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PubMed1993

Application of an art algorithm in an experimental study of ultrasonic diffraction tomography.

This paper describes results obtained using a recently developed Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) for diffraction tomography on experimental data obtained from an ultrasound scanner built by Norwave Development A.S. of Oslo, Norway. The test objects (phantoms) employed in the study are low contrast cylindrical rods made out of agar with dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the incident wavefield. The reconstructions obtained from the ART algorithm are compared to the ones obtained from the filtered backpropagation algorithm. It is determined that the ART algorithm out performs the filtered backpropagation algorithm for cases where data from only a small number of tomographic experiments are available.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Artificial reproductive technologies (ART) applications in Turkey as viewed by feminists.

Since 1979, a lot of couples have benefited, in terms of having babies, from Artificial Reproductive Technologies (ART). In Turkey, there are presently about 20 centres in existence for this purpose where two approved sets of regulations are in operation; the second being an improved form of the former. In this paper, ART applications in Turkey, as viewed by feminists, will be discussed. During ART, the body of the woman concerned is directly involved. And after every application, the possibility of not having a living baby can adversely affect the physical and psychological state of the woman in question with the trauma being sometimes beyond endurance. In the two sets of approved regulations mentioned above, this application has been questioned in terms of ethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1993

Is the luteo-placental shift a myth? Analysis of low progesterone levels in successful art pregnancies.

Progesterone (P4) is considered vital to the maintenance of human pregnancy, but the minimal concentration of P4 necessary to sustain human pregnancy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine endocrine profiles for serum P4, 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and human (h) beta-CG in early pregnancy from a group of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) patients. These subjects delivered normally but had P4 concentrations below the fifth percentile of the normal singleton pregnancy range from 2 weeks after ART. Normal ranges of these hormones were determined from 118 consecutive ART pregnancies which resulted in singleton births. Values below the fifth percentile (P4 < 35.9 nmol/L at 4 weeks gestation) were considered abnormal. Eight patients who subsequently delivered normally, with serum P4 values below this criterion at 4 weeks gestation, were found. They had serum P4 values at 4 weeks gestation ranging from 1.9-29.9 nmol/L, and their mean P4 values at 5 weeks (30.2 +/- 9.2 nmol/L; mean +/- SE) and 6 weeks gestation (48.0 +/- 10.2 nmol/L) remained below the fifth percentile. No statistically significant increase in serum P4 concentrations occurred between 7 and 11 weeks gestation in these women. Their mean E2 value in serum at 4 weeks gestation (382 +/- 73 pmol/L) was also below the fifth percentile but their mean beta-hCG concentration was within the normal range. We conclude that successful human pregnancy is possible with serum P4 values within the anovulatory range in early gestation and that, in individual patients, serum P4 concentration of 2 nmol/L can be sufficient to maintain human pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The history of memory arts.

Ancient humans, lacking devices to store large amounts of information, invented and developed a system of mnemonics which evolved and passed to modern times. The mnemonics, collectively known as the Ancient Art of Memory, were discovered in 447 BC by a Greek poet, Simonides, and were adequately described by Cicero, Quintilian, and Pliny. These arts fell into neglect after Alaric sacked Rome in 410 AD, but were subsequently revived in 1323 by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who transferred them from a division of rhetoric to ethics and used them to recall Catholic doctrine and versions of biblical history. In 1540 Saint Ignatius Loyola used mnemonic images to affirm the faith with his newly formed Society of Jesus and tried to convert the Ming dynasty in China by teaching these memory skills to Chinese nobles. Today, the ancient memory arts have applications in pilot training, gambling, mentalism and telepathy demonstrations, and may have a role in the rehabilitation of brain-damaged patients. Objective testing confirms that with the use of these memory skills, recall is increased, at least 10-fold, and the memory deficits of proactive and retroactive inhibition do not exist.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reflection, the art and science of nursing and the theory-practice gap.

In their daily practice, nurses appear to encounter difficulties in incorporating science into the art of nursing and in bridging the gap between theory (which is often developed separate from practice) and practice itself. Indeed, there is a debate within nursing itself as to whether nursing is an art, a science, or both an art and a science.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Effects of coding dictionary on signal generation: a consideration of use of MedDRA compared with WHO-ART.

To support signal generation a terminology should facilitate recognition of medical conditions by using terms which represent unique concepts, providing appropriate, homogeneous grouping of related terms. It should allow intuitive or mathematical identification of adverse events reaching a threshold frequency or with disproportionate incidence, permit identification of important events which are commonly drug-related, and support recognition of new syndromes. It is probable that the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) preferred terms (PTs) or high level terms (HLTs) will be used to represent adverse events for the purposes of signal generation. A comparison with 315 WHO Adverse Reaction Terminology (WHO-ART) PTs showed that for about 72% of WHO-ART PTs, there were one or two corresponding MedDRA PTs. However, there were instances where there were many MedDRA PTs corresponding to single WHO-ART PTs. In many cases, MedDRA HLTs grouped large numbers of PTs and sometimes there could be problems when a single HLT comprises PTs which represent very different medical concepts, or conditions which differ greatly in their clinical importance. Further studies are needed to compare the way in which identical data sets coded with MedDRA and with other terminologies actually function in generating and exploring signals using the same methods of detection and evaluation.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1996

The Jungian psychological functions Sensing and Intuition and the preference for art.

The study investigated the relationship between the Jungian psychological functions Sensing (S) and Intuition (N) and preference for art. It was hypothesized that S-persons would prefer realistic and representational art, where N-persons would like abstract art. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was administered to 179 subjects to assess the preference for either the S- or N-function. Subjects indicated how much they liked 20 painted portraits. The hypothesis was partly confirmed. Not only S-subjects (n = 100) but also N-subjects (n = 79) prefer realistic paintings over abstract ones. On the whole, abstract paintings are valued less than realistic paintings, but N-subjects like abstract paintings more than S-subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The liberal arts and professional nursing: making the connections.

A liberal education is essential for professional nurses today. "Liberally educated nurses make informed and responsible ethical choices and help shape the future of society as well as the nursing profession" (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1986, p. 5). At our liberal arts college, through a seminar course taught from a multidisciplinary perspective, students integrate new knowledge from the liberal arts disciplines and from the discipline of nursing with professional nursing practice and with life in contemporary society. Thus, they make the connections between the liberal arts and professional nursing, an essential component of baccalaureate nursing education.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Narrative art inquiry and anorexia nervosa.

Narrative art inquiry is a new qualitative research methodology. It is different from the narrative approaches used by some nurse investigators because the study's findings are presented in the form of creative writing. In this article the author describes narrative art inquiry using material from research that used this approach to study anorexia nervosa. The author believes that narrative art inquiry has a wider application and could be used to study other types of psychological illness and physiological distress.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1990

Reflections on ART certification.

Development of self-directed study skills and problem solving abilities is not nurtured in an environment in which every subject is specified and choices are few. The CSLT would do well to propose fewer requirements and to keep them process-related. It should have more faith in the universities and the candidates. A degree will develop the key skills to be life-long learners. The work environment and CE courses will help keep information current and relevant. The professional body, the CSLT, should produce an ART evaluation instrument that assesses both skills and knowledge at an appropriate level. Submission of a case study and an oral examination based on the case, if properly constituted, can fulfill this role. The Task Force On Future Trends and the ART Working Group are to be congratulated on developing a blueprint for future advanced certification. Their job has been enormous. They deserve our thanks for having the courage to propose major changes that, while not universally popular at the outset, should serve the membership well in the long term. As the new system evolves, it is important for all views to be heard. Members who have something to contribute, should speak up now. The ART process is still unfolding, and we may be able to influence its direction.

Canada↗
PubMed1991

ART certification--an overview.

The committees involved in developing the new ART process have received many comments from various groups and individuals in the country. There has been little, if any, response from employers, whose comments would be appreciated to determine if those who attempt the new ART will better meet their expectations. It was felt that the technologist with the new ART designation will be a more rounded technologist.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Clinical investigation of a high-strength glass ionomer restorative used with the ART technique in Wuhan, China: one-year results.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new glass ionomer restorative, ChemFlex, and to compare its clinical performance and wear to another popular material, Fuji IX GP, when used with the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach in posterior teeth in school children. METHODS: Ninety-two subjects aged between 6 and 14 years who had bilateral matched pairs of carious posterior teeth were selected. A split-mouth experimental design was used in which the two restorative materials were randomly placed on contralateral sides. The restorations were assessed directly and also indirectly from color transparencies and die replicas. RESULTS: After one year, the success rates of ART restorations in the primary teeth were 96.6% for ChemFlex restorations and 89.7% for Fuji IX GP restorations placed in the Class I cavity preparations, whereas only 46.2% (ChemFlex) and 61.5% (Fuji IX GP) of Class II restorations were assessed as clinically satisfactory. In the permanent dentition, the success rates were 94.6% and 98.2% for ChemFlex and Fuji IX GP, respectively; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two restoratives for either the permanent or primary teeth. The mean occlusal wear after one year in the permanent teeth was 53.2 microns for ChemFlex and 56.3 microns for Fuji IX GP. Again, there were no statistically significant differences in wear between the two materials (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The clinical performance of both ChemFlex and Fuji IX GP over a 12-month period was highly satisfactory and completely adequate for the ART technique, particularly in Class I cavities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Potential researchable areas in ARTs--oocyte maturation and embryo development.

Infertility is a commonly encountered situation occurring equally in both sexes. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have enhanced the possibilities for successful treatment to tackle infertility. However, ARTs currently face limitations due to the fact that although success rate is high for the initial stages such as ovulation induction and fertilization, it dwindles progressively so that the success rate of a take home baby is as low as 15-20%. Research centred around various stages in an IVF programme is therefore necessary to devise protocols that ensure a higher success rate. This review takes a look at the potential areas currently under research in the field of ARTs, such as, in vitro oocyte maturation, oocyte/embryo cryopreservation, embryo culture, preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Their applications, in clinical conditions such as cancer, have been discussed.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed2002

Undergraduate training in the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach--an activity report.

The Division of Public Oral Health at the University of the Witwatersrand conducted a 2-week ART training course for 5th year dental students in the School of Oral Health Sciences. Students were taught both theoretical knowledge and clinical skills in ART. Course evaluation showed that the course achieved its aims and objectives and was considered a worthwhile experience by students. However, there were some limitations to the format of the programme. We recommend that ART should be integrated as part of clinical student training in the BDS curriculum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Microscope observations of ART excavated cavities and restorations.

This in vitro light and scanning electron microscope study examined 39 extracted tooth specimens, hand excavated and restored according to atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), using 'press finger', by 'skilled' and 'novice' operators. Surface features of five excavated cavities, 12 restoration surfaces and the tooth restoration relationships of 22 bisected restored tooth crowns were examined to better understand the clinical effect of the technique. Hand-excavated cavity surfaces were rough with a complex surface arrangement of grooves, crevices, ridges, furrows and overhangs. Enamel and dentine were covered with debris except where surface fractures exposed enamel prisms and occluded dentinal tubules. Ten of the 22 bisected restored specimens had large voids (1-3 mm in length) within the glass-ionomer cement (GIC) restoration or at the tooth-restoration interface. Smaller bubbles (< 50 microns) and irregular shaped inclusions were common in all restorations. Adaptation of the GIC to the cavity margin was extremely variable and easily distinguished from the effects of dehydration shrinkage. It is thought that cavity surface irregularities could cause placement problems making it difficult to adapt the GIC to cavity peripheries. While 'press finger' enabled excellent penetration of GIC into fissures, the technique left restoration surfaces rough. At low magnification, surfaces were irregular; at magnifications higher than X500 scratches, pits, porosities, chipping and voids were evident. However, the 'press finger' technique was able to merge the GIC to a fine edge on the occlusal surface so that the restoration margin was not obvious. No apparent difference was found between the restorations placed by the 'skilled' and 'novice' operators. Tooth-restoration relationships in the ART approach are entirely different to those of traditional restorative techniques. The ART approach requires skill, diligence and comprehension to be undertaken correctly.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease: results from the ARTS trial in Israel.

BACKGROUND: The Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study was a multicenter, randomized trial designed to compare percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 1,205 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. The most appropriate type of treatment for these patients is still a matter of considerable debate. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients enrolled in the ARTS trial in Israel in comparison to those worldwide, and to assess the 1 year outcome in these patients. METHODS: Between April 1997 and June 1998, a total of 1,205 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, who were considered to be equally treatable with both modalities, were randomized to either stenting (n = 600) or CABG (n = 605) at 67 centers around the world. In Israel, 53 patients at four participating medical centers were randomized to either PCI with stents (n = 27) or CABG (n = 26). RESULTS: Clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar in the two groups, except for a significantly higher incidence of diabetic patients in Israel who were randomized to CABG, compared to those worldwide (35% vs. 16%, P = 0.01). Also, there were more patients with unstable angina in Israel (63 vs. 37%, P = 0.006). At 1 year follow-up, overall mortality and cerebrovascular accident rates were similar between the two groups and equivalent to results obtained around the world. There was a significantly higher incidence of myocardial infarction rates in patients randomized to stenting in Israel compared to patients worldwide (7.4 vs. 5.3%, P = 0.01) or to patients randomized to CABG in Israel (7.4 vs. 0%, P = 0.006). Similar to the overall ARTS results, there was a higher incidence of repeat revascularization procedures in patients assigned to the PCI with stenting arm (22.2 vs. 3.8%, P = 0.004) compared to those randomized to CABG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this analysis of the Israeli ARTS population indicate that coronary stenting and bypass surgery yield similar findings with regard to mortality and stroke and are comparable to those obtained in the whole study group. Likewise, coronary stenting was associated with an increased incidence of repeat revascularization procedures as compared to CABG. However, patients in Israel randomized to stenting had a higher rate of myocardial infarction as compared to the overall results and to patients who underwent CABG in Israel. The present analysis provides important data for the safety and efficacy of either stenting or bypass surgery in treating patients with multivessel disease in Israel.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2004

[ART or conventional restorations? A final evaluation of proximal restorations in deciduous molars].

In this article the success rate of class 2 ART and conventional (prepared with a bur) restorations in deciduous molars is described. In 1999 approximately 200 ART and 200 conventional restorations were made in deciduous molars in Bandung, Indonesia. The restorations were evaluated after 1.5 month, half a year, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years. The three-year evaluation took place in October 2003. Results show that after 3 years 31% (ART) and 33.6% (conventional) of the restorations were successful (no significant difference). There was a significant difference between the operators. If keeping the element until shedding is the only criterion, the success rate increased to 53.

Child↗
PubMed1992

An analytical model for teaching medical line art.

Scientific and medical illustrators still use line art as a primary rendering technique. Developing adequate line art skills, however, is a problem for many medical art students and for some professionals. This article presents a systematic and analytical teaching model for overcoming the common difficulties in learning the technique.

Cues↗