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PubMed2005

Consideration of soil properties in assessment of human health risk from exposure to arsenic-enriched soils.

Encroachment of residential development on agricultural lands in the United States where arsenical pesticides were extensively used prior to the 1990s has increased the potential for human exposure to arsenic (As), a group A carcinogen. Soil ingestion by children is a critical issue in assessing health risks from exposure to As-enriched soils. In the absence of a universal "soil model" on As bioavailability, many baseline risk assessment studies use the assumption that all (100%) As present in soil is bioavailable. However, As exists in many geochemical forms as dictated by soil chemical properties. Because As bioavailability is a function of soil speciation, using total soil arsenic values potentially overestimates human health risk, thereby increasing site cleanup expenses. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to estimate in vitro As bioavailability as a function of soil properties in four chemically variant soil types contaminated with sodium arsenite pesticide. Results demonstrate that As speciation in certain soils translates to significant lowering of As bioavailability and hence potential cancer risk.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2006

Water quality monitoring: the basis for watershed management in the Oldman River Basin, Canada.

The Oldman River flows 440 km from its headwaters in south-western Alberta, through mountains, foothills and plains into the South Saskatchewan River. Peak flows occur in May and June. Three major reservoirs, together with more than a dozen other structures, supply water to nine irrigation districts and other water users in the Oldman basin. Human activity in the basin includes forestry, recreation, oil and gas development, and agriculture, including a large number of confined livestock feeding operations. Based on the perception of basin residents that water quality was declining and of human health concern, the Oldman River Basin Water Quality Initiative was formed in 1997 to address the concerns. There was limited factual information, and at the time there was a desire for finger pointing. Results (1998-2002) show that mainstem water quality remains good whereas tributary water quality is more of a challenge. Key variables of concern are nutrients, bacteria and pesticides. Point source discharges are better understood and better regulated, whereas non-point source runoff requires more attention. Recent data on Cryptosporidium and Giardia species are providing benefit for focusing watershed management activities. The water quality data collected is providing a foundation to implement community-supported urban and rural better management practices to improve water quality.

Alberta↗
PubMed2006

Development and implementation of a watershed management plan forLlac la Biche, Alberta, Canada.

Lakeland County is experiencing increasing developmental pressures arising from the oil and gas boom at nearby Fort McMurray. There is increased industrial traffic passing through the county, and 600 new residential lots are proposed in 2005, almost double from 5 years ago. Deteriorating surface water quality has been a concern in the area due to an increase in development and agriculture, while excessive fish harvesting and winterkills have impacted commercial and recreational fisheries. Today, walleye and pike populations in the lake remain collapsed and restocking efforts have not been successful. Due to the lack of studies done on the watershed, the county is leading a multidisciplinary research study which includes a baseline water quality study, riparian health assessments, land use mapping and ground-truthing and projects with the local health authority. This research has been summarized in a comprehensive state of the watershed report, which will be used to complete a watershed management plan for the Lac la Biche watershed. Recommendations from the state of the watershed report and watershed management plan will also be incorporated into municipal planning documents and recommend changes to the Municipal Government Act itself.

Alberta↗
PubMed1981

Mortality and working conditions in agriculture in underdeveloped countries.

The search for information and analysis of the mortality of agricultural workers in underdeveloped countries shows that there exists hardly any research on this subject. What little information that can be found is incomplete and scattered, making it difficult to gain systematic empirical knowledge of the problem. In addition, data are not collected for the purpose of explaining the patterns of mortality observed. It therefore seems necessary to generate a theoretical framework permitting the analysis of mortality among agricultural workers. This paper intends to point out the close relationship that exists between the mortality and the dynamic of the social and economic process of agriculture in the underdeveloped countries. By doing so, we hope to show that the problems of health, disease, and death of socially defined groups are not simply a matter of biology, but of the interrelation between biology and the historical process of which these groups are a part.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Introducing undergraduate students to animal science: a discovery course for non-majors.

A discovery course titled "Living with Animals and Biotechnology" was taught to first-year students enrolled in disciplines other than Animal Science during the fall semesters of 1994 and 1995 at the University of Illinois. The course provided freshman students with an overview of how animals and biotechnology interact with our global society. It focused on technological achievements involving animals and how they influence the development of agriculture, medicine, and industry in our world. The course was conducted in a discussion format and met once a week. Upon successful completion of the course, students received one credit towards graduation. A total of 17 and 19 students completed the course for the two semesters that the course was offered. Most of the students (86%) were majors in the College of Liberal Arts and Science. Students rated the course high (4.85 +/- .06 with 5 = exceptionally high) and found the course a valuable learning experience (4.57 +/- .11 with 5 = very valuable). When surveyed 93% of the students said the discovery course gave them a much better impression of the Department of Animal Sciences. Most of the students (86%) said they would consider taking another animal science course. Offering one credit animal science discussion courses by faculty with diverse expertise introduces students to animal science. It also may stimulate student curiosity and excitement about the field of animal science.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Are low income countries targets of the tobacco industry? Plenary lecture given during the Conference on Global Lung Health and 1997 Annual Meeting of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Palais des Congrès, Paris, France, 1-4 October 1997.

Estimations show that tobacco consumption is steadily increasing in low income countries already deprived of basic human needs, such as adequate food and water supplies and education. Among the many factors affecting this, the most significant is the aggressive marketing strategies of the tobacco industry. The tobacco industry operates by denying health evidence, sponsoring scientific research that diverts attention to other fields, investing heavily in promotion and advertising, interfering with national public health laws, forming joint ventures with national monopolies, and persuading governments on the risks of smuggling. Turkey, a tobacco-growing country, opened its markets to the multinational tobacco industry after 1984. This paper presents examples of the marketing strategies used by the tobacco industry in the last two decades, and shows the consequences for Turkey in the hope that this information can help other low income countries that are not yet targets of the invasion of the tobacco industry.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Maternal and child assistance programs; model application form--HHS, Department of Agriculture. Notice.

This notice publishes a model application form that States have the option of using in full, in part, with modification or not at all. It would be used by pregnant women or by children under 6 years of age to apply for benefits simultaneously under several congressionally specified "maternal and child assistance programs": (1) The Medicaid program under title XIX of the Social Security Act; (2) the Health Care for the Homeless grant program under section 340 of the Public Health Service Act; (3) the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Services block grand program under title V of the Social Security Act; (4) the Migrant and Community Health Centers programs under sections 329 and 330 of the Public Health Service Act; (5) the Head Start program under the Head Start Act; and (6) the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) under section 17 of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966. This notice is published in accordance with section 6506(a) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA '89) (Pub. L. 101-239), which requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, to develop a model application form for the specified maternal and child assistance programs for publication in the Federal Register. This model application form represents a first effort to develop a joint model application form covering the programs mandated by Congress. If modifications are necessary due to changes in program requirements, or States or other user experience, they will be pursued.

Child↗
PubMed2000

An evergreen revolution.

The term 'Green Revolution' was coined in 1968 to indicate revolutionary improvements in crop yield in several Asian countries. Many of these improvements came at the cost of adverse environmental effects in areas subjected to intensive farming. However, where population pressure is high, there is no option except to produce more food. Productivity must increase, but in ways which are environmentally safe, economically viable and socially sustainable. This has been christened an 'Evergreen Revolution'.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

[The problem of knowledge among enlightened landowners and merchants in the province of Caracas, Venezuela (1793-1810)].

Part of the native elite of the province of Caracas, consisting of landowners and merchants, were slow to become aware of the importance of knowledge and technique for the development of the colony. Awareness came from the moment when they began to participate in the government of the recently unified Tierra Firme provinces (currently Venezuela), through the operation of the Real Consulado de Caracas (1789). Although the consulate had mercantile court functions, it was also responsible for stimulating the development of agriculture and trade in the provinces. The Consuls were concerned with the lack of scientific knowledge and technical personnel needed to improve and increase agricultural productivity, and also with the colony's trade infrastructure. This was a powerful reason for the Consulate to sponsor the project of a Mathematics Academy in Caracas. However, this led to a conflict with another sector of the native elite: academicians at the university. Although influenced by Enlightment ideas, they did not understand the need to instruct young persons in mathematics as applied to the practical crafts.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1980

[Not Available].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Demography↗
PubMed2002

Effect of salts on the functional properties of benniseed (Sesamum radiatum) seed flour.

The effects of salts, KCl, NaCl, K2SO4, Na2SO4 and CH3COONa on the functional properties of benniseed (Sesamum radiatum) flour were studied. Results showed that the lowest gelation concentration of 18% observed in the absence of the salts was improved and found between 12 and 16% in the presence of different salts under consideration. The foaming capacity of about 18.0% in distilled water increased progressively from 30.5 +/- 1.0 to 56.0 +/- 0.6% depending on the concentrations and types of salts used. At low salts concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) the water absorption capacity decreased between 89.8 +/- 0.5 and 85.0 +/- 0.6% comparably with 182.0% in the absence of salts while the emulsion capacity also decreased between 43.5 +/- 0.2 and 42.0 +/- 0.9% with increase in salt concentrations of 0.5 to 10.0%. The foaming capacity and foaming stability that were 18.0 and 3.0% in the absence of the salts were improved and found within the range of 30.5 +/- 1.0 to 56.0 +/- 0.1% and 14.0 +/- 0.8 to 22.4 +/- 0.1% respectively. The dependence of protein solubility with pH was found to be a function of the type and concentration of salts considered. The curves showed that the solubility of the protein of the flour was found between the pH of 5.0 in the absence of the salt and varied between pH of 2.5 and 7.5 indicating that the protein is soluble in both the acidic and basic regions of pH scale. At high concentration of 5.0 and 10.0% of all the salts used, the solubility was high/enhanced at acidic region of pH, suggesting that the protein may be useful in acid food formulations.

Crops, Agricultural↗