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PubMed1991

[Effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) on rat ovarian steroidogenesis and conception control].

To elucidate the action mechanisms of the IUD, I examined the relationships between ovarian steroid levels and contraceptive mechanisms in IUD-inserted rats. Female Wistar rats, 59-61 days old, were used and a polyethylene tube was into the bilateral uterine horns. Half of animals were injected with 1 mg indomethacin at the 30th and 31st days after the operation. All animals were decapitated at 1 hr after the 2nd injection. The presence of the IUD significantly increased the uterine weights due to the hypertrophy of the uterine wall, and it significantly increased ovarian testosterone and tended to increase ovarian estradiol and the estradiol/progesterone ratio. However, administration of indomethacin did not reduce these increased levels back to the levels of sham-operated rats. These results indicate that the presence of the IUD increased ovarian testosterone and estradiol, disturbing the balance between estrogen and progestin, with estrogen becoming dominant. It seems that these changes bring about the delay of fertilized egg development and disrupts the development of proper conditions for implantation, so that implantation of the fertilized egg on the endometrium is inhibited. Furthermore, this study suggests that the changes of the ovarian steroid levels in IUD-inserted rats may involve the participation of unknown uterine factors but not prostaglandins.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of the actual and expected pain response following insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device.

The expected, immediate, and three-minute pain response following IUCD insertion was evaluated in 84 nulliparous women undergoing a first IUCD insertion. Expected pain was significantly higher than immediate pain and both were significantly higher than three-minute pain. Immediate pain following IUCD insertion was positively related to expected pain but the relationship was not strong enough to be of clinical value. The pain was significantly related to the degree of cervical resistance and this relationship was made much more obvious by the use of the expected pain parameter which is a valuable additional clinical measurement in pain research. IUCD insertion pain consists of a short cervical (less than 3 minutes) and longer fundal component. Avoiding excessive uterine manipulation during device insertion results in lower immediate and later pain response scores for a given device when comparisons are made with other studies, where standard techniques were used.

Adolescent↗