1991

[The use of census data to estimate levels of urbanization].

Problems concerning changes in the definition of urbanization for demographic analysis are examined. "This article attempts to examine the problem by clarifying the definition of the concept and indicators of urban and urbanization and by making a longitudinal analysis of urbanization using the Indonesian 1920-1990 Census data." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Polish education in the crisis decade--the testimony of population census.

"The purpose of this essay is to offer information on the links that exist between...demographic growth, education and the [labor force] in Poland, as revealed in past population censuses...taken in 1978 and 1988...." The effect of education on occupational status is discussed, and some projections for Poland's educational and employment sectors are made.

Demography↗
PubMed1989

Fertility estimates of Bangladesh using 1974 and 1981 census data.

"This paper provides some estimates of fertility level for different periods from 1974 and 1981 census data [for Bangladesh]. The fertility levels were estimated using some indirect methods of estimation. The birth rate during the 70's decade was observed to fall in the range of 45-48 per thousand.... During the last intercensal period no significant change was observed between the measures of fertility."

Asia↗
PubMed1991

A parametric method for census based estimation of child mortality.

"A parametric method for estimating child mortality from reports concerning children ever born and surviving children is presented. In contrast with previously proposed methods, it facilitates use of single-year age reports by mothers on the survival of their children. In addition, the new method makes it possible to incorporate a priori knowledge of child mortality and fertility in the estimation process. The new method is illustrated by means of an application to data from the 1976 Western Samoa census."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Religious intermix: 1996 census update.

"Intermarriage between partners of different religious identification is an important indicator of the extent of cultural maintenance. An analysis of the 1996 Census shows that religious intermix is significant and growing amongst Australia's major Catholic and Protestant faiths. The once strong divisions between Catholics and Protestants are fading. However, amongst minor religions, intermix is low. It is particularly low amongst Jews, Moslems, Hindus and Greek Orthodox adherents."

Australia↗
PubMed1998

Trends in Asian American racial/ethnic intermarriage: a comparison of 1980 and 1990 census data.

"In this paper, we use data from the 1990 [U.S.] census to compare patterns of Asian American intermarriage with those reported by Lee and Yamanaka (1990).... Our main findings show that: (i) the overall outmarriage rate has declined; (ii) Asian American inter-ethnic marriages (that is, marriages between two Asian Americans of different Asian ethnicities) have increased; and (iii) social distance, measured by an Index of Intermarriage Distance, between Asian Americans and other racial and ethnic groups has widened. We conclude by discussing some implications of the findings for the role of racial and ethnic intermarriage as an indicator of intergroup relations."

Americas↗
PubMed1981

Socio-demographic correlates of childlessness: an analysis of the 1971 Canadian census.

"The purpose of this paper is to examine childless women and the different socio-demographic characteristics associated with this demographic pattern. The study focuses on the proportion of ever-married and currently married women 15 years of age and over who were childless in 1971. The data source is the 1971 Canadian census 1 percent sample tape based on individual files, which yields a total sample of 46,376 women from all across Canada. The major correlations with childlessness among these women are age and marriage duration. The longer (and earlier) a woman is married, the lower the levels of childlessness when obvious demographic factors are controlled." It is found that "ascribed characteristics of ever-married women provide no meaningful associations to childlessness, and this description is applicable to the variables of religion, ethnicity, mother tongue, home language, and place of birth. Achieved characteristics, especially among the younger cohorts of women, are more revealing, and women who have higher family incomes, higher levels of education, who are living in large urban places and are involved in the labor force (among themselves highly correlated variables) generally have higher rates of childlessness. Implications of these findings are discussed."

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic evolution and production structure in Naples according to the information of the latest censuses.

Changes in the industrial structure of Naples, Italy, between 1971 and 1981 are examined using census data. The first part analyzes demographic shifts in the city's population. "In the closing years of that period a decline in population growth was observed and, over its last decade, there was also a change in its structure in that there was an increase in the labour force due to the huge number of young people who entered the labour market."

Age Distribution↗