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PubMed2000

Provocative use testing of methyldibromo glutaronitrile in a cosmetic shampoo.

Methyldibromo glutaronitrile (1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane, MDGN) is a component of Euxyl K400, a broad-spectrum preservative increasingly used in cosmetics over the last 10 years. Contact allergy to MDGN is not uncommon, with leave-on cosmetics and moistened toilet tissue being the most important sources. Rinse-off products have rarely been reported to elicit allergic reactions in patients sensitized to MDGN and shampoos have only been implicated in hairdressers. To determine whether subjects sensitized to MDGN would react in a provocative use test with a shampoo containing the preservative, we asked 12 pre-sensitized subjects to use a shampoo containing 0.02% MDGN for a period of 9-13 weeks. During this time, none of the subjects showed any skin reactions indicative of contact allergy. The results of this study provide evidence to support that a shampoo product containing 0.02% MDGN may safely be used by most individuals who are presensitized to MDGN.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Botulinum A exotoxin in cosmetic dermatology.

Botulinum A exotoxin, a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, is now being used by cosmetically oriented specialists for treatment of a large variety of movement associated wrinkles on the face and neck. This form of temporary chemical denervation compliments the cosmetic practitioner's armamentarium alongside resurfacing and tissue augmentation. Additionally, the use of Botulinum toxin to block sympathetic innervation of eccrine sweat glands is proving a valuable treatment of hyperhidrosis of the axillae, palms and soles.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗

PubMed2002

Botulinum toxin type A: history and current cosmetic use in the upper face.

This article reviews the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin in upper face from both the historic and clinical viewpoints. The published literature and our current experience are outlined. Botulinum toxin type A in the upper face has become an extremely popular cosmetic procedure and is outstandingly safe.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗

PubMed2001

Botulinum toxin type A: history and current cosmetic use in the upper face.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗

PubMed2001

Cosmetics in acne and rosacea.

Cosmetics that are appropriate for use in patients with rosacea and acne must be noncomedogenic, nonacnegenic, nonirritating, and hypoallergenic. This requires a basic understanding of cosmetic fromulation and the selection of products that meet guidelines for sensitive skin.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed2005

Applications of aminolevulinic Acid-based photodynamic therapy in cosmetic facial plastic practices.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a promising new technique that is being studied extensively and used in a variety of cosmetic facial plastic arenas. These applications include U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment of premalignant and malignant skin conditions, as well as off-label uses for photorejuvenation, and the treatment of acne vulgaris, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, rosacea, and hirsutism. This article reviews the interplay of factors that contribute to the appearance of actinically damaged or photoaged skin, also known as dermatoheliosis. This is followed by a brief review of the mechanisms of action of ALA-based PDT and some of its cosmetic facial plastic uses.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗

PubMed1991

Cosmetics: saving face at what price?

Arguably, women (and men) are willing victims of exploitation by cosmetics makers and advertisers, exchanging dollars and good sense for the hope of rejuvenation. This does not justify, however, lack of regulation, use of potentially harmful ingredients, or exaggerated claims. Consumers of cosmetics deserve safe effective products at reasonable prices.

Advertising↗

PubMed1994

Contact lens wear, use of eye cosmetics, and Meibomian gland dysfunction.

The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelations among contact lens wear, use of eye make up, eye rubbing, and Meibomian gland dysfunction. Fifty optometry students were evaluated for Meibomian gland function (number of lower lid glands expressing freely with gentle pressure) and fluorescein staining of the cornea and conjunctiva. Subjects were questioned regarding contact lens wear, use of eye cosmetics, and frequency of eye rubbing. No relation was detected among Meibomian gland clogging, contact lens wear, cosmetic use, or eye rubbing in these subjects. The data suggest a relation among clogged glands, contact lens wear, and fluorescein staining. Future studies of older contact lens wearers are warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Beauty and the body: the origins of cosmetics.

Ancient cultures were as preoccupied with the aesthetics of appearance as individuals are today. Dermabrasion for skin resurfacing has been performed with salt, pumice, ground grains, bone, and horn. Chemical peels have been performed with acids, metals, botanical extracts, or animal fats. Tattoos, ear piercing, makeup, skin treatments, and massages have existed for the past 5000 years. According to history, when the rise of more complex societies brought an ever-increasing demand for cosmesis, perfumers, cosmetologists, barbers, and gentlewomen became pioneers, undertaking and developing the cosmetic practices that had evolved through the ages. With the consolidation of medical specialties concerned with the management of skin care, the scientific method has been applied to adapt and perfect many of the procedures that had been carried out with only empirical knowledge. To have a better perspective from which to envision future technical and technological developments, plastic surgeons should be familiar with the origins of cosmetics and some cosmetology practices that society demands.

Cosmetics↗

PubMed2005

Over-the-counter decorative contact lenses: Cosmetic or Medical Devices? A Case Series.

PURPOSE: To illustrate the implications of the unauthorized sale and unmonitored wearing of decorative cosmetic contact lenses resulting in ocular complications and to determine the prevalence of the use of cosmetic contact lenses obtained from unlicensed providers by adolescents. METHODS: Observational case report, structured interview, and survey in a retrospective, observational, clinical practice setting. Reported sources of contact lenses were categorized as provider and nonprovider, and associations within the data were reviewed by using a Pearson correlation and chi-square test. RESULTS: Twelve patients (eight female and four male) were seen urgently for acute eye pain and redness after wearing plano decorative contact lenses. None of the patients had previously worn a contact lens. None of the lenses were dispensed by eye care professionals. Four patients developed blinding infections requiring hospital admission. Causative organisms included staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and acanthamoeba. One patient required a penetrating keratoplasty. One hundred fifty-nine patients were surveyed. Thirty-seven (23%) used decorative contact lenses. Lenses were obtained from an unlicensed provider 51% of the time. Education about lens care and handling was significantly associated with acquiring lenses from licensed providers (R = 0.74, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Colored noncorrective contact lenses are being dispensed without a prescription or fitting from unlicensed vendors. Patients who acquire lenses from unauthorized providers are significantly less likely to be instructed on appropriate lens use and care. Consequently, uninformed lens wearers are experiencing acute vision-threatening infections and inflammation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Medical uses of cosmetic colored contact lenses.

PURPOSE: To explore the clinical issues surrounding the use of hand-painted contact lenses for medical indications and to assess patient satisfaction with the use of these lenses for an unsightly eye. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all patients visiting the contact lens department of Western Eye Hospital for a colored contact lens fitting during a 1-year period. The questionnaire related to patient satisfaction with the lenses and aspects of wear. RESULTS: Replies were received from 25 of a total of 33 patients. The average wearing time was 11.3 hours per day. Most (88%) patients wore lenses for cosmetic reasons, and 12% wore lenses for cosmetic and refractive purposes. Satisfaction was 76% regarding lens comfort and 88% regarding lens color. CONCLUSIONS: Provided lens care is satisfactory and the patient does not have unreasonable expectations, a tinted contact lens can be a useful device. In view of the cost implication, this is a valuable service provided by the hospital.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Patch testing with patients' own cosmetics and toiletries--results of the IVDK*, 1998-2002.

Patch test results with products brought in by the patients collected by the members of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) between 1998 and 2002 were analysed. 5911 patients were patch tested with their own cosmetics and toiletries during this period. The 34 082 single test preparations applied to these 5911 patients were manually assigned to 1 of 26 categories, based on the EU Classification Annex I to 76/768/EEC, which had been further refined. The leave-on product category most commonly tested was 'creams, emulsions, lotions, gels and oils for the skin' (n = 3621 tested, n = 312 positive). The rinse-off product type most commonly tested was 'bath and shower preparations' (n = 1333 tested, n = 71 positive). In one-third of patients tested positive to these products, no other positive test result was observed. In the remainder, positive reactions to the fragrance mix, Myroxylon pereirae resin, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, (chloro-)methylisothiazolinone, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diole and further ingredients of cosmetics and toiletries were more common than in product-negative patients. However, in view of the potential for false-positive reactions mainly to rinse-off products, the results must be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, testing of patients' own products can be regarded as efficient and safe, if in accordance with current recommendations.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Determination of hexavalent chromium in cosmetic products by ion chromatography and postcolumn derivatization.

Chromium hydroxide green [Cr(2)O(OH)(4)] and chromium oxide green (Cr(2)O(3)) are colouring agents for use in cosmetic products. These colourants may contain chromium (VI), which cause skin allergies through percutaneous adsorption on the skin. Eye shadow is a representative cosmetic product in which significant colourants are used. We analysed the chromium (VI) in the eye shadows by ion chromatography and post column derivatization. We optimize conditions of chromium (VI) analysis in eye shadows. During the pretreatment procedure, there are no exchange of chromium (III) to chromium (VI). This method has a limit of quantification for chromium (VI) of 1.0 microg l(-1), recovery rate of 100 +/- 3% and analysis time less than 10 min. This result is 300 times more sensitive than the high-performance liquid chromatography method. We applied the optimized method to analyse 22 eye shadows and 6 colouring agents. 2 out of 22 of the products contained more than 5 mg l(-1). In our previous work, 5 mg l(-1) of Cr represented a threshold level. There was much more Cr(VI) in the colouring agents. The Cr(VI) in one of the colouring agents was 97.6 mg l(-1).

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

Hydrolysed wheat proteins present in cosmetics can induce immediate hypersensitivities.

Cosmetics containing hydrolysed wheat proteins (HWP) can induce rare but severe allergic reactions. 9 patients, all females without common wheat allergy, but with contact urticaria to such cosmetics, were studied. 6 of them also experienced generalized urticaria or anaphylaxis to foods containing HWP. All patients had low to moderate levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)E specific of wheat flour (f4) or gluten (f79). Their sensitivity to HWP and their tolerance to unmodified wheat proteins extracted from grains were confirmed using skin tests. Immunoblotting analyses showed that IgE from all patients reacted with almost all HWP tested. Reactions generally occurred with large random peptide aggregates. IgE reacted also with unmodified grain proteins, which contrasted with skin tests results. They reacted always with salt soluble proteins but variably with gluten proteins. No reaction occurred with gliadins in patients without associated immediate hypersensitivity to food containing HWP. These results show the role of hydrolysis on the allergenicity of wheat proteins, both through skin or digestive routes. At least part of the epitopes involved is pre-existing in unmodified wheat proteins. The aggregation of peptide bearing these epitopes and others created by hydrolysis, along with the increased solubility and the route of exposure, are possible factors of the allergenicity of HWP.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The use of impedance for preservative efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products.

Impedance was investigated for its applicability to preservative efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. A good correlation between impedance detection time (Td) and total colony counts (colony-forming units (cfu)) was obtained for untreated suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A good correlation between Td and the number of cfu was also obtained for suspensions of test organisms treated for varying contact periods with selected concentrations of chlorhexidine, methyl paraben and phenoxyethanol in PBS, and methyl paraben in cetomacrogol cream, but these correlations were significantly different from those for untreated suspensions. It was found that for any given number of cfu the Td for preservative treated cells was extended. It is concluded that impedance represents a valid method for preservative efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics which could be used to achieve more comprehensive but economic screening of formulations against a wider range of preservative systems and concentrations than is the current approach where only a limited range of systems are tested because of the workload involved.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed2005

Survey of bacteriological contamination of cosmetic creams in Iran (2000).

The bacteriological quality of a variety of unused and used cosmetic creams was investigated. A 1-g sample from each product was aseptically placed in 9 ml of sterile Tween-peptone diluent, and 10-fold serial dilutions were prepared. The pour plate technique was used for aerobic bacterial colony counts, and microorganisms that grew in the culture were identified. The incidence of contamination by Gram-positive Bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus and non Escherichia coli Gram-negative organisms was found to be higher for used cosmetic creams (54%, 38% and 8%, respectively) than for unused creams (38%, 25% and 0%, respectively). Viable microorganisms were not recovered from 17% of the unused items whilst only 10% of the used creams did not contain viable microorganisms. The significance of the results is discussed and the importance of adopting suitable quality control guidelines is highlighted.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1976

Quinazoline Yellow SS in cosmetics.

Five cases of allergic contact dermatitis from Quinazoline Yellow SS (D and C Yellow 11) in cosmetics are described, three from a lipstick and two from a rouge stick. Four of them showed marked oedema spreading to the eyelids and down to the neck. Two of them required systemic steroids. All four had strongly positive patch tests to the dye and to the cosmetic used.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and coal tar dyes.

Patch tests and photopatch tests with various cosmetics, coal tar dyes, perfumes, lanolin preparations and parabens-mix were performed in 53 patients with pigmented cosmetic dermatitis similar in clinical appearance to Riehl's melanosis. The results showed that coal tar dyes, particularly brilliant lake red R, were closely related to the cause of the disease. In patch testing and photopatch testing with coal tar dyes, the incidence of positive responses to the brilliant lake red R was found to be significantly higher than that to the other coal tar colors (22/38 = 57.9%). The relevance of ultraviolet light to the disease was found to be much less than the ratio expected (14/47 = 29.8%). A high incidence of positive responses to fragrances was also found, but it is considered to play a secondary role in the etiology of the disease.

Coal Tar↗