Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Admixture”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Fiscal impact of a total nutrient admixture program at a pediatric hospital.

The financial impact of a total nutrient admixture (TNA) program at a 201-bed pediatric hospital was evaluated, and operational and clinical benefits of the program were identified. Data were collected over 60 days to determine the average number of patients receiving TNAs per day. Daily acquisition costs for equipment and solutions for the TNA system were subtracted from the costs that would have resulted from the delivery of TPN and fat emulsion by separate infusions. The average number of TNAs dispensed daily was multiplied by the time involved in preparing and administering the two delivery systems to determine the impact on daily personnel costs. Based on an average of 20 patients receiving TNA therapy daily, the daily costs for equipment and solutions for preparation of TNAs, as well as the daily equipment costs for TNA administration, were less than those for the administration of separate solutions. Nursing time for the administration of TNAs versus separate solutions was reduced, while pharmacy time associated with the preparation and delivery of solutions increased slightly with the TNA program. This increase was attributed to more time spent by pharmacists on compatibility screening with the TNA program. The estimated total daily cost savings with the TNA program was calculated as $515 for 20 patients. Clinical advantages of the TNA system included improving tolerance and use of fat by administration of emulsion over 24 hours; providing the patient's daily parenteral nutrient needs in a more concentrated source; and reducing the risk of touch contamination and sepsis, based on decreased manipulation of i.v. administration equipment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1988

Method for testing the sterility of total nutrient admixtures.

A test for determining the sterility of a total nutrient admixture (TNA) containing equal quantities of 10% fat emulsion (Liposyn II), 8.5% amino acids injection, and 50% dextrose injection using the USP membrane filtration procedure was developed and evaluated. Membrane filter selection was determined by analysis of flow rates, membrane fluid compatibility, bubble point stability, and rinse fluid requirements. Microbial challenges employing five organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and both soybean casein digest and fluid thioglycollate media were used to confirm the ability of the test to detect low-level microbial contamination. A polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was determined to be the most appropriate of the membrane types studied because of its superior flow rate and membrane-fluid compatibility. Bubble point testing revealed no detrimental effects on the membrane. The potential problem of haziness caused by retention of the TNA by the membrane with subsequent release in the culture media (which could result in false-positive growth determinations) was diminished by using a sterile 0.1% peptone solution rinse and careful observation techniques. Performance of the sterility test by six hospital pharmacists required an average of 14.2 minutes. Sterility testing of alternate TNAs compounded with Intralipid and Nutralipid was not feasible because of prolonged filtration times. The basic USP membrane filtration procedure for large-volume injections can be used by hospital pharmacists for testing the sterility of TNAs. When fat emulsions are used in compounding, sterility-testing procedures specific to the emulsion product used should be developed and evaluated.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1988

[Cytotoxic action of the chemical substances found as admixtures in medical immunobiological preparations].

The cytotoxic action (CTA) of chemical substances contained as admixtures in medical immunobiological preparations on human diploid cells has been studied. Such chemical substances as rivanol and merthiolate in admissible concentrations show the highest degree of CTA. The results obtained in this investigation indicate that different concentrations of chemical substances may produce equal CTA; thus, thiolate in toxic in a dose of 0.8 microgram/ml; the same CTA is produced by aluminium sulfate in a concentration of 500 micrograms/ml. Small doses of chemical substances, producing no explicit manifestations of the cytotoxic effect, may have latent CTA determined by additional methods of investigation. CTA may be manifested as lethal, sublethal and latent cell lesions. In working out regulations on the test for CTA it is expedient to indicate admissible residual amounts of chemical substances contained in finished medical immunobiological preparations, considering that these amounts must be incapable of producing CTA in cell cultures. The conclusion has been made on the expediency of denoting small amounts of chemical substances capable of producing latent CTA as tentatively tolerable doses.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1988

Compatibility of premixed theophylline and verapamil intravenous admixtures.

The stability of verapamil hydrochloride injection when mixed with a commercial product of premixed theophylline in 5% dextrose injection was studied. Solutions containing theophylline in concentrations of 4.0 and 0.4 mg/mL were used. Verapamil hydrochloride was added to each theophylline solution to produce final verapamil concentrations of 0.4 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL. Each admixture was prepared in triplicate, and samples were kept at room temperature in glass. Immediately after mixing and at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours, samples were visually inspected, tested for pH, filtered, and assayed in duplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography for theophylline and verapamil concentrations. Control solutions containing only one of the two drugs were also tested. No visual changes were observed. The addition of the verapamil hydrochloride injection to the theophylline in 5% dextrose injection resulted in decreased mean pH values of 4.29 and 4.37 for all solutions compared with 4.80 and 4.90 for the verapamil control samples at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.1 mg/mL. These values did not vary significantly throughout the study period. Theophylline and verapamil concentrations did not change significantly compared with baseline or control solutions during the study period. Verapamil hydrochloride injection in final concentrations of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/mL can be added to a commercial preparation of premixed theophylline in 5% dextrose injection in concentrations of 0.4 to 4.0 mg/mL and administered intravenously within 24 hours of mixing without loss of potency of either drug.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1988

Interaction of heparin sodium and dopamine hydrochloride in admixtures studied by microcalorimetry.

Microcalorimetry was used to investigate the interaction between dopamine hydrochloride and heparin sodium in 5% dextrose injection and in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Heat of reaction (in microjoules) was measured by flow calorimetry for the following combinations of solutions: dopamine hydrochloride solution and heparin sodium solution prepared from powdered forms of the drugs in water; solutions of the powdered drugs in 5% dextrose injection; solutions of the powdered drugs in 0.9% sodium chloride injection; solutions prepared in 5% dextrose injection from commercial dopamine hydrochloride injection and commercial heparin sodium injection; and solutions prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection from the commercial drug injections. Mixing the solutions of the powdered drugs in water caused heat to be evolved, as did mixing the solutions of the powdered drugs diluted with 5% dextrose injection and the commercial injections diluted with 5% dextrose injection. The interactions of the two drugs were believed to be ionic, based on the exothermic nature of the reaction. No heat of reaction was measurable when sodium chloride was used as the diluent. Based on this preliminary investigation, admixtures containing heparin sodium and dopamine hydrochloride should be mixed in 0.9% sodium chloride injection to minimize the risk of interaction between the two drugs.

Calorimetry↗
PubMed1978

Physicochemical determinants of incompatibility and instability in injectable drug solutions and admixtures.

Several physicochemical conditions or phenomena most commonly causing incompatibility, instability or related difficulties in parenteral drug solutions and admixtures are reviewed. The following factors involved in chemical incompatibilities are reviewed: concentration, pH, acid-base character, reduction-oxidation, photolysis, epimerization, temperature, dextrose catalysis and hydrolysis. The following factors involved in visual incompatibilities are discussed: pH, acid-base character, solvent system, color change, complexation, adsorption and adherence, dissolution rate, salting-out and leaching, and foaming. Pharmacists may recognize, predict and avoid parenteral imcompatibilities based on their experience, an understanding of physicochemical principles and reference to pertinent publications.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

Reference aids for developing policies and procedures for intravenous admixture services.

A table of literature citations designed to help hospital pharmacists develop a policy and procedure manual for i.v. admixture services is presented. The table is categorized according to literature that will aid in developing policies and procedures for specific aspects of admixutre services (e.g., distribution procedures, quality assurance). The citations were selected from two periodicals (American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy and Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy) and three other publications.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Admixtures of antibiotic substances in enzyme preparations of microbial origin intended for use as food additives].

A group of enzymtic preparations, mainly of the Soviet make were investigated for the presence of antibiotic substances admixtures. Altogether 25 preparations obtained from molds, actinomycetes, bacteria and yeast were studied. The results showed that 18 preparations contained antibiotic substances in an amount of 0.6-1300 U, equivalent to oxytetracycline units per 1 g. Most often antibiotics were present in preparations of the pectinase and protease group. In the group of glucoamylase the antibiotic activity was uncovered in a single preparation. Procedures employed in determining the antibiotic activity of enzymatic preparations is described and the possible role of antibiotics in the manifestations of their toxic properties discussed.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1977

[Component composition and admixtures of related compounds in commercial preparations with an erythromycin base].

Chromatographic purity of erythromycin base preparations manufactured in the USSR with various technological procedures and those of 4 foreign firms was studied. All the preparations studied in addition to the main component of erythromycin A contained 5 to 7 per cent of erythromycin C and about 1.5 to 3.5 per cent of a non-identified component possessing a somewhat lower chromatographic mobility than erythromycin C. The admixture of 0.5--1 per cent of anhydroerythmycin was found in many erythromycin preparations. The preparations of some foreign firms contained also a number of additional substances. It was shown that the antimicrobial activity of anhydroerythromycin was 50-60 times lower than that of erythromycin. Direct correla;ion between the level of the antimicrobial activity of the market prepaetions of erythromycin and the level of its chemical purity was noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Physical-chemical compatibility of cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution--bronchodilator inhalant solution admixtures.

Cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution, 1%, is physically and chemically compatible (stable) for up to 60 minutes when mixed in vitro with metaproterenol, isoproterenol, isoetharine, epinephrine, terbutaline, and acetylcysteine inhalant solutions, respectively. Similarly, cromolyn does not adversely affect the stability of the individual bronchodilator/mucolytic drugs in the admixtures. Adding a bronchodilator/mucolytic agent to a cromolyn nebulizer solution should not negatively influence the in vivo efficacy or safety of either active ingredient.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1984

[Determination of bacterial endotoxin admixtures in inactivated influenza vaccines].

The materials substantiating the possibility of using the method for the determination of the lethal effect of endotoxin on dactinomycin-treated mice are presented. This determination is made with a view to detecting the admixtures of endotoxins in whole-virion and subvirion inactivated influenza vaccines at different stages of their manufacture, as well as in the final product. The proposed test is highly sensitive, rather simple in its practical realization and can be used for evaluating the degree of the purification of influenza vaccines from endotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of a nitrogen admixture in the inhaled oxygen on the effectiveness of 2-hour desaturation before decompression from 760 to 220 mm Hg].

The ground-based experimental study of denitrogenation by oxygen breathing showed that two-hour denitrogenation was inadequate if the breathing gas contained about 10% nitrogen or if the process included 3-10 min of air breathing. The reduction of the nitrogen content in the breathing gas to 0.4-5% eliminated severe forms of the decompression disease and decreased significantly the incidence of its mild forms to 3.2%. This allowed work of moderate load at the ambient pressure 220 mm Hg after two-hour breathing of oxygen with nitrogen admixture of no more than 5%.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1982

Lack of a sustained protection against murine leprosy in C3H mice vaccinated with extracts of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in admixture with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG).

Inbred C3H mice were vaccinated intradermally with a single dose of live BCG, whole extracts of mechanically disrupted Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM), or a mixture of both these agents. Four weeks later, they were infected in one hind foot pad with freshly harvested MLM. Vaccination with BCG-containing preparations significantly reduced the multiplication of MLM in the infected foot pad and the bacillary dissemination to the draining popliteal lymph node and the spleen, while vaccination with MLM extracts solely limited the growth of MLM in the foot pad. MLM antigens in admixture with BCG did not offer a better protection than BCG alone. The protective effect was observed near the 15th week after the infection. At 30 weeks post-infection, no significant difference in bacillary counts was noted between the vaccinated and unvaccinated mice. In addition, the mean survival time of vaccinated mice did not significantly differ from that of control mice. Thus, in the C3H mouse, vaccination was able to limit temporarily the growth and dissemination of MLM, but these effects were unable to stop the fatal progression of murine leprosy.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of supine versus sitting bedrest upon blood gas tensions, cardiac output, venous admixture and ventilation-perfusion ratio in man after upper abdominal surgery.

The effects of body position (sitting versus supine) on respiratory and haemodynamic patterns were evaluated in nine patients who have undergone upper abdominal surgery. Posture showed no significant influence upon arterial blood gas tensions, while in the sitting position mean central venous oxygen tension lowers and arterial-venous oxygen content difference rises. In seated patients cardiac output was notably reduced. Pulmonary gas exchange analysis, according to Riley's method, showed that the sitting position allows a higher alveolar ventilation-pulmonary capillaries perfusion ratio, as well as a lower degree of venous admixture.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1982

Accuracy and efficiency of three methods of preparing piggyback admixtures.

The efficiency and accuracy of three methods of preparing i.v. admixtures in small-volume plastic bags were compared. One hundred individual 1-g doses of cephalothin sodium in 50-ml minibags were prepared by each of three methods; the PharmAide Fluid Dispensing System (PAFDS), the Valleylab IV Formulator, and the Viavac vacuum unit, using 20-g, 20-g, and 1-g vials of cephalothin sodium, respectively. For each method, preparation time and cost were recorded. To determine accuracy, a random 10% sample of minibags prepared by each method was assayed for cephalothin concentration by microbiologic assay. The IV Formulator required the least time to prepare 100 doses, followed by the PAFDS and the vacuum unit. Cost data for the three methods were nearly identical, with a difference of only $0.07 per dose between the least and most expensive. The minibags prepared using the vacuum pump and unit-of-use vials were more accurate than those prepared with 20-g vials and the other two methods. However, the initial concentration of the cephalothin sodium vials before transferring to the minibags was not tested. Each method studied was found to have advantages and disadvantages. No one system could be judged best for all situations.

Cephalothin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quantitation of UV-absorbing admixtures in preparations of D-nucleosides, nucleoside-5'-mono and triphosphates].

The paper describes a method for measuring UV-absorbing admixtures in preparations of D-nucleosides, nucleoside-5'-mono- and triphosphates by chromatographic separation on Silufol UV-254 plates and elution of the separated compounds by means of a modified descending chromatography followed by spectrophotometric measurement of optic density.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1980

Cumulative sum control charts for admixture quality control.

The use of cumulative sum control charts as a means of monitoring the sterility of i.v. admixtures produced by a centralized service is discussed. To create a sum control chart, acceptable and rejectable quality levels must be determined. Frequency of sampling will responsiveness and can be varied to affect the length of time necessary to detect an unacceptable shift in product quality. Cumulative sum control charts allow monitoring to be carried out on a cost versus benefit basis, and can be used to provide a basis for action on production of existing product and to maintain or improve product quality in the future.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed1980

A method for quantification of peripheral blood admixture in bone marrow aspirates.

Peripheral blood admixture in bone marrow aspirates of twenty patients with hematologic diseases were studied either with 51Cr labeled autologous erythrocytes or 125I-lab eled albumin. In these bone marrow aspirates 97.0 +/- 4.2% (mean +/- SD) of te hemoglobin content appeared to be derived from peripheral blood. Assuming the presence of a proportional number of peripheral nucleated cells one may calculate the fraction of peripheral nucleated cells in bone marrow aspirates (Fpb) from its hemoglobin levels. The Fpb in the twenty patients studied, varied from 6 to 93%, whereas in a group of 25 healthy volunteers the mean Fpb +/- SD was 14 +/- 8%. In order to obtain reliable results in quantitative bone marrow studies one has to take into account the fraction of peripheral nucleated cells in bone marrow aspirates.

Adolescent↗