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PubMedDate not supplied

Studies regarding the efficiency of Supro isolated soy protein in Olympic athletes.

66 Romanian olympic endurance athletes (30 kayak-canöe, 36 rowing; 45 males and 21 females) participated in our trial, for the purpose to make evident possible biological effects of Supro isolated soy protein supply (1.5 g/kg/day, 8 weeks). At random the athletes were divided into two groups: A group (n = 38) and B group (n = 28). Daily programme (4-6 hours daily, endurance and strength), food and medication were similar for all athletes. The athletes of the A group received daily 1.5 g/kg SuproR soy protein, for 8 weeks while the athletes of the B group did not received soy protein supply. Two months soy protein supply induced increases of body mass (about 3 kg, especially by lean body mass), strength indexes, serum proteins, haemoglobin and total calcium and significant decreases of urinary mucoproteins and fatigue after training sessions, especially when comparing to the athletes of the B group. No damages of liver, kidney and metabolism tests were noticed in all athletes; no side effects were noticed and the product was well tolerated by athletes. When applying the cross-over method for other 2 months we obtained the same results. Based on these data the authors support the idea of a beneficial effect of this soy protein supply on the biological preparation of endurance top athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The relationship of stress, competitive anxiety, mood state, and social support to athletic injury.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We examined the role of stress, competitive anxiety, mood state, and social support in athletic injury. Specifically, we hypothesized that athletes reporting high levels of stress, high competitive trait anxiety, negative mood state, and low social support would exhibit greater incidence of injury and injury severity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Correlational analysis. Major Canadian university. SUBJECTS: Voluntary sample, 55 male varsity athletes (42 football, 81% of the football team, and 13 rugby, 74% of the rugby team), ages 19-28 yr (x = 22). MEASUREMENTS: The inventories Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Social Support Scale, Social Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale (SARRS), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were administered. Internal consistency of the self- report measures was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Injury rate and severity were recorded by the head student therapist throughout the season. RESULTS: Correlational analyses performed using Pearson correlational coefficient revealed that competitive anxiety (r = .29, p = .03) and tension/anxiety mood states (r = .43, p = .001) were related to injury frequency, and that tension/anxiety (r = .44, p = .008), anger/hostility (r = .30, p = .02), and total negative mood state (r = .28, p = .038) were related to injury severity. Individually, the two sports yielded somewhat different results: for football, injury frequency and injury severity were related to tension/ anxiety (r = .43, p = .004 and r = .47, p = .002, respectively). Vigor/activity was found to be significantly related to injury rate (p = .02), but since the internal consistency of vigor/activity was less than .70 on the Cronbach alpha scale, this significant finding was disregarded. In rugby, injury frequency was related to tension/anxiety (r = .58, p = .04) and depression/ dejection (r = .57, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are useful for athletic trainers in identifying athletes who may possess psychological factors predisposing them to athletic injury. Subsequently, athletic trainers can instruct these athletes or refer them for assistance in psychological preventive interventions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Exertional chest pain in an intercollegiate athlete.

OBJECTIVE: To present the case of an intercollegiate soccer player who collapsed twice within a week during vigorous exercise, with radiating chest pain and dyspnea. BACKGROUND: Episodes of chest pain or syncope in athletes are often alarming and may signal an underlying cardiac condition. Recognition and management of these athletes is vital to the reduction of sudden cardiac death in athletics. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Cardiac arrest, structural abnormality, valvular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, anomalous coronary artery, coronary vasospasm, asthma. TREATMENT: Standard treatment in these cases requires stabilization of the athlete and identification of the cause of chest pain. An electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and exercise electrocardiogram demonstrated asymmetric T-wave inversion but otherwise were within normal limits. After the second episode of collapse, the athlete underwent extensive noninvasive cardiopulmonary testing. The athlete did not consent to cardiac catheterization; an angiogram was not obtained. UNIQUENESS: A diagnosis of chest pain, unknown etiology, was offered. The athlete was permitted to return to athletics with this clinical diagnosis. No condition was identified as the cause of the chest pain or abnormal ECG. CONCLUSIONS: Further testing may have identified the cause of chest pain, but the athlete did not consent to this. Recent research indicates that some signs and symptoms previously considered benign may serve as indicators for sudden death candidates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of first-aid knowledge and decision making of high school athletic coaches.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the first-aid knowledge and decision making of interscholastic athletic coaches exposed to athletic injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Survey demographic information, First- Aid Assessment, and Game Situation Data Sheet in 17 metropolitan high schools. SUBJECTS: A total of 17 metropolitan high schools participated in this study, and 104 athletic coaches completed questionnaires. Fifteen different athletic sports were represented in this investigation. Thirty coaches (29%) worked with more than one athletic sport during the year. Male subjects constituted 83% (n = 85) of the sample. Years of coaching experience ranged from first-year coaches to those with more than 28 years of experience. Most coaches (61%, n = 63) investigated were teachers, and the remaining subjects were walk-on coaches. MEASUREMENTS: Central tendency scores were determined in the demographic analysis. x(2) analyses were performed to determine the interaction between First-Aid Assessment and the Game Situation Data. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (36%) of the 104 athletic coaches tested achieved passing scores of 29 or higher, with the total scores ranging from 19 to 34. For the Game Situation Data Sheet, 75% (n = 78) of the coaches selected the same response to 7 questions. Most coaches in this study chose to return injured players to the game. We analyzed the data to determine whether coaches who passed the First-Aid Assessment responded differently than those who did not. (The scenario presented in one question involved a starting player's sustaining injury when losing a close game.) Coaches who passed the First-Aid Assessment tended to return injured starters to the game, whereas those who failed it kept injured players out of the game. x(2) analysis on the second question (the team is winning a close game when a regular player is injured) showed no tendency for passing or failing coaches to respond differently. CONCLUSIONS: The athletic coaches did not adequately meet first-aid standards as established for this study in accordance with the American Red Cross. In addition, coaches who passed the First-Aid Assessment tended to return an injured starter to the game, whereas those who failed decided to keep the player out of the game. It is critical that an unbiased, objective professional person provide all medical care on the athletic playing field, preferably one who is certified in athletic training.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Milestones in athletic trainer certification.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the history of athletic trainer certifaction. BACKGROUND: The single most significant public pronouncement a professional society or organization can bestow upon an individual is certification. One of the underlying goals of professional societies or organizations that certify individuals is to promote the public's reliance on the credential and the individuals who hold that credential. In this paper, I will identify the significant milestones the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) and the NATA Board of Certification (NATABOC) have achieved for the athletic training profession, promoting and sustaining the public's reliance on the certified athletic trainer. DESCRIPTION: This paper presents the significant milestones in the certification of athletic trainers by the NATA and the NATABOC. ADVANTAGES: The milestones related to athletic trainer certification that I present in this paper will enhance the reader's understanding of the underlying reasons for the initiation of athletic trainer certification and the development and recognition of the athletic training profession as a credentialing agency for the athletic training profession.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Alberta rodeo athletes do not develop the chronic whiplash syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if an unselected group of rodeo athletes would report a more benign outcome to their motor vehicle whiplash injuries than a group of spectators at rodeo events. METHODS: This survey compares the self-reported outcome of motor vehicle collision whiplash injuries (neck and/or back sprain) in rodeo athletes and spectators attending rodeo events. Subjects were asked to recall motor vehicle collision experiences, the type of vehicle they were in, the presence of symptoms as a result, and outcomes for those symptoms. RESULTS: Forty-seven percent of rodeo athletes and 59% of spectators recalled being in a motor vehicle collision. A total of 33% of rodeo athletes who had collisions recalled acute symptoms they associated with the collision compared to a recall of symptoms in 61% of spectators who had collisions. Vehicle types during collisions and occupation type at time of the survey were the same for both groups. Duration of symptoms, however, was 30 days (+/- 14 days) in rodeo athletes and 73 days (+/- 61 days) in spectators. None of the rodeo athletes recalled symptoms lasting for more than 60 days compared to 15% of spectators who had symptoms more than 60 days. Rodeo athletes took no more than 3 weeks off work, whereas among spectators, it was common to take more than 6 weeks off. CONCLUSION: Rodeo athletes appear to be in at least as many motor vehicle collisions as rodeo spectators, and 33% suffered the acute whiplash syndrome. Rodeo athletes appear, however, to be more resistant than spectators to developing prolonged pain and disability.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1987

[Echocardiographic visualization of the coronary arteries in endurance athletes].

Visualization of left (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA) by two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) was tried in 20 highly-trained endurance athletes and 20 normal sedentary controls using multiple echo planes. On the standard parasternal short axis aortic root view, the ostium of LCA was successfully visualized in all 20 athletes (100 percent) and in 18 controls (90 percent), the left main trunk in 19 athletes (95 percent) and 14 controls (70 percent) and a distinct bifurcation of the main trunk in 4 athletes (20 percent) and 2 controls (10 percent). In another 2 athletes, the initial tract of the left anterior descending artery and of the left circumflex branch could also be identified. With the same echo view, both from left or right sternal border, the ostium of RCA was visualized in 19 athletes (95 percent) and 16 controls (80 percent), the right main trunk in 18 athletes (90 percent) and 15 controls (75 percent) and a distinct bifurcation of RCA with one branch in 9 athletes (45 percent) and none of controls (p less than 0.025). Moreover, visualization of the distal tract of RCA was obtained on the parasternal long axis view of right ventricle in 15 athletes (75 percent) and 6 controls (30 percent, p less than 0.025). The very good quality of the 2-DE images allowed to measure the size of the ostia and initial tracts of both coronary arteries and the length for which the vessels could distinctly be followed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Reduction in pulmonary function and increased frequency of cough associated with passive smoking in teenage athletes.

Previous studies have suggested that passive smoking (involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by nonsmokers) reduces small airways function. We evaluated the exposure to passive smoking and its effects on pulmonary function and symptoms in a group of 12- to 17-year-old high school athletes (N = 209; 119 boys and 90 girls) at their annual presport participation physical examinations. A structured interview was used to assess pulmonary symptoms, personal smoking habits, and passive cigarette smoke exposure. All athletes performed forced expiratory maneuvers on a portable spirometer. We measured forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and forced expiratory flow 25% to 75% (FEF25-75). The best of three FEF25-75 measured was used. Less than 70% of predicted FEF25-75 was considered abnormal. Of the 209 athletes, 7.7% were active smokers and were excluded. Of the remaining 193 athletes, 68.4% were currently exposed to passive smoking. We found a fourfold increase in incidence of low FEF25-75 and/or cough in athletes exposed to passive smoking compared with athletes not exposed: 18 of 132 exposed athletes (13.6%) had low FEF25-75 and/or cough compared with two of 61 unexposed athletes (3.3%) who had low FEF25-75 and cough (P = .02). Boys were more frequently exposed to passive smoking than girls (74% of boys [80/108] v 61% of girls [52/85] ), but the effects were more pronounced in girls. These data show a relationship between exposure to passive smoking and early pulmonary dysfunction in young athletes. The frequent exposure to passive smoke and the high prevalence of dysfunction in this population, generally considered to be healthy, is of particular concern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The coaching preferences of elite athletes competing at Universiade '83.

The study investigated the coaching preferences of 95 male and 65 female elite athletes competing at Universiade '83 (Edmonton, Canada). Preferred coaching behaviour (PCB) was measured using a version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (Chelladurai and Saleh, 1978, 1980). Preference scores were analyzed on the basis of sex, age, nationality, and type of sport. A MANOVA indicated that males prefer significantly more Autocratic behaviour than females (p = .039). Also, athletes in team sports prefer significantly more Training behaviour (p = .001), Autocratic behaviour (p less than .001), and Rewarding behaviour (p = .017), and significantly less Democratic behaviour (p less than .001) and Social Support behaviour (p = .002) than athletes in individual sports. No significant differences in PCB attributable to the age or nationally of the athlete were found. In addition, data collected in a previous study (Terry and Howe, 1984), which examined the PCB of 'club' athletes, was included to facilitate a comparison of club v elite athletes. A MANOVA showed that elite athletes prefer significantly more Democratic behaviour (p = .01) and Social Support behaviour (p = .001), and significantly less Rewarding behaviour (p = .01) than athletes at a 'club' level. Although differences between subject groups were found, it can be concluded that athletes generally tend to favour coaches who "often" display Training behaviour and Rewarding behaviour, "occasionally" display Democratic behaviour and Social Support behaviour, and "seldom" display Autocratic behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Vitamin and mineral supplements to athletes: do they help?

Although the general implications of this review would be that vitamin and mineral supplements are ineffective as ergogenic aids when added to the diet of an athlete who is well-nourished, there may be certain instances in which supplementation is warranted. For example, wrestlers on low calorie diets and high levels of energy expenditure may not be receiving a balanced intake of nutrients. Young male athletes and female athletes of all ages should be aware of iron-rich foods and include them in the daily diet. The female athlete who experiences a heavy menstrual flow may consider commercial iron preparations; hemoglobin and other hemotologic variables may be evaluated in order to determine the need for supplementation. More research is needed, particularly with large doses of the vitamin B-complex and vitamin C. Although some of the studies cited herein have used large doses, some athletes have been reported to consume massive dosages, for example, 10,000 mg of vitamin C daily. Unfortunately, there may be some adverse side effects of such massive doses, and it may not be ethical to conduct research with humans at those high intake levels. Do these massive dosages elicit a pharmacodynamic effect on some metabolic reactions that are favorable to physical performance? More research with vitamin E at altitude also appears to be warranted, as does iron supplementation to iron-deficient, but not anemic, athletes. As noted earlier, the current data base suggests that vitamin and mineral supplements are unnecessary for the athlete receiving a balanced diet. However, only with additional controlled research may we expand that data base to help answer some of the questions that still remain relative to nutrition and athletic performance. There are still a large number of athletes who believe that the "racers edge" may be found in a tablet.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hematologic features of olympic volley-ball athletes].

Athletes tend to have lower hemoglobin concentrations than sedentary counterparts. Sports anemia is used to describe both pseudodilutional anemia and the true anemia of athletes. Pseudodilutional anemia is a beneficial adaptation to endurance training; the two most common causes of true anemia are iron deficiency and intravascular hemolysis. We used questionnaires, physical examination and laboratory investigation to study 16 volley-ball highly trained athletes and 23 outpatients with the same ages and gender that have not had any significant disease. All athletes and patients had Hb > 13 g/dl; the athletes hab Hb and hematocrit lower than the control patients; 25% of the athletes had both total and indirect bilirubin increased. Seven patients and only one athlete had intestinal parasitic infestation. These data support the idea that in São Paulo-Brazil among athletes overt anemia is uncommon but the volleyball athletes are in a borderline anemic state.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fatigue characteristics of champion power and endurance athletes during force estimation.

This study examined the effect of fatigue on the hand flexor muscles. Sixty University Champion athletes in either power or endurance events were used as subjects for the study. For each group there were thirty subjects (Male N = 15, Females N = 15). Maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) were measured followed by force estimation at 25%. 50% and 75% of the MVC. Fatigue was induced in the hand flexor muscles and subjects repeated the force estimation trials at the three levels. Results showed that the Power athletes force estimation were significantly higher than that for the endurance athletes at all the three levels of estimation. It was further found that as the level of force estimation increases so did the variability irrespective of type of athlete. In addition, it was found that the force estimation for endurance athletes was less than that for power athletes at the 75% level. Fatigue resulted in a decrement in force estimation for both power and endurance athletes at the three levels of estimation. It was also found that while endurance athletes were consistent at low level of force estimation, power athletes were more consistent at the high level of estimation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hematologic aspects of the national hockey team athletes].

Athletes tend to have lower hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations than sedentary counterparts. Sports anemia is used to describe both pseudodilutional anemia and the true anemia of athletes. Pseudodilutional anemia is a beneficial adaptation to endurance training; the two most common causes of true anemia are iron deficiency and intravascular hemolysis. We used questionnaires, physical examination and laboratory investigation to study 19 highly trained hockey athletes and laboratory investigation to study 32 outpatients without hematological diseases. One athlete had anemia (Hb 10.5 g/ dL; 5.44 million red cells/mL; serum iron-13 micrograms/dL; without parasites in the stools); the athletes had Hb = 14.88 +/- 1.33 g/dL and the outpatients had 15.24 +/- 0.74 g/dL; the maximal oxygen uptake of the athletes was 54.0 +/- 6.03 ml/kg/min (112.15 +/- 14.35% of the predicted values). The maximal oxygen uptake of the anemic athlete was 86% of the predicted value. The three athletes with the best maximal uptake had a mean Hb = 15.8 g/dL. In São Paulo-Brazil anemia is uncommon among males but elite athletes are in a borderline anemic state, that may impair the physical fitness.

Anemia↗
PubMed1996

Lower extremity injuries in college athletes: relation between ligamentous laxity and lower extremity muscle tightness.

OBJECTIVE: Two components of flexibility, muscle tightness, and ligamentous laxity in college athletes were studied to determine whether these factors were associated with the incidence of lower extremity injuries. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: College athletic department. PARTICIPANTS: 201 college athletes. OUTCOME MEASURES: College men and women athletes were tested for ligamentous laxity with the Beighton scale and for muscle tightness with a new scale based on the tightness of the iliopsoas, iliotibial band, hamstring, rectus femoris, and gastrocsoleus muscles. Lower extremity injuries incurred during practice and play were recorded during the following year. RESULTS: Of the 201 athletes tested, 71 sustained 115 injuries. For each additional point on the 9-point ligamentous laxity scale (9 = hyperlax), the risk of injury decreased 16%. For each additional point on the 10-point muscle-tightness scale (10 = all muscles tight), the risk of injury increased 23%. The two scores were moderately inversely correlated (Spearman's rho = -0.3; p < .001). Women had greater mean (+/- SD) laxity scores than men (3.3 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.8 +/- 2.0; p < .001) and lower mean overall muscle tightness scores (1.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 3.5 +/- 2.1; p < .001). Among Women athletes, the rate of lower extremity injury was unrelated to ligamentous laxity or to flexibility. Among men, lower extremity injuries were associated with lower ligamentous laxity scores (p = .008) and greater muscle tightness (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: This study introduces a new scale for lower extremity muscle tightness. Tight ligaments and muscles are related to injury in men, but not women, college athletes. A preseason flexibility program may decrease injuries in college men athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Detection and treatment of claudication due to functional iliac obstruction in top endurance athletes: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Endurance athletes often have restrictions in flow in their iliac arteries during exercise. Such restrictions have previously been ascribed solely to intravascular lesions. We postulate that flow could also be restricted by functional kinking in the arteries, and that surgical release of these kinks might be an effective treatment. METHODS: We prospectively studied 80 endurance athletes who had complaints suggestive of flow restriction in the iliac arteries of one (n=74) or both (6) legs (total 92 legs). Using vascular diagnostic tools, we examined athletes while they were doing activities that often provoke flow restrictions. Restrictions were determined by measurement of systolic pressure in the ankle after exercise; peak systolic velocities were measured with echo-doppler. Kinks were detected with echo-doppler and magnetic-resonance angiography. When functional kinking was diagnosed as the cause of the restriction, the athlete was offered surgery to release the iliac arteries, as part of our prospective study. FINDINGS: We recorded flow restrictions in the iliac arteries of 58 of 92 (63%) legs. In 40 of these legs (69%), kinks were the most important cause of the restriction, making these legs suitable for surgical release. We operated on 23 of 58 (40%) legs. All athletes who had an operation subjectively improved. Maximum workload in a cycling test and ankle pressure significantly improved after the operation. 20 (87%) athletes were able to successfully return to their desired high level of competition. INTERPRETATION: Our sports-specific protocol is effective in detecting kinking of the iliac arteries as a cause for flow restriction in athletes who have few intravascular abnormalities when investigated with conventional vascular diagnostic tools. Surgical treatment directed at the kinking was less invasive and therefore a better alternative to vascular reconstruction in these athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Physiotherapists' and male professional athletes' views on psychological skills for rehabilitation.

In the literature on the psychological aspects of rehabilitation from athletic injury, several studies in North America have focused on athletic trainers' roles as physical and psychological caregivers for injured athletes. Wiese, Weiss, and Yukelson (1991) examined the views of athletic trainers on the psychological characteristics that distinguished athletes who coped well, versus those who coped poorly with rehabilitation, and also sought athletic trainers opinions on the role of psychological skills in injury rehabilitation. This study replicated the Wiese et al. (1991) study with Australian physiotherapists and extended it to include the viewpoints of professional basketball players. The results indicated the importance attached to communication and motivation by both physiotherapists and athletes in the rehabilitation process. Both athletes and physiotherapists did not, however, think psychological skills such as relaxation or imagery techniques to be particularly useful tools in the recovery process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Return to play criteria for the athlete with cervical spine injuries resulting in stinger and transient quadriplegia/paresis.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Fortunately, catastrophic cervical spinal cord injuries are relatively uncommon during athletic participation. Stinger and transient quadriplegia/paresis are more frequent injuries that have a wide spectrum of clinical severity and disabilities. Although the diagnosis of these injuries may not be clinically difficult, the treatment and decision about when or if the athlete may return to play after such an injury is often unclear. PURPOSE: This article reviews the current literature to help determine reasonable guidelines for return-to-play criteria after cervical spine injuries in the athlete. METHODS: The contemporary English literature and experience-based guidelines for return to play after cervical spine injuries in the athlete were reviewed. RESULTS: Despite the frequency of cervical-related injuries among athletes participating in contact and collision sports, no consensus exists within the medical field as to a standard guideline approach for return to preinjury activity level. CONCLUSION: The issue of return to play for an athlete after a cervical spine injury is controversial. Tremendous extrinsic pressures may be exerted on the physician from noninvolved and involved parties. The decision to return an athlete to a particular sport should be based on the mechanism of injury, objective anatomical injury (as demonstrated by clinical examination and radiographic evaluation) and an athlete's recovery response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Investigation of management models in elite athlete injuries.

This cross-sectional study investigated management models among elite athletes participating in sports including baseball, basketball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, softball, football, handball, track and field, swimming, judo, tae-kwon-do, gymnastics, archery, and weight lifting at the Tsoying National Sport Training Center. Data were collected by questionnaire. Of the 393 athletes investigated, 56% were male and 44% were female, with an average age of 20.9 years and average length of athletic experience of 9.8 years. At the time of the survey, 74.8% had sporting injuries and were being treated with Chinese and/or Western medicine. Among injured athletes, 14.5% chose Western treatment, 8.1% chose Chinese medicine, and 75.4% received combined treatment. There were various reasons for choosing the management model. Most athletes had ordinary self-recognition of sports injury prevention. Their qualified ability for sports injury prevention was 70%. This ability was significantly correlated with age, education, and sports experience. Within Taiwan's current medical and social environment, elite athletes prefer a combination of Eastern and Western treatments for sports injuries. Each of the medical approaches are widely accepted by elite athletes and their coaches. Doctors trained in Western medicine should learn these alternative treatment methods and apply them effectively in athletes, so that a better medical network can be established.

Adult↗