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PubMed1985

Relationships during adolescence: a cross-national comparison of New Zealand and United States teenagers.

The present study was designed to test Coleman's focal model of adolescent development in a further cross-national context. American adolescents, comparable in age, socio-economic status, sex, and urban residence to Coleman's original sample, were given the London Sentence Completion Test. Results were compared to those from a similar sample in New Zealand; few significant differences in sentence outcomes emerged. Support is provided for the focal model, which suggests that changes in interpersonal relationships resulting from the individuation process in adolescence are not dealt with all at once, but rather issue by issue. Furthermore, a similar sequence for issues over time of peak concern was observed for British, New Zealand, and United States samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Socioeconomic determinants of inequality and self-reported morbidity among adolescents in a developing country.

OBJECTIVE: Studies about health inequalities among adolescents have been conducted principally in developed countries. Although adolescents represent 15% of the Mexican population, no studies are available in this specific age group on health inequalities. In this study, we assess differences in the perception of morbidity severity among adolescent students, as well as their association with selected socioeconomic characteristics. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study (base-line of a longitudinal study of adolescent's health) in 1999. Participants were Mexican adolescents (n=12769) aged 12-19 years, attending to public schools selected through of multistage sampling method. We measured the health status through a self-reported morbidity in 2 weeks time. We included several socioeconomic indicators and for statistical analysis we used the multinomial logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported health problems was 32%. Women had 23% increased odds for reporting health problems. Age was positively associated to frequency and severity of health problems; also, there was a positive association with the mother's occupation, one-parent homes, and not owning an automobile. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity reporting rates are higher than expected in this population. Moderate reporting levels are found among social groups, especially when health problems were perceived as moderately severe, suggesting the importance of socioeconomic factors as determinants. Further studies should conducted using different kinds of health indicators in this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A cognitive vulnerability-stress perspective on bipolar spectrum disorders in a normative adolescent brain, cognitive, and emotional development context.

Why is adolescence an "age of risk" for onset of bipolar spectrum disorders? We discuss three clinical phenomena of bipolar disorder associated with adolescence (adolescent age of onset, gender differences, and specific symptom presentation) that provide the point of departure for this article. We present the cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress model of unipolar depression, evidence for this model, and its extension to bipolar spectrum disorders. Next, we review evidence that life events, cognitive vulnerability, the cognitive vulnerability-stress combination, and certain developmental experiences (poor parenting and maltreatment) featured in the cognitive vulnerability-stress model play a role in the onset and course of bipolar disorders. We then discuss how an application of the cognitive vulnerability-stress model can explain the adolescent age of onset, gender differences, and adolescent phenomenology of bipolar disorder. Finally, we further elaborate the cognitive vulnerability-stress model by embedding it in the contexts of normative adolescent cognitive (executive functioning) and brain development, normative adolescent development of the stress-emotion system, and genetic vulnerability. We suggest that increased brain maturation and accompanying increases in executive functioning along with augmented neural and behavioral stress-sensitivity during adolescence combine with the cognitive vulnerability-stress model to explain the high-risk period for onset of bipolar disorder, gender differences, and unique features of symptom presentation during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Adolescent anabolic steroid use and aggressive behavior in golden hamsters.

In the present study, the ability of high-dose androgens, namely AAS, administered during adolescence to facilitate aggressive behavior in experimental animals was examined. Data from these studies show clearly that exposure to high doses of multiple AAS during adolescent development can predispose animals to intense bouts of aggressive behavior during young adulthood. Specifically, young adult hamsters treated with high doses of AAS throughout adolescence were more likely to attack and bite intruders placed in their home cage than sesame oil (vehicle)-treated control animals. Further, AAS-treated animals displayed a higher intensity of attack during the test period, exhibiting greater than four times the number of attacks/bites of control animals. Given the recent reports of increased incidence of AAS abuse in the adolescent population and the documented stimulatory effects of AAS on aggressive behavior, the study of the behavioral and neurobiological effects of prolonged exposure to AAS during critical phases of development such as adolescence warrants further investigation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

The peer relations of dropouts: a comparative study of at-risk and not at-risk youths.

Little research has been devoted to exploring the relationship between high school disengagement and friendship network changes. In this study, the characteristics of friends, the environments of the friendship network and the nature of peer relations of students at-risk and not at-risk of dropping out of high school were compared. A questionnaire was given to 191 high school students (109 males, 82 females) from a middle class environment at the beginning and end of the school year. Results indicated that at-risk students had more dropout friends, more working friends, fewer school friends and fewer same-sex friends. Sex differences were discovered in several areas. Findings are discussed in relation to research and theories pertaining to dropouts and adolescent development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Determinants of suicide ideation: a comparison of Chinese and American college students.

A LISREL model that incorporates both social and psychological factors was used to explain Chinese and American college students' suicide ideation. Questionnaire data were obtained from one Chinese sample (N = 320) from four universities in Beijing and one American sample (N = 452) from one university in the Rocky Mountain area. As in the American sample, Chinese females score higher on the ideation scale than Chinese males, but the overall rate is lower for the Chinese than for the American college students. The findings in the American data support previous literature that family cohesion and religiosity are inversely related to suicide ideation, while the Chinese data suggest a positive correlation between religiosity and suicide ideation. This article offers a comparison of different cultural environments for Chinese and American adolescent development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Eating disorder and the family--a review].

The importance of the family in eating disorders has been the subject of a great deal of speculation ever since anorexia nervosa was first described some 130 years ago. Given the importance of the family in child and adolescent development, it also has great bearing on how young people learn to deal with food. But the research is inconclusive as to the family's precise role in the development of an eating disorder. There is no support in the literature on which to base a comprehensive understanding of the family setting in which a member develops an eating disorder; this also applies to anorexia nervosa cases. When groups of families afflicted with different psychiatric disorders are compared, it seems that families in which bulimia nervosa occurs tend to be more dysfunctional than families afflicted with anorexia nervosa. It also seems that families afflicted with anorexia nervosa function better than families afflicted by other psychiatric disorders. In this article the research on family functioning in relation to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is reviewed and its relevance discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Acute, short-term, and chronic effects of marijuana on the female primate reproductive function.

Studies with laboratory animals clearly show that the crude drug marijuana and delta-9-THC, the principal psychoactive ingredient, inhibit secretion of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH as well as prolactin. These changes in pituitary hormone levels produce decreases in sex steroid hormones and cause disruption of ovulation and spermatogenesis. With chronic drug use, disruption of sex accessory organs has also been observed. A principal site of THC action is the hypothalamus, because THC effects on pituitary hormone production can be reversed with hypothalamic releasing factors. It is now known that drug effects in sexually mature animals are reversible when drug treatment stops. In adults, tolerance develops to hormone changes brought on by the use of marijuana. Clinical studies on human subjects generally agree with the animal findings, although conflicting results have been reported as well. It is likely that the differences in results obtained in experiments with laboratory animals and with humans are caused, at least in part, by differences in experimental design. Further, it is not known how much disruption of reproductive hormone levels is necessary for changes in human fertility and sexual function to occur. The use of marijuana by pregnant women or by women who are attempting to become pregnant is cause for special concern. Studies with laboratory animals and retrospective studies on women who have used marijuana during pregnancy show that the risks of pregnancy loss and other adverse effects on the fetus are increased by marijuana use. THC crosses the placental barrier and while the potent teratogenic and mutagenic effects suggested for marijuana some years ago have not been confirmed, significant changes consistent with retardation of fetal growth and development have been observed. Effects of THC on the proper functioning of the placenta may be responsible for these effects on pregnancy. Pregnancy that occurs after the development of tolerance with chronic marijuana use may involve an ovum that has been damaged by exposure to the drug during critical developmental stages. More studies need to be done before the mechanisms of toxic effects on pregnancy and fetal development can be described. While there have been no clinical studies relating marijuana use to adolescent development, studies in laboratory animals show that the developing reproductive system during adolescence is particularly vulnerable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Incidence of skeletal complications during treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: comparison of fracture risk with the General Practice Research Database.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal complications during or after treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been frequently reported and can cause substantial morbidity, yet their incidence is not well established. The present study assessed the incidence of fractures, osteonecrosis (ON), and bone pain during ALL treatment and compared the fracture incidence with age- and sex-specific reference data from the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD). PROCEDURE: Medical records of 122 ALL patients diagnosed at our institution from 1992 to 2004 were reviewed for information on fractures, ON, bone pain, and their anatomical location, risk group, phase of antileukemic therapy, and time since diagnosis. Evaluation of skeletal complications was followed up until July 2005 or the patient's death. Thirteen children were excluded as they were transferred to other institutions shortly after diagnosis. RESULTS: Skeletal complications occurred at a 5-year incidence of 32.7%. The 5-year incidence of fractures, ON, and isolated bone pain was 13.5%, 12.1%, and 12.3%, respectively. The relative rate of fractures adjusted for age and sex was 2.03 (95% confidence interval 1.15-3.57) compared to the GPRD, with greatest rates in children <5 years. Thirty ON occurred in 10 patients with a 15 times greater incidence in children >10 years than in those <5 years. Nearly all skeletal complications occurred during maintenance therapy at a median of 14.92 months (range 0.0-53.8) after diagnosis and in weight-bearing bones. CONCLUSIONS: The doubled fracture rate and the high incidence of skeletal complications during the first years after diagnosis suggest the developing skeleton is very vulnerable in this period. Adolescents develop more ON whereas younger children may be more prone to fractures. Serious "immediate effects" of chemotherapy on bone appear of great concern and should entail preventative studies in this group of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Wellness factors among adolescents.

This study was directed toward the identification of components of wellness in adolescents ages 12-17. Content for wellness-learning games aimed at youth was derived from the professional judgment of an advisory panel composed of experts in preventive medicine, health education, and adolescent development. The panel was polled by mail in a Delphi-like series of structured inquiries to gather information about the physical, social, and emotional characteristics of healthy adolescents and to identify the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to the promotion or support of those characteristics. The study resulted in a consensus of 39 attributes considered important in the development of healthy adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Frontal lobe involvement in the processing of meaningful auditory stimuli develops during childhood and adolescence.

Auditory event-related N1b reflects attention-related processing in bilateral temporal auditory cortex. Frontal contributions indicating an orienting reaction have been suggested. We analyzed the maturation of frontal contributions to the auditory event-related potential following the warning stimulus in a contingent negative variation (CNV) task by high-resolution current source density mapping and spatio-temporal source analysis in 80 healthy subjects and 121 primary headache patients (migraine with/without aura, tension type headache) from 6 to 18 years; as increased orienting responses and disturbed maturation have been described in migraineurs. A selective local increase of N1b with age occurred at mid-frontocentral leads. This increase could not be explained sufficiently by overlapping bilateral temporal sources but pointed towards additional frontal activation over the supplementary motor area (SMA) in adolescents which was absent in children. A second frontal N1 component peaked about 50 ms later, showed an earlier maturation and has been suggested to reflect early response selection processes in the anterior cingulate. Primary headache patients showed the same component structure and developmental trajectory as healthy subjects without significant influences of differential diagnosis. We conclude that: (1) Brain maturation crucially influences N1b. (2) Two frontal lobe N1 components can be dissociated in their maturational trajectory. (3) Early SMA activation could be elicited by rare auditory stimuli from about 12 years on, allowing fast sensory-motor coupling without previous categorical stimulus classification. (4) Primary headache patients did not differ in their maturation of frontal or temporal contributions to N1b when elicited by moderately loud short tone bursts.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent mental health. Prevention and treatment programs.

Adolescent mental health represents a neglected area of research. Mental health objectives include the promotion of optimal functioning as well as the prevention and reduction of maladaptive functioning. This article examines behaviors and conditions that place adolescents at risk for adverse outcomes and the urgent need for prevention and treatment to promote adaptive functioning. The current status of prevention and treatment programs is discussed along with critical issues including the interrelation and contribution of both prevention and treatment; the interplay of basic and applied research; and the need to extend existing interventions as well as to devise new models to address underserved, understudied, and high-risk populations. Research on the role of adolescent development, paths toward adjustment and maladjustment, and special opportunities that adolescence presents for intervention are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epilepsy in adolescence: implications for the development of personality.

Sixteen adolescent children with onset of epilepsy between the ages of 1 and 12 years and 16 control children were investigated by interview, self-esteem scales, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Children with epilepsy had a significantly larger discrepancy between the self-image and the ideal self-image than did the control children. TAT indicated the body and self-image is poorer, the unknown and the risk of acting out more threatening, the sex identity less stable, and the defense not as adaptive as the control group. Persons suffering from epilepsy are often stigmatized. One explanation could be the influence of epilepsy on the development during adolescence of the basic trust of their bodies and of themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Conversational versus expository discourse: a study of syntactic development in children, adolescents, and adults.

In this cross-sectional investigation, syntactic development was compared in conversational versus expository discourse in 120 typically developing children, adolescents, and adults, age 7 to 49 years. Each participant was asked to discuss common topics such as school, family, and friends to elicit conversational discourse and to explain the rules and strategies of a favorite game or sport to elicit expository discourse. The results showed greater syntactic complexity in expository discourse than in conversational for all age groups, supporting the view that complex thought is driving the development of complex language. For both genres, growth in syntax continued throughout childhood and adolescence and into early adulthood (age 20-29 years) and remained stable into middle age (age 40-49 years). The 2 best indicators of growth were mean length of T-unit and relative clause production, both of which showed age-related increases into early adulthood. Another variable that was sensitive to growth was the total number of T-units produced, a measure of language output. In general, older speakers talked more than younger ones regardless of genre. Despite the statistically significant group effects, there were wide individual differences. For example, in the expository genre, some of the younger children used rather elaborate syntax whereas some of the older adults spoke quite simply. Thus, it appears that individual variability can exist at all points along the age continuum, despite the trend toward greater syntactic complexity as a function of increasing chronological age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rationale for tobacco cessation interventions for youth.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Four of every five persons who use tobacco begin before they reach adulthood; more than 3,000 young persons begin smoking each day. In addition, smoking is addictive-three of four teenagers who smoke have made at least one serious, yet unsuccessful, effort to quit. The importance of tobacco use cessation programs for youth is addressed in Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives and in recently passed legislation related to the Goals 2000 National Education Goals. CDC's Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction states that tobacco cessation programs are needed to help young persons who already use tobacco. In 1994, both the Surgeon General's Report, Preventing Tobacco Use among Young People, and the Institute of Medicine's report, Growing Up Tobacco Free, indicated that there were very few effective cessation programs for youth and that more research is needed in this area. This project convened experts to provide recommendations on the design of a tobacco cessation intervention for youth, including helping pregnant teenagers who smoke to stop. This program is based on effective adult cessation programs with modifications relevant to adolescent development. During the first year the major foundational work for this project was accomplished. A database of key contacts and other related interventions in tobacco cessation for youth was developed, a review and analysis of prevalence and trends in adolescent smoking were conducted, and a cooperative agreement with the American Medical Association was established to complete the design, implementation, and evaluation of an effective tobacco cessation program for youth. During the second project year, this program was tested through quasi-experimental research at various school-based health clinics throughout the country. The third year involved follow-up data collection and program modification based on the results. Plans for dissemination of the intervention to youth-serving agencies across the nation will be developed. This is a 3-year project.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Developmental transitions: linking human development with tobacco prevention research.

We consider the impact of developmental transitions on the emergence of unhealthy behavioral patterns during adolescence. Although prevention efforts and studies of tobacco use have incorporated aspects of adolescent development, continued efforts to examine the nature of individual differences in developmental experiences should prove useful for improving prevention efforts. This paper briefly describes factors of developmental transitions that have been associated with changes in health-compromising behaviors. Ultimate success in prevention requires an understanding of when in the life course prevention efforts will be most effective, considering that youth face multiple transitions and experience them differently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adolescent health psychology.

In this article, a biopsychosocial model of adolescent development is used as an organizing framework for a review of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention research with adolescent populations. During adolescence many critical health behaviors emerge, affecting future disease outcomes in adulthood. In addition, most of the predominant causes of morbidity and mortality in adolescence are unique to this period of development, indicating that health-focused interventions must be tailored specifically to adolescents. Moreover, it is during adolescence that lifelong patterns of self-management of and adjustment to chronic health conditions are established. Thus, an increased focus on adolescence in health psychology research is important both to improve the health of adolescents per se and to optimize health trajectories into adulthood.

Adolescent↗