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PubMed1999

Study on rodents infestation in Alexandria and prevalence of Trichinella spiralis infection among them.

Rodents were monthly collected from the six districts of Alexandria all year round using live traps. The 1025 collected rodents were divided according to species, gender, age, and weight El-Amryia and El-Montaza were the most infested districts, while West, East, Middle and El-Gomrok Districts were the lowest infested ones. Rallus norvegicus was the highest abundant species in the city (41.9%) followed by R. rattus (37.2%), then Mus musculus (20.9%). There was no difference in abundance of rodents during summer compared with winter. Meanwhile, males represented 57.6% of the total collected rodents. Most of the collected rodents were < or = 2 months old (63.8%) or light weighed (61.6%) however, number of caught rodents became less and less as age or weight increased. Concerning El-Amryia and El-Montaza Districts where abattoirs are located, number of collected rodents from and around the abattoirs represented 70.4% of the total collected rodents compared with 29.6% collected from and around the houses of the same districts. The total prevalence of T. spiralis infection among collected rodents using digestion technique was 13.3%. El-Amryia, El-Montaza, West and El-Gomrok Districts were, in order, the only infected districts. Neither gender nor season of collection has influence on the prevalence of infection. The present study proved the role of abattoirs in the prevalence of T. spiralis infection. However, high prevalence of T. spiralis infection was detected among higher age or higher body weight groups of rodents. Sensitivity of the digestion diagnostic technique is proved compared with compressorium diagnostic technique. Nevertheless, diaphragm was the most sensitive site for detection of light infection in all studied rodents followed by thigh then tongue; expressed as number of larvae per gram tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Visual diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis during meat inspection: is it unequivocal?

A total of 267 cysts were collected from March to December 2004 from two main abattoirs in northern Germany. The cysts were classified by the usual organoleptic methods during meat inspection as Cysticercus bovis. The reported prevalence of cysticercosis in the abattoirs was 0.48 and 1.08%, respectively. The cysts were examined macroscopically for description of their morphology and constituents and classified as viable or degenerating (dead). The DNA was extracted from these cysts and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for evaluation of the detection methods used and to make certain that the cysts did indeed belong to C. bovis, as indicated at the slaughterhouses. Two sets of primers were used with different sensitivity levels. The first, HDP1, was able to detect 200 fg of Taenia saginata DNA and 100 pg of C. bovis DNA. The other primer set, HDP2, was able to detect 1 pg of T. saginata DNA and 1 ng of C. bovis DNA. No more than 52.4% of the samples tested positive for C. bovis in the PCR using both primers, while 20% of the viable cysts and 49.2% of the degenerating cysts tested negative with both primers.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

Observations on natural and experimental interactions between Schistosoma bovis and S. curassoni from West Africa.

Surveys of 332 naturally infected bovines at eight abattoirs in Senegal, The Gambia and Mali were carried out to determine the prevalence of infection with Schistosoma bovis and S. curassoni and to pinpoint areas where the distribution of the species overlap. S. bovis was the commonest schistosome of cattle in Senegal and Mali being found in animals at seven abattoirs, the highest prevalence of 85.1% occurred at Mopti in Mali. S. bovis was the only bovine schistosome observed in The Gambia. S. curassoni was isolated from a cow at Bamako and shown to have similar glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and acid phosphatase profiles to those described for a Senegalese isolate. Evidence of interaction of S. bovis with S. curassoni was found in cattle from Senegal, at Tambacounda and Kolda, and from Mali, at Bamako and Mopti. A mixed experimental infection of both species in a sheep showed the lack of any specific mate recognition system: identification of the worms was facilitated by analysis of acid phosphatase by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Viable hybrid parasites were produced in the laboratory and were maintained up until the F4 generation. Comparisons of egg morphology, surface structure of adult male worms and enzyme profiles have been made between experimental hybrid lines and field isolates. Possible mechanisms maintaining species integrity are discussed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1991

Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat production environments of a South Island (New Zealand) mutton slaughterhouse.

The results of a survey conducted at a South Island, New Zealand, abattoir are presented. Two-hundred-and-eighteen samples taken from ovine carcasses and the environment were analysed. The traditional cold enrichment, i.e. 4 degrees C for up to 16 weeks, was used. No isolations of listeriae were made from freshly dressed carcasses or from surfaces with which meat makes contact. However, seven isolates of Listeria monocytogenes were obtained from cold rooms operating at 5 degrees C and which are used to store carcasses. Also, a single isolate of L. ivanovii was obtained from a mesh screen strainer of the waste water treatment plant located near the works. The study indicates that ovine carcasses can be prepared free of L. monocytogenes, that cold rooms may be a source of these microorganisms and it also reconfirms that listeriae can be found in soil and fodder of animal paddocks adjacent to the abattoir.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Distribution of airborne microorganisms in commercial pork slaughter processes.

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence and distribution of airborne bacterial contamination, with particular reference to Escherichia coli and Salmonella, at a number of stages in a pork slaughtering plant. Air samples (impaction and sedimentation) were recovered from seven locations before and during operations in a commercial pork processing plant. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, E. coli counts and the incidence of Salmonella in the air were determined. Most sample locations which provided high impaction counts also provided high sedimentation counts. Before commencement of operations, there were no significant differences in aerobic mesophilic bacteria obtained from the sample locations. However, within 2 h of the commencement of operations, aerobic mesophilic bacteria in the wet room (3.14 log10 cfu/m3) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the clean room (2.66 log10 cfu/m3) and chiller (2.34 log10 cfu/m3). By the afternoon, similar aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts were recovered in the wet and clean rooms, although counts in both of these areas were significantly higher (P > 0.05) than in the chiller. In general there were no significant differences in E. coli counts between rooms (wet room, clean room and chiller) and these did not increase during the production day. Salmonella were detected at the locations of the dehairing and evisceration operations. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria in the air within the abattoir increased as production proceeded. In addition the air within the abattoir contained organisms such as Salmonella and E. coli. Positive correlations (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) between impaction and sedimentation samples were found suggesting that air may be an important source of carcass contamination.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Use of routine beef carcase Escherichia coli monitoring data to investigate the relationship between hygiene status of incoming stock and processing efficacy.

In Australian export-registered abattoirs microbiological monitoring is carried out within the E. coli and Salmonella Monitoring (ESAM) program. During the calendar year 2003, the ESAM database indicated a national prevalence of Escherichia coli of around 3.0% for steers/heifers and 7.1% for cows/bulls. An investigation was carried out to attempt to elucidate why some establishments had E. coli prevalence markedly higher or markedly lower than the national average. The investigation was based on a questionnaire completed by fifteen export establishments which provided data on livestock, processing, operator training and management. The responses were verified by site visits and then evaluated for their relationship with ESAM data on E. coli in two stages. In stage 1, E. coli prevalence for each abattoir was plotted against each variable recorded by the questionnaire; no single variable was a reasonable predictor for prevalence of E. coli on carcases. In stage 2, variables influencing contamination were grouped under two categories: contamination on incoming livestock (Problem variables) together with the ability of the plant's process to deal with such contamination (Process variables). The analysis prompted two main conclusions. Firstly, plants with a large incoming problem with livestock (long haul, high tag score and proportion of cows/bulls slaughtered) plus "poor" processes had higher than average E. coli prevalence. Secondly, plants with hot water decontamination systems had low E. coli prevalence even when there was a substantial incoming problem with livestock, such as a relatively high proportion of cows/bulls.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Diagnostic significance of Neospora caninum DNA detected by PCR in cattle serum.

A nested PCR that successfully detected Neospora caninum DNA in serum of cattle was used for investigation of selected abortion cases and in a study of healthy pregnant cows at an abattoir. N. caninum DNA was not detected in serum from antibody positive dams that aborted due to N. caninum, but was present in serum of some antibody negative dams that aborted due to other causes. N. caninum DNA was also found in the serum of about half of the animals that aborted of undetermined cause, but was not detected in cow sera from two beef cattle herds in Western Australia with no recent history of abortion. In the abattoir study of 79 dams and their foetuses N. caninum DNA was found in serum of 3 dams and in material from 11 foetuses. The majority of the cows and all foetuses were antibody negative. Our findings suggest that there is no obvious relationship between the presence or absence of N. caninum DNA in serum and the presence of antibodies to N. caninum in dams, the presence of N. caninum DNA in foetuses or abortion due to N. caninum. This is the first report of the detection of N. caninum DNA in serum of cattle rather than the white blood cell fraction. It indicates the presence of free tachyzoites and/or parasite DNA in circulation. The results suggest that persistent infection in the absence of antibodies is a possible outcome of N. caninum infection. Infection of foetuses in the absence of antibodies supports the possibility of persistent infection due to immunotolerance to an early in utero infection. It is therefore important to test for N. caninum DNA as well as antibodies for the detection of exposed and/or infected animals. However, the presence or absence of N. caninum antibodies or DNA did not support nor exclude N. caninum as the cause of abortion. Additional criteria are required for a positive diagnosis of abortion caused by N. caninum.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of a Salmonella subspecies diarizonae in Norwegian sheep herds.

We studied the prevalence of Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) (S. IIIb 61:k:1,5,(7)) in 133 Norwegian sheep herds from throughout the country. We used a nested case-control study to identify major risk factors. Two pooled samples (one from lambs and one from adult sheep) were collected from each herd from (10 different) abattoirs. The regional prevalence varied from 0 to 45%, and was more prevalent in adults than in lambs. Sixteen of the 133 herds tested positive to S. IIIb 61:k:1,5,(7), and these positive herds were included in the questionnaire-based nested case-control part of the study. The controls were stratified according to abattoir. Above-median herd size, having white crossbreed sheep, and higher annual replacement percentage were the most evident risk factors.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Chronic pleuritis in Danish slaughter pig herds.

Respiratory disease is considered the most serious disease problem in modern pig production and the risk has increased with intensification of pig production. We quantified risk factors for chronic pleuritis (CP) in Danish pig herds in terms of herd and herd-owner characteristics, management and neighbourhood factors. The occurrence of CP was investigated in 540,104 slaughter pigs from 259 farrow-to-finish or finishing herds during the mandatory post-mortem meat inspection at 18 Danish abattoirs. The monthly herd- and abattoir-specific prevalences of CP were estimated for the months January through August 2000. Meat-inspection data, herd characteristics and neighbourhood factors were obtained from databases at the Danish Bacon and Meat Council. Data on herd-owner characteristics and management factors were obtained by telephone interviews. Data were analysed using a mixed model accounting for repeated measurements. Four factors were associated with increased herd prevalence of CP: low health status of the herd, pig density within a 5 km radius, mingling of pigs during the production period and the month of slaughter. Two factors protected against CP: feeding with only dry feed and practising all-in-all-out production.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1998

Diagnosis of porcine trichinellosis: parasitological and immunoserological tests in pigs from endemic areas of Argentina.

In order to compare the reliability of serological and parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of porcine trichinellosis from endemic areas in Argentina, 116 pigs were studied: 61 animals from two separate outbreaks and 55 from a small abattoir. Direct diagnostic techniques included trichinoscopy and the artificial digestion method. Indirect diagnostic tests used in this study were the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), employing the excretory-secretory products of muscle larvae (ML) as antigen, and the indirect immunofluorescence assay using as antigen ML in suspension (IIF-susp), cryostat sections of infected rat muscle or of free ML (IIF-slide). The percentage of parasitologically positive pigs was invariably lower than that of serologically positive animals (IIF-slide), even when digestion studies were carried out individually with a greater amount of muscle sample than required by current regulations. Close correlation was found between IIF using as antigen tissue sections and IIF using free ML sections, while IIF-susp proved unsuitable for diagnosis since this assay presented a high percentage of false negative results (20%). The IIF-slide technique proved positive in all parasitologically positive animals. ELISA rendered a lower percentage of positive reactions than IIF-slide, especially when worm burden was low. Since most parasitologically positive animals rendered at least two positive serological tests (two variations of IIF or IIF plus ELISA), those negative by digestion and positive by two serological methods were strongly suspected of having trichinellosis. Upon studying swine from a abattoir it was found that 9% of the pigs were positive when assayed by two serological techniques, but Trichinella spiralis infection could not be parasitologically confirmed. To sum up, serological methods may be used for screening all pigs and positive findings should be tested by the digestion method by analysing a greater quantity of pork than that required by current regulations, above all in areas with reported clinical trichinellosis in humans, to ensure that the pork is safe for human consumption.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

Detection of Trichinella infection in slaughter horses by ELISA and western blot analysis.

In order to determine the presence of Trichinella infections in horses slaughtered at an abattoir in Mexico, 147 serum samples were examined by two immunoenzymatic methods. Specific antibodies were detected by ELISA in 7% of the serum samples at a dilution 1:400 and in 10% at lower dilutions (1:20, 1:40) using Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) excretory/secretory (E/S) products. Serum samples from four naturally infected horses (confirmed by direct methods) gave negative O.D. values in an ELISA at a 1:400 dilution and only two of them were positive at a 1:20 and 1:40 dilutions. Serum samples from experimentally infected horses reacted by Western blotting with ML components with molecular weights of 47, 52, 59, 67, 72 and 105 kDa which correspond to the TSL-1 antigens. Serum samples from the four naturally infected horses and from the abattoir horses that were positive in ELISA using E/S antigens recognized several ML components, some of them reacted with all the TSL-1 antigens mentioned above and others recognized preferentially two or three of these molecules. Since the serologic assays may not offer the sensitivity required in the diagnosis of horses trichinellosis and the direct methods had not always been useful in the detection of larvae in horsemeat related to trichinellosis outbreaks in Europe, it is proposed that additional assays are performed to determine Trichinella infection in horses. These can include detection of parasite antigens by ELISA and Dot ELISA or PCR, which in turn may also help to determine the presence of the parasite in early and late infections of horses.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1989

Observations on the suitability and importance of the domestic intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus in Uttah Pradesh, India.

The present study investigated the suitability and importance of buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats and pigs in maintaining the life-cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in Aligarh, India. A total of 565 (36%) of 1556 buffaloes, 20 (2%) of 1208 goats, 5 (1%) of 559 pigs, 6 (6%) of 109 sheep and two of three camels were found to harbour hydatid cysts. The frequency distribution of the hydatid cysts in each intermediate host species was over-dispersed and in buffaloes cyst fertility increased with increasing cyst size. Of 2171, 95 and four buffalo, goat, and camel cysts examined 327 (15%), two (2%) and three cysts respectively were fertile. No pig or sheep cysts were found to contain protoscoleces. The unfenced buffalo abattoir and the large number of dogs allowed access to the abattoir coupled to the number of buffalo slaughtered in comparison to the other potential hosts, indicates that the buffalo is the most significant host for maintaining the life-cycle of the parasite in this area of India. Applicable control measures for the region are suggested.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

The development of new foci of echinococcosis in northern Israel: prevalence in domestic animals.

In a survey carried out in 1991-1992 in the town of Yirka in Northern Israel, 49 dogs were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection and abattoir data, based on organs condemned for the presence of parasites, was collected. The presence of E. granulosus by arecoline test was demonstrated in 7 (14.2%) of the dogs examined, but not parasites were found in the intestines of five stray dogs shot in the area. A survey of sheep slaughtered in the local abattoir during a one-month period revealed Echinococcus cysts in 10% of the 255 animals examined. No Echinococcus parasites were detected in 21 dogs examined 3 months after the initiation of praziquantel treatment. Echinococcosis seems to be a very serious public health problem in Israel and a control programme needs to be given a high priority.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1995

The prevalence of Taenia solium metacestodes in pigs in northern Tanzania.

Eighty three carcasses of pigs were examined at three abattoirs in Moshi, Arusha and Mbulu in northern Tanzania. Taenia solium metacestodes were found in all the three abattoirs with an overall prevalence of 13.3%. During routine meat inspection in Kiboroloni, Moshi 6.2-6.9% of the pigs were found to harbour T. solium metacestodes. The mean number of hooks on the protoscolices was 27 and the length of the small hooks varied from 105 microns to 130 microns while that of the larger hooks varied from 168 microns to 174 microns confirming that the cysts were metacestodes of T. solium. Although cystlike lesions were recovered from livers of both pigs and cattle, no hooklets of sizes in the range of 5-37 microns were found indicating that no Taiwan Taenia metacestodes were recovered during carcass examination.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1985

Biotypes and serotypes of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from cattle, sheep and pig offal and other red meats.

In this study we examined 730 faecal samples of offal (mainly liver), mince-meat and sausage meat collected from abattoirs and retail butchers' shops for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli were isolated from 30.6, 10.5 and 6% of sheep, cattle and pig offal samples respectively. Specimens collected from abattoirs were, in general, more often contaminated than material obtained from retail butchers' shops. Only 1.4% of minced meats and sausage meats contained campylobacters. Most isolates (89.5%) were C. jejuni biotype 1 (Skirrow & Benjamin, 1980) of serotypes 1 and 2 (Penner & Hennessy, 1980). This study shows that animal offal is frequently contaminated with C. jejuni of biotypes and serotypes commonly isolated from human beings with campylobacter enteritis.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1993

Cattle as a possible source of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in man.

In May-June 1992 cases of infection with verocytotoxin-producing (VT+) Escherichia coli O157 in South Yorkshire could have been associated with prior consumption of beef from a local abattoir. During investigation of the abattoir, bovine rectal swabs and samples of meat and surface swabs from beef carcasses were examined for E. coli O157, isolates of which were tested for toxigenicity, plasmid content and phage type. E. coli O157 was isolated from 84 (4%) of 2103 bovine rectal swabs; of these 84, 78 (93%) were VT+, the most common phage types being 2 and 8, the types implicated in the cluster of human cases. Positive cattle were from diverse sources within England. E. coli O157 was isolated from 7 (30%) of 23 carcasses of rectal swab-positive cattle and from 2 (8%) of 25 carcasses of rectal swab-negative cattle. The study has shown that cattle may be a reservoir of VT+ E. coli O157, and that contamination of carcasses during slaughter and processing may be how beef and beef products become contaminated and thereby transmit the organism to man.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

Bacterial populations on dressed pig carcasses.

Samples were collected at two abattoirs from four sites on pig carcasses as they were being placed in a chiller. Bacteriological examination showed that no single sampling site could be used to assess the microbiological status of pig carcass surfaces. Sampling from multiple sites on a carcass may be required to assess the degree of contamination by different bacteria. It is suggested that the hygiene of slaughtering and dressing of pig carcasses at an abattoir cannot be assessed on a single visit and that a number of visits are necessary to establish a hygiene pattern.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

Effect of time in lairage on caecal and carcass salmonella contamination of slaughter pigs.

A longitudinal study of the effect of time spent in lairage on salmonellas in the caecum and on the skin surface of 450 slaughter pigs from a single producer was conducted. Pigs were tested in 6 groups at 2 abattoirs, with one-third of a group being slaughtered after 18 h, one-third after 42 h and one-third after 66 h spent in lairage. The salmonella isolation rate from caeca and carcass surfaces increased significantly with increasing time spent in lairage. Salmonellas were isolated from the caeca of 18.5% of pigs held less than 24 h in lairage, 24.1% of pigs held a further 24 h and 47.7% of pigs held for 66 h in lairage before slaughter. The salmonella isolation rates from carcasses were 9.3%, 12.8% and 27.3% for the same groups. Thirteen salmonella serotypes were isolated from the caecal contents and carcasses over the 6 weeks of the trial. One abattoir had a higher salmonella isolation rate from pigs than the other and this was probably related to lairage management. It appeared that lairage is an important factor in the manipulation of the salmonella contamination of pig carcasses.

Abattoirs↗