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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Esophageal injury by apple cider vinegar tablets and subsequent evaluation of products.

Apple cider vinegar products are advertised in the popular press and over the Internet for treatment of a variety of conditions. After an adverse event was reported to the authors, eight apple cider vinegar tablet products were tested for pH, component acid content, and microbial growth. Considerable variability was found between the brands in tablet size, pH, component acid content, and label claims. Doubt remains as to whether apple cider vinegar was in fact an ingredient in the evaluated products. The inconsistency and inaccuracy in labeling, recommended dosages, and unsubstantiated health claims make it easy to question the quality of the products.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Discovery of a granulovirus of Pandemis pyrusana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a leafroller pest of apples in Washington.

Pandemis pyrusana (Kearfott) is an important leafroller pest of apples in Washington. Surveys for natural enemies discovered a pathogen infecting Pandemis leafrollers in an apple orchard in central Washington. The pathogen was propagated in the laboratory and light microscopy using an azan stain demonstrated that it infected fat body, epidermis, and tracheal matrix cells. The virus was identified morphologically as a granulovirus using electron microscopy and designated PpGV. Rates of infection were determined for each generation in an apple orchard for three years. Infection rates were variable and ranged from 2.6 to 67% of individuals collected from each generation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Carbohydrate metabolism in two apple genotypes that differ in malate accumulation.

In the apple variety 'Usterapfel', there are two known genotypes, which differ in malic acid content. One hundred days after full bloom, low-acid fruit (LA-fruit) contained 125 micromolg(-1) dry matter (DW) of malate, while the high-acid genotype (HA-fruit) reached levels up to 627 micromolg(-1) DW. There was no difference in the catalytic activity of enzymes involved in malate metabolism, such as PEPcarboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, and NADP malic enzyme. After [14C]glucose incorporation into the excised tissue of either genotype, the organic acid fraction was labeled to approximately the same extent. Furthermore, uptake of [14C]malate was significantly lower in excised tissue of LA-fruit. These findings suggest that low malate content in LA-fruit is the result of a restricted ability to accumulate malate in apple parenchyma cells. The different ability to accumulate malate had a pronounced effect on overall carbon partitioning. However, the rate of respiration and the rate of malate synthesis was similar in both genotypes. In HA-fruit, the glycolytic flux through pyruvate kinase was increased to compensate for the carbon that accumulated in the vacuole as malate. Since malate storage in the LA-fruit was restricted, it was more easily available for gluconeogenesis, and was correlated with a three-times higher activity of PEPcarboxykinase. LA-fruit showed higher concentrations of ATP, which stimulated Glc6P and fructose-6-phosphate formation. The elevated hexosephosphate content led to an enhanced partitioning of carbon into starch (+40%), hemicellulose (+104%), and sucrose (+40%) in more mature fruit. The activation of carbohydrate synthesis resulted in a significant drop in glucose-1-phosphate (Glc1P). To meet the increased demand for Glc1P, the activities of neutral and acid invertase, hexokinase, and phosphoglucomutase were higher in LA-fruit. Glucose was a more versatile substrate for this metabolic route than was fructose. It was also evident that glycolytic flux in apple was dependent on glucose level, and that the reaction catalysed by phosphoglucomutase contributed to the regulation of carbon partitioning between malate and carbohydrate polymers.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2005

How rainfall, relative humidity and temperature influence volatile emissions from apple trees in situ.

Headspace volatiles from apple-bearing twigs were collected in the field with a Radiello sampler during three different diurnal periods over the complete fruit growing season. Analyses by thermal desorption-GC-MS identified a total of 62 compounds in changing quantities, including the terpenoids alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, limonene, beta-caryophyllene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, the aldehydes (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde and nonanal, and the alcohol (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. The variations in emission of these plant odours were statistically related to temperature, humidity and rainfall in the field. Remarkably, rainfall had a significant positive influence on changes in volatile release during all three diurnal periods, and further factors of significance were temperature and relative humidity around noon, relative humidity in the late afternoon, and temperature and relative humidity during the night. Rainfall was associated consistently with an increase in the late afternoon in terpene and aldehyde volatiles with a known repellent effect on the codling moth, one of the key pests of apple fruit. During the summer of 2003, a season characterized by below-average rainfall, some postulated effects of drought on trees were tested by establishing correlations with rainfall. Emissions of the wood terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene were negatively correlated with rainfall. Another monoterpene, camphene, was only detected in this summer but not in the previous years, and its emissions were negatively correlated with rainfall, further supporting the theory that drought can result in higher formation of secondary metabolites. Finally, the two green leaf volatiles (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were negatively correlated with rainfall, coinciding well with the expectation that water deficit stress increases activity of lipoxygenase. To our knowledge, this work represents the first empirical study concerning the influence of abiotic factors on volatile emissions from apple trees in situ.

Climate↗
PubMed2006

Molecular cloning and expression of a gene encoding alcohol acyltransferase (MdAAT2) from apple (cv. Golden Delicious).

Volatile esters are major aroma components of apple, and an alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) catalyzes the final step in ester biosynthesis. The gene MdAAT2, which encodes a predicted 51.2 kDa protein containing features of other acyl transferases, was isolated from Malus domestica Borkh. (cv. Golden Delicious). In contrast to other apple varieties, the MdAAT2 gene of Golden Delicious is exclusively expressed in the fruit. The MdAAT2 protein is about 47.9 kDa and mainly localized in the fruit peel, as indicated by immunoblot and immunolocalization analysis. Northern blot and immunoblot analysis showed that the transcription and translation of MdAAT2 have a positive correlation with apple AAT enzyme activity and ester production, except in the later ripening stage, suggesting that MdAAT2 is involved in the regulation of ester biosysthesis and that a post-translation modification may be involved in regulation of AAT enzyme activity. Tissue disk assays of fruit peel revealed that using extraneous alcohols can recover the corresponding ester formation. Transcription and translation of MdAAT2 were both depressed by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment and subsequent ester production was also prevented. These results suggest that: (1) ester production is mainly regulated by MdAAT2; (2) ethylene is also involved in this regulatory progress and (3) ester compounds rely principally on the availability of substrates.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2006

Oral challenge test for the diagnosis of gingival hypersensitivity to apple: a case report.

Food intolerance is the term used to describe a hypersensitivity reaction to a food component. These reactions refer to the drug-like side effects caused by a range of chemicals that may be present in food as natural or added components. The range of symptoms which can be induced by food intolerance are very similar to those caused by food allergy, oral allergy syndrome, acute infectious diseases and vesiculobullous disorders; so that on initial presentation, it can be difficult to differentiate between these conditions. A 48-year-old woman with complaints of allergic symptoms was examined with skin prick test (SPT), specific IgE analysis, and oral challenge test for definitive allergen determination. The patient was negative in both specific IgE detection and SPT with commercial extracts of apple, whereas the oral challenge test revealed positive objective symptoms with blister and ulcer formation. Apple has been reported to be the cause of food allergy. To our knowledge, there is no report of apple intolerance in which the lesions are only confined to gingival tissues.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of xyloglucan from apple pomace.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated as a simpler and more effective alternative to conventional extraction method for the isolation of xyloglucan from apple pomace. The apple pomace samples were extracted under indirect sonication in an ultrasound cleaning bath. The ultrasound extraction was compared with the conventional method, on the productions of xyloglucan. It was found that the ultrasound-assisted extraction of xyloglucan was about three times faster than the traditional extraction method. Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of liquid:solid ratio, KOH concentration and ultrasound-assisted extraction time on the yield of xyloglucan from apple pomace. Regression analysis was performed on the data obtained. The most relevant variable was the quadratic of liquid:solid ratio. The coefficient determination (R(2)) was good for the second-order model. The optimum combination was determined as a liquid:solid ratio of 34.4:1 (v/w), a KOH concentration of 3.3 M and an ultrasound-assisted extraction time of 2.5 h.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1998

Substituting milk for apple juice does not increase kidney stone risk in most normocalciuric adults who form calcium oxalate stones.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing intake of dietary calcium from less than 400 mg to 800 mg daily may decrease the absorption of dietary oxalate, which in turn would decrease urinary oxalate excretion. The effect of substituting milk for apple juice on urine composition and risk of calcium oxalate precipitability was studied. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one normocalciuric adults with a history of at least 1 calcium oxalate stone and urinary oxalate excretion exceeding 275 micromol/day on their self-selected diet. DESIGN: Randomized crossover trial. INTERVENTION: Each participant consumed two moderate-oxalate (2,011 micromol/day) study diets, which were identical except that one contained 360 mL milk and the other contained 540 mL apple juice as the beverage with meals. SETTING: Four days free-living then 2 days in the metabolic unit of a university nutrition department. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Tiselius risk index for calcium oxalate precipitability calculated from urine composition. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Paired t tests. RESULTS: Twenty-four hour urinary oxalate excretion was 18% lower (P<.0001) on the milk diet vs the juice diet: 423 vs 514 micromol, respectively. Calcium excretion was 17% higher (P<.05) on the milk vs juice diet: 4.7 vs 3.9 mmol, respectively. Urinary magnesium and citrate excretion, volume, and Tiselius risk index did not differ between diets. APPLICATIONS: Substituting 360 mL milk daily for apple juice with meals in a diet containing moderate amounts of dietary oxalate from whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables does not increase the risk index of calcium oxalate precipitability in most normocalciuric adults who form stones.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Different action patterns for apple pectin methylesterase at pH 7.0 and 4.5.

The mechanism of action of purified apple pectin methylesterase on pectin (degree of methoxylation: DM 75) and methoxylated homogalacturonans (DM 70 and 90) was studied at pH 7.0 (optimal pH of the enzyme) and at pH 4.5 (close to the pH of apple juice). Different interchain distributions of the free carboxyl groups were obtained at pH 7.0 and 4.5: high-performance ion exchange chromatography indicated a typical single chain mechanism at pH 7.0, but a mechanism differing from the single and multiple chain ones at pH 4.5. However, the same intrachain distribution of the newly demethoxylated galacturonic acid residues was observed for both pHs by 1H NMR. The high content of consecutive de-esterified or consecutive esterified galacturonic acid residues suggested that apple PME acted with a multiple attack mechanism on the pectic substrate. The degree of multiple attack of the enzyme was greater than or equal to 10-11.

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases↗
PubMed1998

A cysteine proteinase inhibitor purified from apple fruit.

A cysteine proteinase inhibitor has been purified from immature fruit of Malus domestica (var. Royal Gala). The M(r) of this apple cystatin is estimated to be 10,700 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 11 300 by SDS-PAGE and 11,000 by gel filtration. It is a relatively strong inhibitor of papain with a Ki value of 0.21 nM and also inhibits ficin and bromelain but not cathepsin B. An amino acid sequence was obtained from a peptide produced by trypsin digestion of the inhibitor. Comparison with other plant sequences shows a high degree of homology with other phytocystatins. As the single cysteine proteinase inhibitor detectable in immature apple fruit (5-8 mm diameter), levels of 83.3 pmol/g FW were determined. In larger fruit (up to 16 mm diameter) significantly less inhibitor was present (6.9 pmol/g FW). Given these low levels, it is postulated that this inhibitor has an endogenous role in apple fruit development rather than one of protection against pest or microbial attack.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Spider mite allergy in apple-cultivating farmers: European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) may be important allergens in the development of work-related asthma and rhinitis symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Recent investigations have suggested that the citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is the most important allergen affecting citrus-cultivating farmers with asthma, allergic rhinitis, or both. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate type I hypersensitivity to spider mites, particularly the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), and to determine the relationship between hypersensitivity to spider mites and respiratory dysfunction. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional survey. Questionnaires were given, and skin prick tests for 11 inhalant allergens common in Korea and 2 species of spider mites (European red mite and two-spotted spider mite) were performed in 725 apple-cultivating farmers in Korea. RESULTS: Results of skin prick tests in the apple farmers indicated that European red mite (23.2%) was the most common sensitizing allergen, followed by Tyrophagus putrescentiae (21.2%), two-spotted spider mite (16.6%), Dermatophagoides farinae (16.3%), D pteronyssinus (14.4%), cockroach (13.1%), and Hop Japanese (Humulus Japonicus) pollen (12.0%). Positive skin responses (mean wheal size >/=3 mm) to one or more of 13 inhalant allergens were found in 48.2% of farmers tested, whereas 40 subjects (8.6%) had an isolated skin response to the spider mites. Among 119 farmers with work-related asthmatic symptoms, the positive skin response rates to European red mite and two-spotted spider mite were 40.4% and 27.0%, respectively. These figures were significantly higher than those found among farmers without work-related symptoms (19.1% and 14.1%, respectively; P <.01). The prevalence of work-related asthma symptoms was higher in farmers with positive skin responses to spider mites than in those with negative skin responses to spider mites and those with positive skin responses to any allergen tested (31.4% vs 15.0% vs 21.0%, respectively; P <.05). CONCLUSION: Spider mites, particularly European red mite and 2-spotted spider mite, are common sensitizing allergens in apple-cultivating farmers. These spider mites may be important causative allergens in the development of work-related respiratory symptoms in these workers.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

Flavonoids as bioactive components in apple products.

This research focuses on determining the concentration and antioxidant activity of flavonoids in apples and apple products as a function of storage and processing. The results will be used to optimise apple products with respect to both flavonoid content and antioxidant activity.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2000

Life history of Aptesis nigrocincta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) a cocoon parasitoid of the apple sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae).

Aptesis nigrocincta: Gravenhorst is a bivoltine ectoparasitoid of apple sawfly cocoons, hosts that must be found and parasitized by females at a depth of 10-25 cm in the soil. Females are significantly smaller than males and nearly wingless. After encountering a host, females needed 29.3 min at 20 degrees C and 19. 9 min at 25 degrees C to deposit an egg on the host. Development from egg to adult took 39.6 days for females and 38.0 days for males at 20 degrees C. This small difference was significant. At 20 degrees C, the longevity of females that had no opportunity to oviposit was on average 72.5 days, significantly higher than male longevity (50.6 days). The longevity of females given access to hosts throughout their lifetime averaged 58.6 days. Females were able to mate immediately after emergence and copulation lasted on average 21.7 s. After a pre-oviposition period averaging 5.8 days, females laid 20.2 eggs during their lifetime, thus less than one egg per day. Neither the fecundity nor longevity of individual females was correlated with body size. If females were deprived of food, longevity as well as lifetime fecundity were drastically reduced. Field studies were carried out in one organically managed apple orchard in Switzerland. Aptesis nigrocincta showed parasitism rates ranging from 12.1 to 39.7 % within single parasitoid generations, thereby constituting the most important mortality factor of apple sawfly cocoons.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ampelomyces mycoparasites from apple powdery mildew identified as a distinct group based on single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis of the rDNA ITS region.

Pycnidial fungi belonging to the genus Ampelomyces are the most common natural antagonists of powdery mildews worldwide. During a study of the interactions between apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and Ampelomyces mycoparasites, 52 new Ampelomyces isolates were obtained from P. leucotricha and, in addition, 13 new isolates from other species of the Erysiphaceae in four European countries. Their genetic diversity was screened using single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). For comparison, 24 isolates obtained from genetic resource collections or other sources were included in this study. Based on the ITS-SSCP patterns, the isolates were placed in eight groups. The isolates belonged to two types based on their growth in culture. The faster-growing and the slower-growing isolates were included in different SSCP groups. A phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences of representatives of these groups confirmed the results obtained with the SSCP method, and showed that the faster-growing isolates do not belong to Ampelomyces as suggested by earlier studies. All the isolates from P. leucotricha fell into a distinct SSCP group of genetically homogeneous isolates. This suggests that Ampelomyces mycoparasites which occur in apple powdery mildew are slightly different from the other Ampelomyces groups which contain mycoparasites from various powdery mildew species. This may be because the main growth period of Ampelomyces mycoparasites in apple powdery mildew is isolated in time from that of Ampelomyces isolates that occur in other species of the Erysiphaceae. P. leucotricha starts its life-cycle early in the season, usually in March-April, while most powdery mildews are active in the same environments only late in the year.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1992

Apple four in human blood coagulation factor XI mediates dimer formation.

Human blood coagulation factor XI is a dimer composed of two identical subunits. Each subunit contains four apple domains as tandem repeats followed by a serine protease region. A disulfide bridge between Cys321 of each fourth apple domain links the subunits together. The role of Cys321 in the dimerization of factor XI was examined by mutagenesis followed by expression of its cDNA in baby hamster kidney cells. The recombinant proteins were then purified from the tissue culture medium and shown to have full biological activity. Normal recombinant factor XI was secreted as a dimer as determined by SDS-PAGE, while recombinant factor XI-Cys321 Ser migrated as a monomer under these conditions. Gel filtration studies, however, revealed that each protein existed as a dimer under native conditions, indicating that the disulfide bond between Cys321 of each factor XI monomer was not necessary for dimer formation. The fourth apple domain (apple4) of factor XI was then introduced into tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to investigate its role in the dimerization of other polypeptide chains. The fusion protein, containing apple4 (apple4-tPA), formed dimers as detected by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. Furthermore, dimerization was specific to apple4, while apple3 had no effect on dimerization. These data further indicated that the apple4 domain of factor XI mediates dimerization of the two subunits and the interchain disulfide bond involving Cys321 was not essential for dimer formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Location of the disulfide bonds in human plasma prekallikrein: the presence of four novel apple domains in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule.

The location of 16 of the 18 disulfide bonds in human plasma prekallikrein was determined by amino acid sequence analysis of cystinyl peptides produced by chemical and enzymatic digestions. A unique structure, named the apple domain, was established for each of the four tandem repeats in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule. The apple domains (90 or 91 amino acids) contain 3 highly conserved disulfide bonds linking the first and sixth, second and fifth, and third and fourth half-cystine residues present in each repeat. The fourth tandem repeat contains an extra disulfide bond that forms a second small loop within the apple domain. The carboxyl-terminal portion of plasma prekallikrein containing the catalytic region of the molecule was found to have disulfide bonds located in positions similar to those of other serine proteases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Location of the disulfide bonds in human coagulation factor XI: the presence of tandem apple domains.

Factor XI is a plasma glycoprotein that participates in the blood coagulation cascade. Of the 19 disulfide bonds present in each of the subunits of the human protein, 16 were determined by amino acid sequence analysis of peptide fragments produced by chemical and enzymatic digestion. Four apple domains of 90 or 91 amino acids were identified in the tandem repeats present in the amino-terminal portion of each subunit of factor XI. The disulfide bonds in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the molecule were similar to those in the catalytic region of other serine proteases. The two identical subunits of factor XI were connected by a single disulfide bond at Cys321 linking each of the fourth apple domains while each of the Cys residues at position 11 in the first apple domains forms a disulfide bond with another Cys residue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis for rapid analysis of patulin in apple cider.

A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) mode was applied to a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, which was developed for detection and quantitation of patulin in apple ciders. This method used a small sample amount (2 mL) and consumed minimal organic solvent compared to the most commonly used HPLC methods. The sample preparation procedure of the CE method was also simpler than other chromatographic techniques developed for patulin analysis. Patulin was detected with a photodiode array detector at 273 nm. The standard curve was linear (r(2) = 0.9984) from 75 microgram/L to 121 microgram/mL with patulin working solutions corresponding to 3.8 microgram/L to 6.1 microgram/mL patulin in the sample. The linearity was better in a narrower range of concentrations (r(2) = 0.9999) from 75 microgram/L to 24.1 microgram/mL. The limit of detection of the method was 3.8 microgram/L. Patulin recoveries at 4 levels in spiked samples (10-121 microgram/L) ranged from 95.2 to 105.4%. The recoveries were 96. 9% and 99.2% for 2 levels (22.3 and 223 microgram/L, respectively) of patulin in infected apple samples. This method represents a unique alternative method for rapid and sensitive analysis of patulin in apple ciders.

Beverages↗