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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Nutritional factors modify the inhibition of CNS development by combined exposure to methadone and ethanol in neonatal rats.

The consequences resulting from the combined exposure to methadone and ethanol during a time period equivalent to the third trimester brain growth spurt was the purpose of this study. Rat pups were treated on postnatal days 6-10 and sacrificed on postnatal day 11. Body weight along with the heart, liver, kidneys, whole brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem weights were measured. The impact of nutritional factors were identified by delivery of the drug solutions in one of two intubation vehicles differing in both caloric density and composition. Ethanol and methadone in combination result in significantly increased detrimental effects compared to methadone alone only when possible nutritional compromise was present. The combined effect of both drugs significantly inhibited body growth and the development of all brain regions studied. Neither drug alone, nor in combination, produced significant inhibition of growth in the liver, heart, or kidney. The nutritional status of the pup, as represented by vehicle composition, was able to modify the specific drug effects and suggests that nutritional status can mask or enhance the determination of specific drug effects.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Embedded earrings.

Techniques used to pierce ears include needles, safety pins, sharpened studs, self-piercing kits, and spring-loaded guns. The spring-loaded gun requires minimal personnel training and because it is easy to use, it has a widespread popularity. We report twenty-six cases of embedded earrings following ear piercing with the spring-loaded gun.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Cytoplasmic pH responses to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelium.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors lower the rate of aqueous humor (AH) secretion into the eye. Different CA isozymes might play different roles in the response. Here we have studied the effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on cytoplasmic pH (pHi) regulation, using a dextran-bound CA inhibitor (DBI) to selectively inhibit membrane-associated CA in a cell line derived from rabbit NPE. pHi was measured using the fluorescent dye BCECF and the pHi responses to the cell permeable CA inhibitor acetazolamide (ACTZ) and DBI were compared. ACTZ markedly inhibited the rapid pHi changes elicited by bicarbonate/CO2 removal and readdition but DBI was ineffective in this respect, consistent with the inability of DBI to enter the cell and inhibit cytoplasmic CA isozymes. Added alone, ACTZ and DBI caused a similar reduction (0.2 pH units) of baseline pHi. We considered whether CA-IV might facilitate H+ extrusion via Na-H exchange. The Na-H exchanger inhibitor amiloride (1 mM) reduced pHi 0.52 +/- 0.10 pH units. In the presence of DBI, the magnitude of pHi reduction caused by amiloride was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.26 +/- 0.09 pH units. ACTZ similarly reduced the magnitude of the pHi reduction. DBI also reduced by approximately 40% the rate of pHi recovery in cells acidified by an ammonium chloride (20 mM) prepulse; a reduction in pHi recovery rate was also caused by ACTZ and amiloride. DBI failed to alter the pHi alkalinization response caused by elevating external potassium concentration, a response insensitive to amiloride but sensitive to ACTZ. These observations are consistent with a reduction in Na-H exchanger activity in the presence of DBI or ACTZ. We suggest that the CA-IV isozyme might catalyze rapid equilibration of H+ and HCO3- with CO2 in the unstirred layer outside the plasma membrane, preventing local accumulation of H+ which competes with sodium for the same external Na-H exchanger binding site. Inhibition of CA-IV could produce pHi changes that might alter the function of other ion transporters and channels in the NPE.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed2005

Effects of prey type on specific dynamic action, growth, and mass conversion efficiencies in the horned frog, Ceratophrys cranwelli.

To be most energetically profitable, predators should ingest prey with the maximal nutritional benefit while minimizing the cost of processing. Therefore, when determining the quality of prey items, both the cost of processing and nutritional content must be considered. Specific dynamic action (SDA), the increase in metabolic rate associated with feeding in animals, is a significant processing cost that represents the total cost of digestion and assimilation of nutrients from prey. We examined the effects of an invertebrate diet (earthworms) and a vertebrate diet (newborn mice) on mass conversion efficiencies, growth, and SDA in the Chacoan horned frog, Ceratophrys cranwelli. We found the earthworm diet to be significantly lower in lipid, protein, and energy content when compared to the diet of newborn mice. Growth and mass conversion efficiencies were significantly higher in frogs fed newborn mice. However, mean SDA did not differ between frogs fed the two diets, a finding that contradicts many studies that indicate SDA increases with the protein content of the meal. Together, our results indicate that future studies evaluating the effect of meal type on bioenergetics of herpetofauna are warranted and may provide significant insight into the underlying factors driving SDA.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

The influence of ascorbic acid on active sodium transport in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelium.

PURPOSE: Cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelium (NPE) transports ascorbic acid (ASC) inward through a sodium-dependent mechanism. This study was conducted to test whether Na-K transport is activated to export the additional sodium, which enters the cell in cotransport with ASC. METHODS: Studies were conducted using a cell line derived from rabbit NPE. ASC uptake was measured using [14C]ascorbic acid. The ouabain-sensitive potassium (86Rb) uptake rate was measured as an index of active Na-K transport. Cellular sodium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or SBFI fluorescence. RESULTS: In the presence of 200 microM ASC, ouabain-sensitive potassium (86Rb) uptake rate increased approximately 70%; lesser concentrations of ASC produced lesser increases. Phloridzin (100 microM) inhibited ASC uptake and inhibited the stimulatory effect of external ASC on 86Rb uptake. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) did not increase 86Rb uptake. Neither DHA nor ASC altered the Na,K-ATPase activity measured in isolated membrane material. External ASC appeared to stimulate active sodium transport through a mechanism involving an increase of cytoplasmic sodium. In the presence of 200 microM ASC, cellular sodium increased approximately 26%; studies with cells, sodium loaded by nigericin treatment, suggested that this sodium increase could account for the degree of 86Rb uptake stimulation observed in ASC-treated cells. However, the cellular sodium increase could not be explained simply on the basis of sodium entry through the ASC transporter. An additional sodium-entry pathway seemed to be activated in cells that accumulated ASC. Dimethylamiloride (DMA) abolished both the cellular sodium increase and the 86Rb uptake stimulation caused by ASC. DMA did not prevent ASC uptake. CONCLUSIONS: ASC significantly stimulated active Na-K transport in cultured NPE. The mechanism appeared to involve activation of a DMA-sensitive sodium entry pathway, which caused cytoplasmic sodium concentration to increase.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2001

Influence of gestational age and maternal height on fetal femur length calculations.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether current methods of detecting Down syndrome based on fetal femur length calculations are influenced by gestational age or maternal height. METHODS: Four formulas were used to calculate expected femur length (FL) based on the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) between 15 0/7 weeks' gestation and 19 6/7 weeks' gestation. For each gestational age, the BPD:FL ratio for women shorter than one standard deviation (SD) below the mean height was compared with the ratio for women taller than one SD above the mean height. A measured:expected FL ratio of 0.91 or less and a BPD:FL ratio greater than 1.5 SD above the mean was considered abnormal. RESULTS: The four formulas used to calculate measured:expected FL ratios were significantly more likely to be abnormal at 15--16 weeks' gestation, compared with 18-19 weeks' gestation (P <.05). Maternal height correlated with femur lengths at 18 and 19 weeks' gestation (P <.05) but not at earlier gestational ages. At 18 and 19 weeks' gestation, women shorter than one SD below the mean were twice as likely to have an abnormal BPD:FL ratio compared with women taller than one SD above the mean (relative risk 2.38; 95% confidence interval 1.21, 4.69). CONCLUSION: Early gestational age increases a woman's risk of having an abnormal measured:expected FL ratio, whereas short stature increases a woman's risk of having an abnormal BPD:FL ratio at later gestational ages. These findings indicate that risk assessment for fetal Down syndrome for such patients might be inaccurate. (Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:742-6.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of ration on somatotropic hormones and growth in coho salmon.

We examined the response of growth hormone (GH), total plasma insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I), and growth rate to a change in ration in coho salmon. Tanks of individually tagged fish were placed on high, medium, or low ration, and sampled every 2 weeks for 8 weeks to create a range of growth rates. Some fish received non-lethal blood draws, while others were sampled terminally. Plasma IGF-I levels were higher in high ration fish than in low ration fish from 4 weeks after the beginning of experimental diets to the end of the experiment. GH levels were low and similar in all fish after changing rations, except for the fish in the low ration group at week 2. IGF-I was strongly correlated with specific growth rate in weight in terminally sampled fish after 4 weeks. GH did not correlate with growth rate or IGF-I levels. Growth parameters (length, weight, specific growth rates in weight and length, and condition factor) responded to ration. Serial sampling reduced growth rates and hematocrit, but did not change hormone levels. This study shows that IGF-I responds to changed rations within 2-4 weeks in salmonids.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

MRI measurements of water diffusion and cerebral perfusion: their relationship in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.

The aim of this study was to examine the quantitative relationship between changes in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and transverse relaxivity (delta R2*) measurements of relative perfusion deficits within the gradients of a focal ischemic insult. Sixty minutes after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, rats (n = 7) were subjected to spin echo diffusion-weighted scans followed by fast low-angle shot (FLASH) perfusion-sensitive scans. Diffusion-weighted images showed clear ischemic lesions in the affected basal ganglia and cortex. Ischemic deficits were demonstrated as a decrease in first-pass transit of injected boluses of gadodiamide. ADC maps were generated and regions of interest (ROIs) were obtained to span the range of ADC reductions from the lesion center or core to the periphery or penumbra. Corresponding ROIs from the bolus injection images were used to calculate perfusion indexes relative to contralateral levels as ratios of delta R2* integrals and ratios of delta R2* peak values. In all animals, the degree of ADC reductions was related to the degree of delta R2* perfusion deficits, ranging from severe ischemia in the core of the lesion to intermediate and moderate changes toward the lesion periphery. In the ischemic periphery, ADC reductions were linearly correlated with delta R2* peak ratios. However, no significant correlation was found between ADC reductions and delta R2* integral ratios. These data suggest that magnetic resonance measurements of ADC and delta R2* peak ratios can be used to quantitatively assess the variable gradients in focal ischemia, including potentiallyn critical areas at risk in the ischemic periphery.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between vertical jump power estimates and weightlifting ability: a field-test approach.

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the vertical jump and estimated vertical-jump power as a field test for weightlifting. Estimated PP output from the vertical jump was correlated with lifting ability among 64 USA national-level weightlifters (junior and senior men and women). Vertical jump was measured using the Kinematic Measurement System, consisting of a switch mat interfaced with a laptop computer. Vertical jumps were measured using a hands-on-hips method. A counter-movement vertical jump (CMJ) and a static vertical jump (SJ, 90 degrees knee angle) were measured. Two trials were given for each condition. Test-retest reliability for jump height was intra-class correlation (ICC) = 0.98 (CMJ) and ICC = 0.96 (SJ). Athletes warmed up on their own for 2-3 minutes, followed by 2 practice jumps at each condition. Peak power (PP) was estimated using the equations developed by Sayers et al. (24). The athletes' current lifting capabilities were assessed by a questionnaire, and USA national coaches checked the listed values. Differences between groups (i.e., men versus women, juniors versus resident lifters) were determined using t-tests (p < or = 0.05). Correlations were determined using Pearson's r. Results indicate that vertical jumping PP is strongly associated with weightlifting ability. Thus, these results indicate that PP derived from the vertical jump (CMJ or SJ) can be a valuable tool in assessing weightlifting performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelium.

PURPOSE: To measure the activity of membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase (CA) in cultured rabbit nonpigmented epithelial (NPE) cells, determine its identity and its sensitivity to extracellular trypsin, and compare the ability of acetazolamide and a cell-impermeant dextran-bound CA inhibitor to change cytoplasmic pH. METHODS: Studies were conducted using a cell line derived from rabbit NPE. The cells were lysed and separated into soluble and insoluble fractions by differential centrifugation. CA activity in these fractions was determined using a CO2 hydration assay. In studies with intact cells, a membrane-impermeable high-molecular-weight dextran-bound inhibitor (DBI) was synthesized and used to selectively bind and inhibit the extracellular-facing membrane-bound CA. Measurements of CA activity in intact red blood cells were conducted to confirm DBI remains extracellular. Acetazolamide, a membrane-permeable CA inhibitor, was used to inhibit total CA activity. Intracellular pH was determined using the pH-dependent absorbance of the fluorescent dye BCECF-AM. RESULTS: A low-speed pellet enriched with plasma membrane material accounted for 22.3 +/- 6.1% (n = 18) of the total CA activity in the cultured NPE. When intact cells were exposed to trypsin-EDTA, a 28% reduction of membrane-associated CA activity was observed; DBI inhibited this CA activity loss. Cytosolic CA activity was inhibited by 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In contrast, membrane-associated CA was SDS resistant, a characteristic of the CA-IV isozyme. By Western blot, CA-IV immunoreactive polypeptide was detected in the cultured cells and also in native rabbit and porcine ciliary epithelium. Inhibition of total CA activity with acetazolamide and inhibition of extracellular-facing membrane-associated CA with DBI caused an identical intracellular pH decrease in intact NPE cells. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of the CA-IV isozyme could account for the significant fraction of CA activity in the cultured NPE, which is membrane associated and SDS resistant. Sensitivity to tryptic hydrolysis suggests the membrane-associated CA partially faces extracellularly. As judged by responses to an extracellular CA inhibitor, the membrane-associated CA has a functional role in maintaining cytoplasmic pH.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed2000

Beauty and the body: the origins of cosmetics.

Ancient cultures were as preoccupied with the aesthetics of appearance as individuals are today. Dermabrasion for skin resurfacing has been performed with salt, pumice, ground grains, bone, and horn. Chemical peels have been performed with acids, metals, botanical extracts, or animal fats. Tattoos, ear piercing, makeup, skin treatments, and massages have existed for the past 5000 years. According to history, when the rise of more complex societies brought an ever-increasing demand for cosmesis, perfumers, cosmetologists, barbers, and gentlewomen became pioneers, undertaking and developing the cosmetic practices that had evolved through the ages. With the consolidation of medical specialties concerned with the management of skin care, the scientific method has been applied to adapt and perfect many of the procedures that had been carried out with only empirical knowledge. To have a better perspective from which to envision future technical and technological developments, plastic surgeons should be familiar with the origins of cosmetics and some cosmetology practices that society demands.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed1981

Body forces and pressures in elastic models of the myocardium.

Tension strands are introduced to represent active myocardial fibers. They create one body force proportional to the divergence of the tension-direction vector, and a second equal to the tension divided by the radius of curvature. Explicit solutions to isotropic linearly elastic tensor equations with these body forces are found for the radially-symmetric, linearly-isotropic, elastic spherical heart with arbitrary radial body force. They confirm experiments showing supraluminal intramural pressures. Such pressures may affect coronary perfusion. A tension strand model which is a reasonable compromise between actual myofibrillar geometry and analytical simplicity is the iso-oblique, terminating, nonintersecting model. The body force from that or any other axially symmetric body force can be the forcing term for equations in which the heart is modeled as a thin, ellipsoidal, elastic membrane.

Cardiac Output↗
PubMed1975

Distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the rat brain as observed with immunocytochemistry.

The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied in the brain of adult female rats with three immunocytochemical techniques using antisera to unconjugated synthetic GnRH and to GnRH conjugated with limpet hemocyanin. GnRH was found in nervous tissue surrounding blood vessels of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. In the median eminence it occurred in nervous tissue associated primarily with the tuberoinfundibular sulci throughout their extent. Cephalic to the pars tuberalis GnRH often spread across the median eminence from sulcus to sulcus. Caudally, with widening of the median eminence, GnRH occurred dorsal to the tuberoinfundibular sulci, and especially in the external lamina medial to the sulci. A broad median zone of the median eminence was rather free of GnRH. GnRH was most concentrated in the region of continuity between the dorsolateral walls of the infundibulum and floor of the third ventricle where the tuberoinfundibular sulci are deep. Caudal to the infundibulum GnRH was disposed in a flat zone through the cephalic portion of the floor of the mammillary recess. In the median eminence GnRH appeared to be located in axons that terminated there. The amount of demonstrable GnRH varied significantly from rat to rat. The distributions of GnRH as revealed by use of antisera to unconjugated and conjugated GnRH were essentially the same. The apparent order of sensitivity of the immunocytochemical methods was: the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) (Sternberger et al.) procedure greater than the immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge (Mason et al.) procedure smaller than the conjugated antibody (Nakane and Pierce) procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a 26-kilodalton Schistosoma mansoni glutathione S-transferase.

A Schistosoma mansoni cDNA library was constructed from the mRNA of adult worms in the expression vector lambda gt11 and screened with a rabbit antiserum raised against the 26-kDa S. mansoni glutathione S-transferase isoforms (Sm GST 26). Two clones were selected and the nucleotide sequences deduced. The predicted amino acid sequence, specified by these cDNAs, shows strong homology with a Schistosoma japonicum 26 kDa glutathione S-transferase and a lower level of homology with mammalian glutathione S-transferase class mu isoenzymes (EC 2.5.1.18). No significant homology score was found with a 28-kDa S. mansoni glutathione S-transferase (Sm GST 28). A study of the tissue distribution of the cloned Sm GST 26 by immunoelectron microscopy shows similarities to Sm GST 28 in that they are present in the tegument and in subtegumentary parenchymal cells. However, a major difference exists in the protonephridial region in which Sm GST 26 is present in the cytoplasmic digitations localized in the apical chamber delineated by the flame cell body, suggesting that Sm GST 26 may be actively excreted by adult worms.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Pathology of hepatomas and other liver abnormalities in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from the Duwamish River estuary, Seattle, Washington.

Liver abnormalities were found, by gross and histopathologic examination, in 92% of the English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from the Duwamish River Estuary, Seattle, Washington. Hepatomas were found in 32% (20 of 62) of the English sole. Other observed liver aberrations included increased fatty vacuolation, congestion, structure disarray, increased size and number of melanin-macrophage centers, centrolobular fatty degeneration and necrosis, increased amounts of perivascular connective tissue, intercellular melanin deposits, and hepatocellular hypertrophy often associated with the presence of bizarre nuclei and/or multiple nucleoli. Livers evidencing microscopic lesions were usually discolored. Livers containing hepatomas were often mottled yellow or tan and brown; occasionally, hepatomas were visible as tan or white nodules. Although the cause(s) of the liver abnormalities has not been conclusively identified, chemical analyses of Duwamish River English sole have detected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels of about 1.5 ppm (dry wt) in total body tissue. Many of the above-mentioned abnormalities, with the exception of hepatomas, have been observed in fish exposed to PCB's.

Animals↗