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PubMedDate not supplied

Eating behavior and other distracting behaviors while driving among patients with eating disorders.

The current study sought to better characterize eating behavior, binge-eating behavior, and other potentially problematic, distracting behaviors while driving in patients with eating disorders. Forty patients with eating disorders who reported eating in their car at least once per week were included. Thirty subjects with eating disorders reported binge-eating while driving. A surprisingly high number of subjects reported engaging in a variety of distracting behaviors, including changing clothes, reading, applying make-up, and combing/brushing their hair while driving. Potentially problematic behaviors such as binge-eating while driving should be inquired about during assessment, and if found should be addressed in treatment planning.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Inappropriate behavior of potential guide dogs for the blind and coping behavior of human raisers.

Inappropriate behaviors of potential guide dogs (puppies) for the blind and coping behaviors of their adult female raisers (puppy walkers: PWs) were videotaped in their play situation at home from when the puppies were 2-11 or 12 months of age. The frequency of inappropriate behavior decreased with an increase in the puppies' age, suggesting that human-dog relationships became friendlier. The PWs tended to use moderate coping behaviors to stop the inappropriate behaviors of the puppies. Rejecting interaction with the puppies was effective for stopping the puppies from biting the PWs. Forcible stopping was effective for stopping the puppies from damaging objects. Not responding to the puppies was effective for stopping the puppies from biting the PWs, barking/growling and damaging objects.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Changing the relationship among nurses' knowledge, self-reported behavior, and documented behavior in pain management: does education make a difference?

An educational program designed to change knowledge in order to change pain management practices and patient outcomes was offered to nurses who provide day-to-day care to patients with cancer in communities in a predominantly rural state. A quasi-experimental time-series design was used to measure the effectiveness of the program in changing nurse knowledge, attitude and behavior, and to evaluate the relationships between the outcomes. Data were collected from nurses (N = 29) and patient charts before (N = 209) and after (N = 163) the program. Nurses' knowledge increased, but the change was not statistically significant; the mean percent of correct answers on the three subtests were different and differences persisted throughout the study. Nurses believed that patients should be "pain free." Documentation of behaviors, for example, practice activities, occurred infrequently and showed little change until 6 months after the program. Increase in documentation of pain-intensity ratings, pain location, number of sites of pain, presence of confusion, anxious or depressed mood, sleep, nausea and vomiting, constipation, and general activity were noted. Documentation of the use of a propoxyphene-containing analgesic decreased; increase in the use of hydromorphone methadone and transdermal fentanyl was noted. Analysis of the relationships between correct responses to nurse knowledge questions and documentation of behavior provided interesting, statistically insignificant results that need to be reexamined in future research. Future programs should emphasize analgesic dosing and calculation of equianalgesic doses. Current practices in chart documentation may provide incomplete information regarding change in practice behaviors; more detailed documentation of pain management practices is needed. Nurses who participated in the program anecdotally reported feelings of increased credibility and effectiveness. Although change in behavior is slow to occur, education does make a difference.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior.

Developmental studies of antisocial behavior (ASB) have found two subgroups of behaviors, roughly described as aggressive and nonaggressive ASB. Theoretical accounts predict that aggressive ASB, which shows greater stability, should have high heritability. In contrast, nonaggressive ASB is very common in adolescence, shows less continuity, and should be influenced both by genes and shared environment. This study explored the genetic and environmental influences on aggressive and nonaggressive ASB in over 1,000 twin pairs aged 8-9 years and again at 13-14 years. Threshold models were fit to the data to incorporate the skew. In childhood, aggressive ASB was highly heritable and showed little influence of shared environment, whereas nonaggressive ASB was significantly influenced both by genes and shared environment. In adolescence, both variables were influenced both by genes and shared envirnmment. The continuity in aggressive antisocial behavior symptoms from childhood to adolescence was largely mediated by genetic influences, whereas continuity in nonaggressive antisocial behavior was mediated both by the shared environment and genetic influences. These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that aggressive ASB is a stable heritable trait as compared to nonaggressive behavior, which is more strongly influenced by the environment and shows less genetic stability over time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Does the Illness Behavior Questionnaire measure abnormal illness behavior?

Abnormal illness behavior (AIB) has been proposed as a construct measuring the inappropriate or maladaptive modes of responding to one's state of health, and the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (BQ; Pilowsky, 1975) was designed to measure this construct. Previous studies using small samples have failed to agree on the factor structure of this questionnaire. The present paper examines the factor structure of the Illness Behavior Questionnaire and critically evaluates the interpretation of its dimensions as well as the construct of AIB. A factor analysis of responses from 1,061 health care and nonhealth care seeking subjects yielded six interpretable factors which substantially replicated Pilowsky's previous results. Six scales were calculated and correlated with several personality measures. The results indicated that the Illness Behavior Questionnaire is saturated with neuroticism, a dimension known to be related to excessive medical complaints. But excessive medical complaints cannot be equated with hypochondriasis or AIB in the absence of objective medical information. In the absence of evidence for the discriminant validity of the IBQ, its use as a diagnostic device is unwarranted. Treating elevated IBQ scores as indicators of abnormal illness behavior without corroborating medical information may be more misleading than accepting patients' symptom reports at face value.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behavior problems: using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development.

If maternal expressed emotion is an environmental risk factor for children's antisocial behavior problems, it should account for behavioral differences between siblings growing up in the same family even after genetic influences on children's behavior problems are taken into account. This hypothesis was tested in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study with a nationally representative 1994-1995 birth cohort of twins. The authors interviewed the mothers of 565 five-year-old monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and established which twin in each family received more negative emotional expression and which twin received more warmth. Within MZ pairs, the twin receiving more maternal negativity and less warmth had more antisocial behavior problems. Qualitative interviews were used to generate hypotheses about why mothers treat their children differently. The results suggest that maternal emotional attitudes toward children may play a causal role in the development of antisocial behavior and illustrate how genetically informative research can inform tests of socialization hypotheses.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed2005

The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors.

This article reviews behavioral-genetic research to show how it can help address questions of causation in developmental psychopathology. The article focuses on studies of antisocial behavior, because these have been leading the way in investigating environmental as well as genetic influences on psychopathology. First, the article illustrates how behavioral-genetic methods are being newly applied to detect the best candidates for genuine environmental causes among the many risk factors for antisocial behavior. Second, the article examines findings of interaction between genes and environments (G x E) associated with antisocial behavior, outlining steps for testing hypotheses of measured G x E. Third, the article envisages future work on gene-environment interplay, arguing that it is an interesting and profitable way forward for psychopathology research.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed1998

Effects of selected behavioral enrichment devices on behavior of Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Environmental complexity plays an integral role in the activity and psychological well-being of primates. The experiment described in this article evaluates the effects of nonintrusive, inexpensive, and easily managed behavioral enrichment devices on the behavior of a group of captive Western lowland gorillas. Devices used included cardboard boxes containing food items, paper bags containing food items, burlap rags, and willow and maple browse. The enrichment devices increased foraging, social play, and solitary play behaviors. Sedentary behaviors decreased. Rags, bags, browse, and boxes did not statistically decrease the incidence of regurgitation/reingestation or coprophagy. Depending on the type of enrichment item used, the effects on agonism and manipulation of enrichment item were variable. To make informed management decisions about the psychological well-being of captive animals, it is important to objectively quantify and examine the influences on their behavior.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Previous experience with behavioral control over stress blocks the behavioral and dorsal raphe nucleus activating effects of later uncontrollable stress: role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex.

Previous experience with stressors over which the subject has behavioral control blocks the typical behavioral consequences of subsequent exposure to stressors over which the organism has no behavioral control. The present experiments explored the involvement of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) in mediating this "immunizing" or resilience producing effect of an initial experience with control. Behavioral immunization was blocked by inactivation of the mPFCv with muscimol at the time of the initial experience with control, as well as at the time of the later exposure to uncontrollable stress. Inhibition of protein synthesis within the mPFCv by anisomycin also blocked immunization when administered at the time of the initial controllable stress but had no effect when administered at the time of the later uncontrollable stress. Additional experiments found that the initial experience with control blocks the intense activation of serotonergic cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus that would normally be produced by uncontrollable stress, providing a mechanism for behavioral immunization. Furthermore, mPFCv activity during the initial controllable stressor was required for this effect to occur. These results suggest that the mPFCv is needed both to process information about the controllability of stressors and to utilize such information to regulate responses to subsequent stressors. Moreover, the mPFCv may be a site of storage or plasticity concerning controllability information. These results are consistent with recent research in other domains that explore the functions of the mPFCv.

Animals↗

PubMed1973

Use and analysis of the "Good Behavior Game" to reduce disruptive classroom behavior.

A recent study reported procedures (the "good behavior game") for reducing disruptive classroom behavior. Replication of the procedures of the "good behavior game" in two classrooms showed it to be an effective technique for reducing disruptive talking and out-of-seat behavior. Further experimental analysis indicated that the effective components of the game were division of the class into teams, consequences for a team winning the game, and criteria set for winning the game. Although disruptive behavior was markedly reduced by the game, the reductions were correlated with only slightly improved accuracy of academic performance in the one classroom where academic performance was measured.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1974

An investigation of the influence of student behavior on teacher behavior.

The relationship between student behavior change and teacher reactions to the change was investigated. One fifth-grade teacher served as the subject and two students in her class were employed as teacher change agents. In a multiple baseline design, the students' disruptive behavior (the independent variable) was modified without the teacher's knowledge. The teacher's reactions toward the students (the dependent variable) was monitored on several dimensions including: teacher behavior, teacher attitude toward students, and the quality of teacher verbal statements. Results indicated that student behavior change influenced the teacher's behavior. Implications are that students possess potent reinforcing properties for teachers and that students should be trained to be effective students.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1981

Effect of the good behavior game on disruptive library behavior.

A modification of the good behavior game was used to reduce disruptive behaviors during a weekly library period of children in a fourth-grade class. Modifications included student input in designing rules, attempts to state rules in positive terms, observation of class behavior in the experimental (library) setting as well as in a comparison (classroom) setting, and librarian involvement in instituting the game coupled with teacher involvement in delivering reinforcers. Reinforcers consisted of special classroom activities conducted by the teacher with winning team members. Modification of the good behavior game did not detract from its effectiveness in reducing disruptive and off-task behavior.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

Reliability of a brief scale for assessment of coronary-prone behavior and standard measures of type A behavior.

45 male volunteers were classified by the Structured Interview for Type A behavior and also by the Jenkins Activity Survey. Each subject also responded to a series of 10 questions taken from the Milwaukee Cardiovascular Life Quality Questionnaire. 10 items of the questionnaire were tested to form a scale, the Milwaukee questionnaire--10 for the classification of Type A and B coronary-prone behavior. Each response was rated as one if it was in the previously defined direction of Type A or as zero if in Type B direction. The mean response in this population was 3.56. Subjects scoring 0 to 3 were then classified as Type B and those scoring 4 and more as Type A. Subjects were also given two standard measures of Type A behavior, the Jenkins survey and the structured interview. Comparisons of Type A vs B classes were made between the Milwaukee questionnaire and the interview and the Jenkins survey. High agreement rating Type A behavior was found among instruments. The 10 items appear to provide a reliable and brief scale for rating Type A coronary-prone behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

The Effect of Stress on Spontaneous Nest Leaving Behavior in the Mouse: An Improved Model of Stress-Induced Behavioral Pathology.

The present experiments were conducted to develop a more sensitive and reliable model of stress-induced behavioral pathology in the mouse. Male mice were housed singly in nest cages connected to either a circular tunnel, a recreational cage or a large box with food foraging apparatus. Spontaneous nocturnal out of nest activity or food foraging behavior in these environments was continuously monitored for a two week period during which time the effects of stress were examined. It was found that both repeated restraint and aggression stress markedly and persistently reduced out of nest nocturnal activity or food foraging behavior in all 3 environments but did not alter activity in a novel open field or plus maze or food or saccharin intake in the nest cage. In a preliminary experiment the reduction in out of nest activity by stress was attenuated by prior chronic treatment with the antidepressant, desmethylimipramine. Plasma corticosterone was elevated immediately after aggression stress but reduced 5 hr after chronic aggression stress. The reduction in activity did not appear the result of increased anxiety as measured by spontaneous risk assessment behavior in the nest. It is concluded that the decrease in out of nest activity after stress in the present studies models a withdrawn behavioral state and may be due to either or both a decrease in appetitive motivation to leave the nest or an increased aversion to the external environment which does not apparently involve anxiety.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Generalization of behavioral history across responses in the reversal of the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on the punished behavior of squirrel monkeys.

Previous research has demonstrated that the effects of d-amphetamine on punished lever pressing of squirrel monkeys are modified by an avoidance history in which lever pressing postpones shock. In the present experiment generalization of behavioral history across responses was assessed by determining the effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on punished lever pressing of squirrel monkeys before and after exposure to an avoidance procedure in which a chain-pulling response postponed shock. The punishment schedule consisted of a fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food delivery in which every 30 lever presses produced a 5-mA electric shock. During avoidance sessions each chain pull postponed shock delivery for 25s; in the absence of chain pulling, shocks occurred every 5s. Only a single response manipulandum was present in each phase. Punished lever pressing was initially unaltered or decreased by d-amphetamine and cocaine. Following the chain-pull avoidance history, however, d-amphetamine produced dose-dependent increases in the punished lever pressing of all three monkeys at several doses that formerly did not alter or reduce responding; a similar pattern of results was obtained when cocaine was administered to two of the subjects. The effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on punished lever pressing were subsequently determined within the context of a multiple schedule of lever-press punishment and chain-pull avoidance, with both manipulanda present simultaneously. The effects of the drugs on punished lever pressing within the multiple schedule were similar to their initial, pre-avoidance effects for the two monkeys whose responding was increased by both drugs in the preceding, post-avoidance phase. Chain pulling during the punishment component was dose-dependently increased, suggesting that chain pulling during punishment reduced the opportunity to exhibit increases in punishing lever pressing. The remaining monkey's punished lever pressing was increased by both drugs within the context of the multiple schedule. This experiment demonstrates that avoidance-dependent upward shifts in the dose-response curves of d-amphetamine and cocaine can occur when the punishment and avoidance responses differ, and that original effects can be partially restored when both responses are available simultaneously. The results suggest that generalization across responses of the effects of a critical behavioral history may be a general property of behavioral history phenomena within behavioral pharmacology. These findings underscore the generality and importance of behavioral history as a modulatory influence on the effects of abused drugs.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Environment modifies the expression of behavioral sensitization produced by methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical studies.

Effects of environmental modulation of methamphetamine (MA)-induced behavior on the establishment and mode of expression of behavioral sensitization were examined. Rats received daily injection of MA for 10 days (1mg/kg, s.c.). Half of them were immediately returned to the home cage (home cage group) and the other half were individually confined in a cylinder with a diameter of 13cm placed inside the home cage for 3h after each injection (small cage group). Gross observations revealed that rats which received MA in the small cage did not locomote but showed sniffing and rearing. The third group received saline in the home cage (saline control group). After a 7-8 day or 17-18 day withdrawal period, all groups were injected with MA (1mg/kg or 0.5mg/kg) in their home cages. The home cage group showed significant enhancement in horizontal motor activity compared to the saline control group, indicating the establishment of locomotor sensitization. In contrast, the small cage group showed no or slight enhancement in the motor activity. However, they showed significantly more stereotyped behavior compared to both the saline control and the home cage groups. Microdialysis studies revealed no enhancement in the ability of MA to increase dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens in either the home or the small cage group compared to the saline control group, when examined after either a 7-8 day or a 17-18 day withdrawal period. These results suggest that environmental modulation of actual movement under the stimulant effect modifies the pattern and character of the stimulant-induced behavior in sensitized animals. The neurochemical basis of the establishment of behavioral sensitization and the environmental modification of its expression remain unknown.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tobacco use among Pacific Islanders: risk-behavior surveys and data sets for the study of smoking behavior on Guam.

OBJECTIVES: To increase awareness of data resources from the Pacific Island of Guam, and their utility for research investigations of factors that encourage or discourage smoking among Pacific Islanders, and in turn, to produce empirical findings on tobacco use among Pacific Islanders to help fill data gaps on Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) tobacco use for small AAPI populations. METHODS: Guam's 1995 and 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data sets were selected, as well as its 1999 Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities Youth Risk Behavior System (YRBS) study, and a panel study of parental influences on risk behavior of middle school age youth conducted in 2000. Resultant sample sizes were 896 persons in 1995, and 506 in 1999. Guam's YRBS data sets are samples of middle school (grades 6-8) and high school youth (grades 9-12) in classrooms randomly sampled by grade level from both public and private schools. In 1999, a resultant sample of 589 high school students was obtained. In 2000, using the same sampling process as the YRBS studies but limited to public middle schools only, a specialized panel study obtained a sample of 270 middle school youth to study the influences of parents and peers on smoking and other risk behaviors. FINDINGS: Current smoking prevalence among adult Pacific Islanders (38 percent) on Guam is similar to other Pacific islands but comparatively high to US studies. In both 1995 and 1999, Pacific Islanders were more likely to be current smokers than other ethnic communities on island, and among those ever-smoking, they were less likely to have quit (i.e., report being former smokers). The same patterns of ethnic differences between Pacific Islanders, Asians, and non-API persons were consistently found among high school, and also middle school youth. These ethnic differences may implicate factors of tobacco accessibility, cultural definitions of "childhood," and adult role modeling, as contributing forces to smoking behavior on Guam. CONCLUSION: Pacific island communities allow for studies of ethnic-cultural influences that are not masked by factors such as acculturation, socioeconomic status, the intensity of media advertising, or urban life and its attendant conditions of minority status that affect AAPI studies in the US mainland. For tobacco control advocates and AAPI scholars across the nation, data from Guam may prove useful for investigations of differences in lifestyles, cultural beliefs or practices, and environmental exposures that encourage or discourage smoking among AAPIS, and thus help to unravel the compounding interplay between factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Bayley's infant behavior record ratings of infants with recurrent apnea: behavioral profile and correlates with apnea, age, and developmental status.

The goal of this study was to provide a behavioral profile of apneic infants and to examine relationships between behavioral ratings, apnea frequency, age, and concurrent developmental status. Two samples of previously apneic infants were included in this exploratory analysis using the Infant Behavior Record (IBR) as a measure of temperament. Frequency of IBR suspect ratings was more than twice those reported for the Bayley standardization sample for tension, object orientation, attention, and reactivity. Apnea frequency, age, and developmental status were significantly related to a number of IBR ratings with relationships remaining significant for apnea and decreased responsiveness to persons and sensory interest after controlling for age and developmental status in the combined samples. These findings are consistent with a behavioral profile described as a lethargic temperament but may reflect early physiologic instability rather than inherent behavioral style.

Arousal↗