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This article presents strategies for using the bibliotherapeutic process to prevent and treat adolescent alcohol and drug abuse. Definitions, goals, and principles of bibliotherapy are overviewed. Synopses of several useful books that focus on chemical dependency are presented.
Anxiety disorders are studied following the criteria established by Prof. J. J. López Ibor in his book "La Angustia Vital" (The Vital Anxiety), 1950. D.S.M. III is criticized by saying that it has substituted psychopathology with a pseudo-scientific operativeness.
Adequate preparation can help assure the success of adoptive placements for special-needs children. One successful method calls for the development of a life book, chronicling the movement of the child through the five stages that will prepare him or her for adoption.
It is generally accepted that the earliest reference to Herpes is that of the Greek historian Herodotus and was used as a description of various "creeping skin diseases"--approx. 2000 years ago. Herpes, known in Hebrew as Shalbeket (boil, vesicle) is mentioned in the Book of Exodus as early as about 3500 years ago. This is a significant revelation in medical history that the earliest reference to Herpes (shalbeket) was mentioned 3500 years ago as Shalbukin (vesicles) in conjunction with Shekhin. These names, "boils," "creeping" are two descriptions of the external signs of Herpes; indicative of the ability of the ancients to identify diseases by their external appearances and to deal with their medical and sociological aspects.
The 9 papers collected in the book "Offenheit--Zeitlichkeit--Komplexität" (Campus, Frankfurt/M., New York 1984, 1987) are discussed in view of their possible contributions to a better understanding of the phenomena arising in complex biological, ecological, economical, and social systems which would be the basis also for solving the problems caused by the enlarging technologic-economical supersystems.
The principal function of antenatal care is the identification of clinical features which require further action. Nevertheless, human vigilance is imperfect and medical staff fail to recognise 20% of risk factors. We describe here the use of microcomputers to supply action suggestions (clinical reminders) on the basis of the antenatal booking interview. Interactive programs obtain the history and provide a neatly formated hard-copy containing the action suggestions. A total of 82 suggestions are included in the programs and the average history generates 1.5 of these. These reminders are a form of quality control and they will become even more important as technological advances expand the range of possible investigations. This method is presented as an alternative to risk scoring. The suggestions are intended as reminders of items that may have passed unnoticed; they are not intended to limit or constrain individual judgement. Furthermore, they can easily be altered to suit the resources and preferences of individual hospitals. As a result of the low cost of newer microcomputers, this form of electronic reminder has now become a viable proposition on a large scale.
Whenever an excess of blood lipoids is revealed by laboratory tests, investigations should be conducted along two lines: etiological, aimed at detecting an underlying disease amenable to treatment, and dietetic, aimed at determining the patient's calorie intake. In every case, dietetic measures should begin with a normal-lipid, alcohol-free diet providing a number of calories adapted to the patient's weight. Calorie restriction is achieved at the expense of carbohydrates. This adaptation phase usually lasts 2 months. It is made easier by dietetic note-books where the amounts of each food are expressed as parts containing either 10 g of lipids or 10 g of glucides, and where fats are divided into predominantly saturated and unsaturated and glucides into slowly and rapidly absorbed. The problem of adapting the diet to the various types of hyperlipaemias is discussed. In most cases serum lipoprotein levels return to normal after 2 months of adequate diet, but it is essential to reeducate the patients in their eating habits, since successful re-education may help to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Eighty-four consenting ante-natal patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, were examined for tetanus antibodies at booking. Only 28.6% had detectable serum antibodies. Although 73.8% were immunized within three years prior to investigation, only 37.1% had measurable antibodies. It was found that the longer the interval from previous immunization, the fewer the number with detectable antibodies and the lower the titres. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed and recommendations made.
The author of the famous midwifery text book Der schwangeren Frauen und Hebammen Rosengarten has until now thought to have been Eucharius Rösslin the Elder, in whose name the first printed edition of the work appeared in 1513. According to him, he compiled the text from various sources in the years 1508-1512 at the suggestion of the Duchess Catherine of Brunswick-Luneburg. In the SB und UB Hamburg there is a handwritten preliminary draft of Rosengarten (Cod. med. 801, p. 9-130), dated by the scribe in the year 1494 (this is borne out by watermark analysis). It reproduces the text of Rosengarten without the privilegium, the dedication and the rhyming 'admonition' of the pregnant women and the midwives, as well as the glossary and the illustrative woodcuts almost identically. The printed version of Rosengarten was also expanded by Eucharius Rösslin the Elder with passages among others from Ps.-Ortolfs Frauenbüchlein. The author of this paper was also able to trace a handwritten preliminary draft of Frauenbüchlein, until now unknown, in manuscript 2967 of the Austrian National Library in Vienna. The remark Hic liber pertinet ad Constantinum Roeslin written in the manuscript by a previous owner, and a treatise on syphilis in the hand Eucharius Rösslin the Younger, would indicate that Cod. med. 801 was once in the possession of the Rösslin family. Since Eucharius Rösslin the Elder was born around 1470, and since errors and omissions in Cod. med. 801 indicate that it is a copy of an older text, we are confronted with the question of whether or not the handwritten edition of Rosengarten originates from him or from some other author.
BACKGROUND: Many authors have wondered if an artist "sees" things differently because of a vision disorder. For example, if a famous artist has a color deficiency, what would the effect be on his paintings? Would a painting be affected by a cataractous eye--or by presbyopia--or by diabetic retinopathy? Such questions have always interested the eye and vision specialist. METHODS/RESULTS: A 1970 book entitled The World Through Blunted Sight, written by British ophthalmologist Patrick Trevor-Roper, attempts to answer those questions. CONCLUSIONS: Interesting speculations are offered about the effects of myopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, and altered color vision on the works of such well-known artists as Monet, Holbein, Whistler, Gainsborough, and many others.
A structured computer-coded questionnaire was administered to 120 consecutive teenage mothers attending a public adolescent antenatal clinic in order to examine their sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviour. The mean age of teenagers attending the clinic was 17.7 years (range: 14-19); only 5 (4.1%) were under 16 years. The mean gestation at booking was 16.4 weeks (range: 6.34); 90 (75%) had unreliable menstrual dates; 29 (24.2%) were over 20 weeks, 18 (68.9%) of these saying that they were afraid to attend hospital earlier. Ninety seven (80.8%) said that they had just one sexual partner to date and 105 (87.5%) said that they were involved in a continuing relationship with the father of the baby. Conception occurred within the first year of the relationship in 110 (91.6%). One hundred and seventeen (88.2%) were from social classes III-V, 15 (12.5%) were still at secondary school and 59 (49.2%) were unemployed. Of the 105 (87.5%) who had left school 80% had not sat the Leaving Certificate and 10% had not undertaken any state examinations. Sixty seven (55.8%) continued to smoke and 29 (24.2%) to drink alcohol during pregnancy. Sixty two mothers (51.7%) had used contraception in the past; only 33 (27.5%) had used it always. The age of first coitus, fertility awareness and the use of contraception were significantly influenced by social class and education. This study highlights the necessity for early commencement of sexual education programmes.
Nineteen cases of external rotation (open book) injury of the pelvis were studies retrospectively. An apparent vertical displacement of the hemipelvis was detected on anteroposterior radiographic views in association with the separation of the symphysis pubis and opening of the sacroiliac joint. This could be confused with a vertically unstable situation; however, careful examination of the radiographs revealed that the public bone on the side of injury was displaced inferiorly. The articular portion of the corresponding sacroiliac joint on computed tomography was opened anteriorly, and the hemipelvis on the same side was externally rotated in all cases (indicating that the posterior sacroiliac ligaments were intact). An anatomic study was then performed on 10 cadaveric pelves. The symphysis pubis and the anterior sacroiliac ligament on one side were sharply disrupted, and the pelvis was gradually externally rotated. The pubic bone on the side of the sacroiliac disruption displaced inferiorly as the external rotation progressed. It is important to differentiate between the inferiorly displaced pubic bone on the side of injury in cases of external rotation injury and the superiorly displaced pubic bone on the side of injury in cases of vertically unstable pelvic injuries. This may eliminate unnecessary procedures such as skeletal traction or pinning of the sacroiliac joint.
The prototype of a safer-sex comic book was designed in response to the need for HIV intervention material targetting gay male youth in Toronto. This prototype depicted three separate stories, each based on recorded interviews, and each revolving around the negotiation of condom use between a different pair of characters. The characters were based on observations of respondents. The prototype's plausibility, relevance and attractiveness were assessed through focus groups and an evaluation questionnaire. Results indicated that most readers found the depicted stories pleasing, realistic and personally relevant. Readers found fault with the transitions between the stories and with certain character elements. Suggested solutions and comments about condom use served as directions for further development of the prototype into a finished product.
In the United States, culdoscopy (a vaginal approach to view the abdomen) replaced laparoscopy for about 20 years, circa 1950-1970. In contrast to many of his colleagues, Hans Frangenheim of Wuppertal, Germany, was not satisfied with culdoscopy and turned to an abdominal approach. Frangenheim began publishing his experiences with gynecological laparoscopy in 1958 and stressed technical improvements. He constructed a CO2 insufflator, wrote the first book on gynecological endoscopy, and introduced "cold light" into laparoscopy. Frangenheim strongly stimulated the rise of gynecological laparoscopy in Europe in the 1960s and later.
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