Weight loss with psychiatric residents in a behavioral self control program.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Behavior Control”
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Scientists back CIA behaviour control.
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Behavior↗
[Eating disorders in early adolescence--study from the section on young adolescent nutrition in Jerusalem].
Young adolescents were assessed with regard to cognitive, socio-cultural and behavioral components of eating disturbances. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 5th-8th grade pupils, 280 girls and 251 boys, to assess eating habits, body image, self-confidence, environmental-cultural influences, risk behaviors and socio-economic state. Girls scored consistently higher on all weight-control behaviors. Discontent with own body, and attitudes and behaviors associated with eating disorders, were reported by under-studied populations such as boys and younger girls. Both frequency and severity of weight-control behaviors were associated with "social age." Highly significant differences between scores of 6th and 7th graders indicate that they may be at a time of increased susceptibility. Measuring the influence of the mass media gave inconsistent results.
Adolescent↗
Genetic correlation between performance on an appetitive-signaled nosepoke task and voluntary ethanol consumption.
The present study used a signaled appetitive nosepoke task as a measure of behavioral control or impulsivity related to reward system function in mice and determined how impulsivity correlated with voluntary ethanol consumption. Thirteen inbred strains were trained to nosepoke for food rewards and eventually trained to nosepoke for reward when an auditory signal was presented. Efficiency in the signaled nosepoke task indicated the ability of the mice to withhold the nosepoke response until the signal to respond for a reward was given and was considered indicative of behavioral control or impulsivity. After completion of the nosepoke task, the mice were tested for ethanol consumption in a three-bottle choice test at 3 and 10% (v/v) ethanol concentrations. Behavioral measures from the nosepoke task and ethanol consumption measures were correlated to determine a genetic relationship. High efficiency, the ability to withhold nosepoking until signaled, was negatively correlated with ethanol consumption. Thus, the strains who were better able to control their behavioral responding (i.e., less impulsive) consumed less ethanol, and strains who were more impulsive consumed more ethanol. This genetic relationship may be a mouse behavioral model for some of the neuropsychological traits demonstrated in human subjects who are family history-positive for alcoholism.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Control, compliance, and satisfaction in the family practice encounter.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the current emphasis on patient-centered interviewing, issues of control behavior have become an important facet for understanding effective physician-patient communication. In this study, we describe how verbal control behaviors are manifested during the clinical encounter and how these control patterns relate to patient satisfaction and compliance. METHODS: Videotaped encounters (n = 50) in a family practice residency clinic were transcribed and analyzed using the Relational Communication Control Coding Scheme. In addition, we surveyed patients to assess levels of compliance and satisfaction. RESULTS: Overall, patients showed assertive control patterns, and physicians manifested patterns of willingness to let patients take control of the conversation. The resulting outcomes showed that when physicians exhibited less control dominance, there was an increase in patient compliance and satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The control patterns discovered are consistent with patient-centered viewpoints that encourage the patient's expression of ideas, concerns, and expectations. Increased levels of patient satisfaction and compliance were found when patients more assertively participated in the clinical conversation.
Adolescent↗
The effects of extinction, noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement of other behavior as control procedures.
Several techniques have been used in applied research as controls for the introduction of a reinforcement contingency, including extinction, noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). Little research, however, has examined the relative strengths and limitations of these "reversal" controls. We compared the effects of extinction with those of NCR and DRO in both multi-element and reversal designs, with respect to (a) rate and amount of response decrement, (b) rate of response recovery following reintroduction of reinforcement, and (c) any positive or negative side effects associated with transitions. Results indicated that extinction generally produced the most consistent and rapid reversal effects, with few observed negative side effects.
Adult↗
CLK-1 controls respiration, behavior and aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Mutations in the clk-1 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans result in an average slowing of a variety of developmental and physiological processes, including the cell cycle, embryogenesis, post-embryonic growth, rhythmic behaviors and aging. In yeast, a CLK-1 homologue is absolutely required for ubiquinone biosynthesis and thus respiration. Here we show that CLK-1 is fully active when fused to green fluorescent protein and is found in the mitochondria of all somatic cells. The activity of mutant mitochondria, however, is only very slightly impaired, as measured in vivo by a dye-uptake assay, and in vitro by the activity of succinate cytochrome c reductase. Overexpression of CLK-1 activity in wild-type worms can increase mitochondrial activity, accelerate behavioral rates during aging and shorten life span, indicating that clk-1 regulates and controls these processes. These observations also provide strong genetic evidence that mitochondria are causally involved in aging. Furthermore, the reduced respiration of the long-lived clk-1 mutants suggests that longevity is promoted by the age-dependent decrease in mitochondrial function that is observed in most species.
Aging↗
Regulating managed care: interest group competition for control and behavioral health care.
In this essay I identify how historic patterns of competition among health care interest groups have simultaneously retained their past contours and also changed significantly as a result of the jolt created by the rise of managed care. I explain why it is that I and other executives of for-profit managed behavioral health care organizations, traditionally advocates of market-based approaches to accountability, have begun to support some versions of regulation by the national government in order to restore consumer confidence in the credibility of managed health plans. Key concepts that are addressed include notions of public accountability, control of the purse strings, consumer protections, and provider privileges.
Behavioral Medicine↗
A general role for serotonin in the control of behavior: studies with intracerebral 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.
Multiple injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the rat brainstem reduced forebrain levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid to 3-10% of the levels observed in control rats that had received intrabrainstem injection of a Locke's solution vehicle. This treatment reduced or abolished atropine-resistant cerebral activation (ARCA) in most cases. In rats in which ARCA was impaired or lost, a number of behavioral abnormalities were observed. These included: high levels of locomotion in an open field test; a deficiency in swimming to, and climbing upon, a visible platform in a water-filled tank; deficient social behavior; and impaired performance in a simple test of active avoidance. These deficits were not due to low level motor impairment. The 5,7-DHT-treated rats displayed a circadian rhythm of activity in running wheels. It is proposed that ascending serotonergic projections are an important component in the cerebral control of the Type 1 behavior with which the occurrence of ARCA is closely linked. Since Type 1 behavior includes such motor patterns as walking and manipulation of objects with the limbs, which are essential components of a great variety of behavioral performances, it is to be expected that a loss of ascending serotonergic function will result in a generalized deficit in behavior.
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
[Procedures to improve daily activities performance in individuals with cerebral anoxia: case report].
OBJECTIVE: To present a rehabilitation case study; procedures to improve the performance on daily activities were used by the caregiver. PATIENT: Cerebral anoxia due to cardiac arrest. He presented memory deficits for both visual and verbal material, temporal disorientation, abulia, psychomotor slowing and bradypsychism. METHODS: daily activities were developed in fixed hours; calendar was presented 3 times a day; daily walks were performed; self-care activities were performed by the patient with short verbal commands and cues from the caregiver. RESULTS: We observed improvement on initiative and autonomy for daily activities, attention, temporal orientation and bradypsychism. There was also reduction on response time. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral control strategies result on improvement for patients and their family although limit their routine. Behavioral control strategy promotes learning through the preserved implicit memory mechanism and results on enhancement at patient's autonomy at home.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Psychosocial and demographic variables associated with consumer intention to purchase sustainably produced foods as defined by the Midwest Food Alliance.
OBJECTIVE: To examine psychosocial and demographic variables associated with consumer intention to purchase sustainably produced foods using an expanded Theory of Planned Behavior. DESIGN: Consumers were approached at the store entrance and asked to complete a self-administered survey. SETTING: Three metropolitan Minnesota grocery stores. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (n = 550) were adults who shopped at the store: the majority were white, female, and highly educated and earned >or= 50,000 dollars/year. Participation rates averaged 62%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The major domain investigated was consumer support for sustainably produced foods. Demographics, beliefs, attitudes, subjective norm, and self-identity and perceived behavioral control were evaluated as predictors of intention to purchase them. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics, independent t tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson product moment correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analyses (P <.05). RESULTS: Consumers were supportive of sustainably produced foods but not highly confident in their ability to purchase them. Independent predictors of intention to purchase them included attitudes, beliefs, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, past buying behavior, and marital status. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Beliefs, attitudes, and confidence level may influence intention to purchase sustainably produced foods. Nutrition educators could increase consumers' awareness of sustainably produced foods by understanding their beliefs, attitudes, and confidence levels.
Adolescent↗
Contingent therapist contact in a behavioral weight control program.
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Adult↗
Controllability, coping behavior, and stress-induced analgesia in the rat.
Exposure to painful or stressful stimuli produces an analgesic reaction which can persist for 1-2 h post-stress. In the typical stress-induced analgesia study the subject is not permitted to alter or exert control over the aversive event to which it is exposed. That is, its behavior affects neither the duration or intensity of the event. The experiments reported here attempted to determine whether this inability of the subject to control the aversive event is an important determinant of stress-induced analgesia, or whether simple exposure to painful events is a sufficient condition for its production. In the first experiment rats were given either escapable electric shocks (the subject's behavior could terminate the shock), equal amounts of inescapable shock, or no shock. Tail-flick to radiant heat was assessed 30 min later. The group given inescapable shock was strongly analgesic, while the group given an equal amount of escapable shock was only mildly analgesic. Thus the controllability of the shock or the availability of a coping response determined the antinociceptive reaction which followed. The second experiment revealed that this differential effect of controllability on tail-flick responding is masked, shortly after the end of the shock session, by a transient analgesic effect of shock which is not sensitive to the controllability dimension. The implications of these results for stress-induced analgesia and the activation of opioid systems are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Determinants of exercise during colorectal cancer treatment: an application of the theory of planned behavior.
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine determinants of exercise during colorectal cancer treatment using the theory of planned behavior. DESIGN: A retrospective survey. SETTING: Cancer Registry of Alberta, Canada. SAMPLE: Randomly selected survivors of colorectal cancer (N = 110) diagnosed between 1992 and 1995 who had undergone adjuvant therapy. Participants' ages ranged from 26 to 77 years (mean = 61 years; SD = 11), 63% were male, and 85% were disease stage II or III. METHODS: Initial open-ended elicitation questionnaire to determine salient beliefs, a mailed main questionnaire, a postcard reminder one week later, and a second questionnaire three weeks later. Exercise was assessed by the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Exercise during cancer treatment, intention, perceived behavioral control, attitude, subjective norm, and salient beliefs. FINDINGS: Exercise during cancer treatment was determined by intention and perceived behavioral control. Intention was determined solely by attitude. Salient beliefs about exercise were different for patients with cancer as compared to a healthy population. CONCLUSIONS: The theory of planned behavior may be a viable framework on which to base interventions to promote exercise in patients with colorectal cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Oncology nurses need to have an understanding of motivational factors related to exercise during cancer treatment to be able to assist patients with cancer to initiate and maintain exercise.
Adult↗
A dose-response analysis of the effects of methylphenidate on the peer interactions and simulated classroom performance of ADD children with and without conduct problems.
To examine the social effects of methylphenidate, groups of 15 attention-deficit disordered boys with (ADD) and 15 ADD boys without conduct problems (ADD/CP) were paired with normal peers. ADD and ADD/CP children showed a different pattern of responses to methylphenidate. While on task behavior in ADD/CP dyads increased at 0.15 mg/kg doses, increases in ADD dyads were not observed until doses reached 0.50 mg/kg. Although controlling interaction in ADD children decreased at 0.15 mg/kg, the controlling behavior of ADD/CP children did not decline at either dose. Peers of both ADD and ADD/CP children showed reciprocal declines in controlling behavior. In both free play and cooperative task situations, 0.15 mg/kg increased social interaction in ADD boys and decreased social interaction in ADD/CP boys.
Achievement↗
Behavioral weight control for obese adolescents: preliminary findings and future considerations.
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Adolescent↗
Psychosocial predictors of healthful dietary behavior in adolescents.
OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of healthful dietary practices in adolescents using the Theory of Planned Behavior and determine how gender and ethnicity influence the relationship among the theoretical constructs. DESIGN: Initial and 1-month follow-up questionnaires, designed to measure the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and select demographic items, were administered to the participants in the spring of 1997 to gather data for this descriptive research. SETTINGS/PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 780 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 years, was recruited from randomly selected science classes at 4 public high schools in San Bernardino, California. Seven hundred and fifty participants (96%) completed the initial questionnaire and 672 (86%) completed the follow-up questionnaire. ANALYSIS: A 5-step hierarchical multiple regression procedure, general linear model analysis, and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Intention to eat a healthful diet was a predictor of healthful dietary behavior. Intention was influenced most by attitude and then by perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. Those with positive attitudes toward healthful eating believed that they would like the taste of healthful foods, feel good about themselves, tolerate giving up foods that they like to eat, and lose weight or maintain a healthful weight. Mother, siblings, and friends were identified as important predictors of subjective norm. Knowledge about how to eat a healthful diet, availability of healthful foods, motivation, and access to enough money were salient facilitating factors related to perceived behavioral control. Interesting contrasts among gender and ethnic groups also were noted. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The findings indicate that multiple attitudinal, normative, and control factors influence healthful dietary behavior in adolescents. The synergistic use of these factors in the development and implementation of nutrition education interventions may assist in the promotion of healthful eating among teens from culturally diverse communities.
Adolescent↗
An alcohol model of impaired inhibitory control and its treatment in humans.
This study developed a model of impaired inhibitory control in humans to test the efficacy of treatments for this deficit. Male social drinkers (N = 35) practiced a "go-stop" task that measured response inhibition. They then were assigned to 1 of 5 groups (n = 7) that performed the task under a different treatment. The model of impaired inhibitory control was provided by administering 0.62 g/kg alcohol to 1 group (A), whose response inhibition was compared with a placebo group (P). The other 3 groups received 0.62 g/kg alcohol plus a treatment designed to ameliorate alcohol impairment of inhibitory control: behavioral reinforcement (B), or 4.4 mg/kg caffeine (C), or a combination of both (B + C). Alcohol impaired inhibitory control, and all 3 treatments (B, C, and B + C) counteracted the impairment. The findings indicate that alcohol impairment of response inhibition may provide a useful human model to test conditions that may ameliorate or exacerbate deficits in behavioral control induced by drugs or other factors.
Adult↗