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PubMed2001

A comparison of older adolescent and adult females' responses to anger-provoking situations.

There has been an increase in research on anger in girls and women. However, few researchers have examined anger across different groups of females. The goal of this study was to examine the experience and expression of anger in individuals who differ by age and employee/student status. Two female populations, university students and employees, described their reactions to a hypothetical work/school-related situation. Similar factors elicited an angry emotion, but there were group differences in the responses to the anger experience. The results are interpreted from a gender schema perspective, taking the contextual influence of developmental period and employee/student role into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Responding effectively to patient anger directed at the physician.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patient anger because of a long wait is a common occurrence, but few studies have looked at how the anger should be addressed. This study determined patient levels of satisfaction, rating of importance, and preference for a variety of approaches for addressing anger being directed toward a physician. METHODS: A video trigger tape of an angry patient and 12 physician responses to the angry patient were shown to 130 participants who then rated the physician responses based on four approaches, alone or in combination (apology, explanation, self disclosure, and acknowledgment) for satisfaction and importance of the response. Participants also evaluated four physician follow-up questions. RESULTS: An apology combined with an explanation was rated highest in satisfaction and importance and individually ranked as the best approaches for physicians to use. "I apologize for your long wait" was rated significantly higher than "I am sorry you have been kept waiting." Although gender and prior high anger with clinicians affected the ratings of some responses, participants consistently preferred an apology and/or an apology combined with explanation as the best response. Participants also preferred physician follow-up questions that facilitated segue to the medical interview rather than questions that explored patient feelings. CONCLUSIONS: Participants clearly indicated that they would like a physician to apologize, explain the reason for the delay, and then quickly move along with the interview.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Anger management in healthcare.

Anger is not necessarily bad, according to the author. There are times when it is appropriate. At other times it can escalate unpleasantly. The article describes the different stages of anger and the author's advice on the proper response at each stage. He also lists anger reducing and anger enhancing response behaviors to be aware of.

Anger↗
PubMed2002

Anger and acute coronary events.

A high level of anger has a powerful effect on the incidence of preventable cardiovascular death. Persuasive clinical evidence indicates that anger evokes physiological responses that are potentially life-threatening in the setting of CAD. Finally, emotional stress, anger, or worry have a dominant influence on the severity, frequency, and treatment of angina. The natural history of angina is characterized by episodic variations in the frequency and severity of symptoms coincident with periods of emotional stress. When angina is associated with periods of emotional stress or anger, the angina is not usually a result of progressive coronary disease, but rather is due to an increase in oxygen demand. Appreciation of this concept will help to rule out "true" unstable angina due to progressive coronary disease from recurrent angina that results from an increase in oxygen demand related to emotional stress. The former requires aggressive medical or surgical therapy; the latter, a demand-induced angina, responds to beta-adrenergic blockade and a tranquilizer.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Young children's coping with interpersonal anger.

Although interest in children's stress and coping has increased, little attention has been paid to children's interpersonal coping. During free-play periods, we observed and recorded the causes of preschoolers' (M age = 55.43 months) anger and how they reacted to these provocations (n = 69). Measures of social competence and popularity also were obtained. Preschoolers' coping with interpersonal anger varied in meaningful ways in different contexts and varied for boys and girls. For example, boys tended to vent more than girls, whereas girls tended to actively assert themselves more than boys. Moreover, the findings supported the conclusion that socially competent and popular children coped with anger in ways that were relatively direct and active and in ways that minimized further conflict and damage to social relationships. Results were discussed in light of current research on children's abilities to regulate emotions and social interactions and how these may be related to children's anger-related coping responses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Effects of trauma exposure on anger, aggression, and violence in a nonclinical sample of men.

This study assessed the impact of traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on anger, aggression, and violence among civilian male college students. Results suggest that civilian men who have been exposed to a potentially traumatic event (PTE) and report symptoms of PTSD indicate more trait anger, more internal anger and hostility, and more aggression and violence than men who do not report symptoms of PTSD. Results are contrasted to those found in clinical samples of male veterans with PTSD and discussed in terms of understanding and treating anger and aggression in non-clinical, trauma-exposed populations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-esteem, strategies of coping and feeling of anger in french patients with anorexia nervosa].

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare self-esteem, coping strategies and feeling of anger in French populations with anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Thirty two adolescents with anorexia nervosa were investigated during their hospitalisation in the Psychiatric Department of the Hospital Sainte-Croix of Metz and of the Hospital of Children of Nancy-Brabois. The control group consisted of 57 French students of the University of Verlaine Paul in Metz. An anonymous questionnaire form concerning family life, the state of health and course of illness, the Self Esteem Inventory by Coopersmith (1984), the Brief COPE by Carver (1997) and the Self Expression Control Scale by Van Elderen et al. (1997) were applied to 89 women. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between self-esteem, coping strategies and feeling of anger in French anorexics and the French group control. French anorectic adolescents show low social, familial and general self-esteem. They can be described as making less use of acceptance, humour and focus on and venting of emotions as the coping strategies, as usually not reinterpreting the situation positively in order to deal with emotional distress (do not use the coping strategy of positive reinterpretation) and as reducing their efforts to cope with the situation (behavioural disengagement). French anorexics conceptualise their anger against themselves (the interiorisation of anger).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Anger: the hidden part of grief.

Anger, under any circumstances, is difficult to experience and understand. When associated with grief, anger seems startling and somewhat inappropriate. Yet the failure to recognize and the inability to work with angry feelings may compromise and inhibit the necessary grieving process. If not confronted directly, anger emerges in a variety of disguises such as disabling illness, maladaptive behavior, and chronic unhappiness. Using numerous case examples, the authors address the role of anger in the grieving process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

A school-based anger management program for developmentally and emotionally disabled high school students.

Using Novaco's cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of anger, several practitioners developed cognitive-behavioral approaches for effectively intervening with aggressive youth. However, little attention has been paid to using these approaches with young people whose cognitive, emotional, and behavioral limitations appear to preclude them from benefiting from these interventions. A group program at a special school has demonstrated that older adolescents and young adults with diagnoses such as pervasive developmental delay, mental retardation, and autism can benefit from such a model if it is modified to meet their special learning needs. Through the use of daily logs, group reinforcement, role playing, skill building and relaxation techniques, normalizing anger, and providing liaison to classrooms, multiply handicapped students were able to learn the physiology, triggers, and consequences of anger as well as to develop coping strategies for managing their anger, while reducing aggressive acting out. Most of these students will enter protective work and residential settings in the future, and possessing these skills will facilitate their successful placement and increase the likelihood that some will succeed in entering some aspect of the adult mainstream.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The interpersonal context of emotion: anger with close friends and classmates.

While a great deal of work in recent years has focused on the role of cognitive evaluation of events in the elicitation of anger, little has been said about how the interpersonal context of events colors such evaluation. In this study, we varied critical features of events identified by theorists (provocation, intent, and apology) along with the interpersonal context of the events. We examined the reactions of preadolescent and young adolescent boys and girls to hypothetical situations involving anger-provoking actions by best friends and classmates (casual acquaintances). The situations involving best friends elicited higher ratings of personal violation, more intense and prolonged negative emotion (including sadness and hurt feelings in addition to anger), and more coping attempts geared toward relationship preservation than did the situations involving classmates. Girls seemed to be particularly sensitive to relationship differences, consistently reporting different responses when friends and classmates were involved. Findings associated with the theoretical features of anger elicitation (provocation, intent, and apology), while generally fitting predictions, were less clear and convincing, overall, than the effects of relationship context. Findings related to age were limited but were consistent with research on the changing nature and meaning of friendship as children enter adolescence. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of relationship context as a backdrop against which emotional experience must be viewed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

"Missed, dissed, and pissed": making meaning of neighborhood risk, fear and anger management in urban black youth.

The risk factor, stress engagement, and coping experiences of African American youth are not well understood. Given the stressors of racism, hopeless perceptions of urban youth, and violence experience and exposure, anger experience and expression are reasonable resilient and risky reactions to this atmosphere of hostility. This study analyzed the impact upon the anger management of adolescents when calamity fears, neighborhood social capital, and kinship social support are known. The findings suggest that when the calamity fears of youth are high, their anger experience and expression is minimized. This finding was prominent for adolescents living in high-risk neighborhoods. Kinship social support showed a positive relationship to anger suppression for youth in high-risk environments. Implications for understanding the phenomenological stress and coping experiences of African American youth are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Cardiovascular reactivity among hostile men and women: the effects of sex and anger suppression.

This study examined cardiovascular reactivity differences among hostile men and women. Sixty-four individuals (33 women 31 men; M = 19.9 years of age) were selected from a sample of 105 volunteers based on their Cook-Medley Hostility Scale scores (Cook & Medley, 1954; less than or equal to 24). Analyses revealed no significant sex differences in Cook-Medley Hostility scores. At baseline, men had higher mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) level. However, during the Stroop Color-Word Conflict Task (Stroop, 1935), high-hostile men and women exhibited similar cardiovascular responses. Further analyses revealed that cardiovascular responses to the Stroop task were differentially associated with among men and women as a function of anger suppression. For women, anger suppression was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses and negatively associated with SBP responses. In contrast, anger suppression was negatively associated with DBP changes and not associated with SBP responses for men. The results suggest that personality factors, such as high hostility and anger suppression, may influence the degree to which men and women differ in their cardiovascular responses to interpersonal stressors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cardiovascular consequences of anger and other stress states.

Anger is the affective state most commonly associated with myocardial ischaemia and infarction and life-threatening arrhythmias, with at least 36,000 (2.4% of 1.5 million) heart attacks precipitated annually by anger in the United States. Fear, anxiety and bereavement are also implicated in increased vulnerability to cardiac events. The lethal cardiovascular consequences of these behavioural stress states in patients with ischaemic heart disease are attributable to activation of high-gain central neurocircuitry and the sympathetic nervous system, provoking acute sinus tachycardia, hypertension, impaired myocardial perfusion and cardiac electrical instability. The fields of epidemiology, behavioural medicine and cardiovascular physiology have generated new methodologies for studying the pathophysiology of anger and other behavioural stress states with the goal of developing means to sever the link between the anger and its life-threatening consequences.

Anger↗
PubMed1999

Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy.

The influences of emotions on eating were investigated. One-hundred and seven female and 103 male subjects were asked to report how various characteristics of eating could change during the emotions of anger, fear, sadness and joy. Subjects completed a questionnaire of 33 items for each emotion and a food deprivation condition. A factor analysis of the items answered with respect to food deprivation yielded four factors which were labelled hunger, impulsive eating, sensory eating and hedonic eating. ANCOVAs showed main effects of emotions upon each factor. Single comparisons showed that: (1) subjects reported to experience higher levels of hunger during anger and joy than during fear and sadness; (2) impulsive eating and sensory eating were rated higher during anger than during the other emotions; and (3) hedonic eating was rated higher during joy than during the other emotions. Results did not indicate any differential influences upon eating between fear and sadness. Women reported to experience higher tendencies of impulsive eating and sensory eating than men during anger and sadness. Eating scores of negative emotions correlated low and positive with body mass index, low and negative with dietary restraint. The differential effects of emotions on characteristics of eating may be due to differences of the examined emotions in frequency of occurrence, physiological correlates and motivational properties.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Is there an association among low untreated serum lipid levels, anger, and hazardous driving?

Anger and hazardous driving were explored in two studies for their possible explanatory role in the low cholesterol-violent mortality association. In Study 1, we obtained fasting blood samples and indices of anger and driving habits from 102 healthy young adults. Among men (but not women), lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were associated with significantly higher anger (r = 41, p < .01) and unsafe driving habits (r = -.30, p < .05), and although total cholesterol levels were correlated in the predicted direction, these were not significant. In Study 2, 78 healthy young men completed the same measures, and this time, both lower total and LDL-cholesterol were significantly related to increased anger and dangerous driving. Implications of these findings are discussed as are possible avenues for future research. Further scrutiny of the components of serum cholesterol and their relation to psychological factors may aid us in better understanding the reasons why men are at increased risk for hazardous behavior and violent death.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Increasing constructive anger verbal behavior decreases resting blood pressure: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled hostility intervention.

We hypothesized that increasing anger verbal behavior in an assertive, constructively motivated style should decrease resting blood pressure (BP) and that this behavior may be one mechanism through which hostility relates to BP. We tested this hypothesis by conducting secondary analyses on a single-blind, matched, randomized controlled study of hostility modification and BP. A total of 22 high-hostile male patients with coronary heart disease were matched on age and hostility level and were randomly assigned to either an 8-week cognitive-behavioral hostility treatment (n = 10) or an information-control group (n = 12). Patients were reassessed after treatment and at 2-month follow-up on hostility, observed anger expression, and resting BP. We found that decreases in hostility predicted increases in constructive anger behavior-verbal component, which in turn predicted decreases in resting BP at follow-up. Thus, one of the mechanisms underlying the hostility-BP association may be the lack of constructive anger expression.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

[Estimate of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis based on a rheumatology study in the district of Angers].

The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is generally estimated to be 1 per cent, despite the marked differences between the various results published according to the survey techniques and the epidemiological criteria employed. The present survey consisted of patients from the target population (the 248,009 inhabitants of Angers over the age of 15 years), who had been examined by one of the hospital or private rheumatologists working in Angers between 1960 and 1984 and who were considered to be suffering from inflammatory rheumatism. The cases of rheumatoid arthritis included in this survey were still alive and were living in Angers between January 1 and June 30 1984 and corresponded to at least two of the New York criteria. The prevalence determined according to this technique was 0.17 per cent for two criteria and 0.11 per cent for three criteria. After discussing the bias and the particular conditions of the study, it appears that these particularly low levels are essentially related to: a recruitment bias due to the limitation of the survey to patients seen by rheumatologists, to the choice of New York criteria and more especially of 3 criteria which increases the specificity of the survey at the expense of the sensitivity, to the long observation (mean of 10.4 years) which contributed to a reduction in the number of false positives. The validity of this study is supported by the comparison with the study by O'Sullivan et al. also based 2 New York criteria with a follow-up of 3 to 5 years, which concluded on a prevalence of 0.24 per cent compared with 0.17 per cent in Angers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anger, hostility, and depression in assaultive vs. suicide-attempting males.

Hostility and depression were examined in male psychiatric patients who exhibited either assaultive (n = 40) or suicide-attempting behavior (n = 20). Both groups were compared to a sample of nonviolent males (n = 22) to provide a basis for interpreting the absolute as well as relative magnitude of these variables in relation to their violent behavior. Both suicide-attempting and assaultive patients were characterized by high levels of hostility and depression, as evidenced by significantly higher scores than those of the nonviolent group on almost all indices. Assaultive subjects evidenced relatively greater overt expression, frankly assaultive impulses, and verbalized anger and hostility. Suicide-attempting subjects tended to experience anger and hostility in a more intropunitive and covert manner and displayed higher levels of guilt and depression. Covariance analyses indicated that anger and depression contributed separately to the affective configuration of the assaultive and suicide-attempting groups.

Adult↗