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PubMed1999

[Role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in chronic renal failure].

AIM: To characterize status of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with chronic and terminal renal failure (CRF, TRF) and its role in pathogenesis of arterial hypertension (AH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAAS was studied in 90 patients with TRF on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) and 17 CRF patients with AH on conservative therapy. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and the level of plasma aldosterone (PA) were measured with radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: PRA with moderate CHD-controlled hypertension (1.16 ng/ml/h) was not higher than in control group (1.33 ng/ml/h), while in severe hypertension PRA was increased 4.6-fold (6.09, p < 0.05). In CRF with severe AH PRA was higher 3.6 times (4.8 ng/ml/h, p < 0.05). PA was in CRF and TRF patients 4-5 times higher than in healthy controls. A positive correlation was found between PRA and mean dynamic AP (r = 0.448, p < 0.01) and PRA with PA (r = 0.31, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A leading role of RAAS is shown in pathogenesis of AH in patients with hemodialysis uncontrolled hypertension and, partially, in patients with CRF and severe AH.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

p57KIP2 expression and loss of heterozygosity during immortal conversion of cultured human mammary epithelial cells.

We have uncovered a novel role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p57KIP2, during the immortalization of cultured human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). HMECs immortalized after chemical carcinogen exposure initially expressed little or no telomerase activity, and their telomeres continued to shorten with passage. Cell populations whose mean terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length declined to < or = 3 kb exhibited slow heterogeneous growth and contained many nonproliferative cells. These conditionally immortal HMEC cultures accumulated large quantities of p57 protein. With continued passage, the conditionally immortal cell populations very gradually converted to a fully immortal phenotype of good uniform growth, expression of high levels of telomerase activity, and stabilization of telomere length. The fully immortal HMECs that grew well did not accumulate p57 in G0 or during the cell cycle. DNA and RNA analysis of mass populations and individual subclones of conditionally immortal HMEC line 184A1 showed that continued growth of conditionally immortal cells with critically short telomeres was repeatedly accompanied by loss of the expressed p57 allele and transient expression of the allele imprinted previously. Conditionally immortal 184A1 with mean TRF > 3 kb, infected with retroviruses containing the p57 gene, exhibited premature slow heterogeneous growth. Conversely, exogenous expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase, in 184A1 with mean TRF > 3 kb prevented both the slow heterogeneous growth phase and accumulation of p57 in cycling populations. These data indicate that in HMECs that have overcome replicative senescence, p57 may provide an additional barrier against indefinite proliferation. Overcoming p57-mediated growth inhibition in these cells may be crucial for acquisition of the unlimited growth potential thought to be critical for malignant progression.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Importance of anemia and transferrin levels in the regulation of intestinal iron absorption in hypotransferrinemic mice.

The hypotransferrinemic mouse (trf (hpx)) is a mutant strain exhibiting transferrin deficiency, marked anemia, hyperabsorption of iron, and elevated hepatic iron stores. We set out to investigate the relative roles of anemia and of transferrin in the malregulation of intestinal iron absorption in these animals. Transfusion of erythrocytes obtained from littermate controls increased hemoglobin levels and reduced reticulocyte counts in recipient animals. Although mucosal to carcass (59)Fe transfer was reduced, total duodenal iron uptake was not significantly affected. Iron absorption in homozygotes, in contrast to littermate controls, was not reduced by hyperoxia. Mouse transferrin injections, in the short term, increased delivery of iron to the marrow and raised hemoglobin levels. Although mucosal transfer and total iron uptake were reduced at the higher transferrin doses, total uptake was still higher than in controls. Daily injections of mouse/human transferrin for 3 weeks from weaning, normalized hemoglobin values, and markedly reduced liver iron and intestinal iron absorption values in trf (hpx) animals. When such daily-injected mice were left for a week to allow transferrin clearance, iron absorption values were significantly enhanced; hemoglobin or hepatic iron levels were, however, not significantly altered. These data indicate that hyperabsorption of iron in trf (hpx) mice is not solely because of the anemia; transferrin levels per se do affect iron absorption, possibly via a direct effect on the intestinal mucosa.

Anemia↗
PubMed2000

Tocotrienols inhibit growth of ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells.

The vitamin E component of palm oil provides a rich source of tocotrienols which have been shown previously to be growth inhibitory to two human breast cancer cell lines: responsive MCF7 cells and unresponsive MDA-MB-231 cells. Data presented here shows that the tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil and individual fractions (alpha, gamma and delta) can also inhibit the growth of another responsive human breast cancer cell line, ZR-75-1. At low concentrations in the absence of oestrogen tocotrienols stimulated growth of the ZR-75-1 cells, but at higher concentrations in the presence as well as in the absence of oestradiol, tocotrienols inhibited cell growth strongly. As for MCF7 cells, alpha-tocopherol had no effect on growth of the ZR-75-1 cells in either the absence or presence of oestradiol. In studying the effects of tocotrienols in combination with antioestrogens, it was found that TRF could further inhibit growth of ZR-75-1 cells in the presence of tamoxifen (10(-7) M and 10(-8) M). Individual tocotrienol fractions (alpha, gamma, delta) could inhibit growth of ZR-75-1 cells in the presence of 10(-8) M oestradiol and 10(-8) M pure antioestrogen ICI 164,384. The immature mouse uterine weight bioassay confirmed that TRF could not exert oestrogen antagonist action in vivo. These results provide evidence of wider growth-inhibitory effects of tocotrienols beyond MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and with an oestrogen-independent mechanism of action, suggest a possible clinical advantage in combining administration of tocotrienols with antioestrogen therapy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of a variety of biological parameters in distinguishing cirrhotic from malignant ascites.

Twenty-two different protein measurements were taken in the serum and ascitic fluid of fifty consecutive patients in an attempt to investigate which tests are the most reliable for the differential diagnosis of ascites. Serum and ascitic fluid total proteins (TPR), albumin (ALB), lactate (LAC), ferritin (FER), C3 and C4 complement factors, C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin (CER), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2MG), haptoglobin (HAP), alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT), alpha1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1AG), transferrin (TRF), immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and cytokines such as interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured to distinguish between malignant and cirrhotic ascites. Correlations and non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests were used for ascitic fluid:serum ratio comparisons between the two groups. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the most significant biochemical ratio predictors for the differential diagnosis and a recursive partitioning model was constructed. Highly positive correlations (r>0.50) were found between the ratios IgA, IgG, IgM, CER, alpha2 MG, HAP, alpha1AT, alpha1AG and TRF. There was evidence that TPR, ALB, LAC, FER, IgG, CER, alpha2MG, alpha1AT, alpha1AG, TRF and IL-8 ascitic fluid:serum ratios are significnatly higher in patients with malignant neoplasms than in cirrhotics. In the recursive partitioning model the most significant parameters were found to be the ratios of albumin and IL-1alpha. The model fitted allowed for 100% correct classification of ascites. In conclusion, we have shown that a simple and very accurate model based on two ascitic fluid: serum measurements is able to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant ascites.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2001

Oxidative stress--induced single-strand breaks in chromosomal telomeres of human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that chronic hyperoxia induces single-stranded breaks in chromosomal telomeres as a measure of oxidative DNA damage in cultured RPE cells. METHODS: RPE340 cells were cultured in 40% and 20% (control) O(2). DNA damage was assessed by mean terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length, and the S1 nuclease assay was used to determine the frequency of single-strand breaks in telomeric DNA. The degree of oxidative stress in cells was estimated by flow cytometric analysis of reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI)-induced 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and Northern blot analysis of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA induction. RESULTS: The mean TRF length of cells grown in 40% O(2) shortened at a faster rate than those grown in 20% O(2). The S1 nuclease assay showed that the accelerated mean TRF length shortening was due to an increased accumulation of single-stranded breaks in telomeric DNA. The degree of ROI production and HO-1 mRNA induction was greater in cells treated with 40% than 20% O(2), an effect that was also larger in old than young passaged cells. CONCLUSIONS: RPE340 cells in vitro grown in chronic hyperoxia exhibited evidence of DNA damage with accelerated telomeric shortening via an increased accumulation of single-strand breaks in telomeric DNA. These changes could provide insight into aging of RPE cells by oxidative DNA damage.

Cell Hypoxia↗
PubMed2002

[Supply of care and prevention].

THE SITUATION: The needs for care of terminal renal failure (TRF) has changed over the past 10 years, particularly with more elderly patients presenting with more comorbid states. The supply of care, the quota of which is fixed by the demand, is no longer adapted and reorganization is primordial. The delayed referral to a nephrologist is an increased source of morbidity and mortality. It is also the cause of increased costs of around 0.2 billion francs per year. In our paper we present 2 major axes of development, defined during the last National Health Conference. ORGANIZATION OF A NETWORK ON NEPHROLOGIC EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFORMATION (RESEAU EPIDEMIOLOGIE ET INFORMATION EN NEPHROLOGIE -REIN): This network will pilot the development of the first axe, which is the supply of care adapted to requirements. The characteristics of this multidisciplinary program are presented together with the multi-source information system. The provisional annual budget for dialysis alone would correspond to the contribution of 1.00 FF per session for the Health Scheme and to 0.6 FF for the State. SECOND AXE OF DEVELOPMENT: Transplant planning is aimed to increase the collection of organs and thus the yearly number of transplants, clearly insufficient today. The principle elements of the program are presented. The yearly return on investment of such a program would be of half a billion Francs after five years. PREVENTION OF TRF: The notion of renal risk, risk factors for the progression of chronic renal failure and risk factors for a nephropathy must be introduced. There are two major axes to the prevention of TRF: slowing the progression of chronic renal failure and preventing the occurrence of subjacent nephropathies. These tasks come within the framework of the "Chronic Renal Failure Plan" presented by the Ministry of Health last September.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2002

[Influence of escharectomy and skin grafting during early burn stage on acute-phase response in severely burned rats and its significance].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of escharectomy and skin-grafting during early burn stage on the production of acute-phase reactants by the liver in severely burned rats. METHODS: Ninety-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (C), escharectomy on postburn day (PBD) 1 group (0) and escharectomy on PBD4 group (F). 30% III degrees (total body surface area full-thickness) burn injury was caused by immersing the back in boiling water for 10 seconds. Escharectomy and skin grafting with cryopreserved allogeneic skin were performed one day or 4 days after the burn injury. ON days 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 after burn injury blood was withdrawn from the abdominal aorta of 8 rats for each experimental group. The serum contents al-antitrypsin (AT), al-acid glycoprotein (AGP), C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin (Alb), and transferrin (Trf) were measured by turbidimetry. RESULTS: Significant increase in concentrations of positive acute-phase reactant, CRP, AGP, and AT, was observed in group O and group F as compared with normal control, (P < 0.05), while the concentrations of negative acute-phase reactants, Alb and Trf, decreased markedly (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of AT and AGP in group O began to decrease significantly on PBD 5 and PBD7 respectively in comparison with that of the group F (P < 0.05), however, they still maintained a rather higher levels on PBD7. The concentration of CRP in group O began to decrease on PBD4, and the values on PBD4, 5, and 7 were significantly lower than those of the group F (P < 0.05). The concentration of CRP in PBD1 group reached the normal level on PBD7, however, the concentration of CRP in group F kept increasing till PBD5, and remained significantly higher than that in group C (P < 0.05). The concentration of Alb in group O was significantly higher on PBD7 than that in group F (P < 0.05). The concentration of Trf in group O on PBD5 and PBD7 was significantly higher than those in group F (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Escharectomy and skin grafting during early burn stage attenuates acute-phase response after burn injury and are beneficial to the organism.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed2002

Competence and behavioral/emotional problems in Croatian children--parents' and teachers' reports: pilot study.

Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher's Report Form (TRF) were administered to school children aged between 7-11 comprising a non-referred sample (n = 349) drawn from the whole country. Those were the first data on the CBCL and TRF in Croatia. Both in the CBCL and TRF boys had higher scores compared to girls in the Externalizing and Total Problems scale (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Parents rated higher scores to the Internalizing and Externalizing scales and the Total Problems scale in both sexes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), with the exception of the Internalizing scale in boys. Parents are very important observers of mental health problems in children.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Screening extracts of Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Warburgia ugandensis for activity against measles virus (Swartz and Edmonston strains) in vitro.

A large proportion of the population in Uganda still relies on the use of plant extracts for treatment of various ailments. This study tested the claimed efficacy of some plants in the treatment of measles. In vitro antiviral assays were performed on extracts of two medicinal plants (Warburgia ugandensis and Zanthoxylum chalybeum) using measles virus (Edmonston and Swartz strains) as the test organisms. The assays performed were the neutralisation tests and the plaque reduction assays. Of the two plants Z. chalybeum had demonstrable in vitro antiviral activity in the seed extracts (titer reduction factor [TRF]: 100, for the ethanolic extract). The in vitro antiviral activity of the seed extracts was demonstrated to be due to compound 27-135D (TRF=1000), which was characterized by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy as the alkaloid skimmianine. Skimmianine had minimal toxicity to VERO cell lines. The petroleum ether extracts and the ethanolic extracts of Warburgia ugandensis had no inhibitory effect on cytopathic effect (CPE) formation, especially at the maximal non-toxic dose (MNTD). The extracts of W. ugandensis were highly toxic to VERO cell lines. The TRF values for the stem bark extracts of W. ugandensis were: water extract, 10; ethanolic extract, 1; fraction 27-163D, 100., which were regarded to be too low. Seed extracts of Z.chalybeum therefore probably cure measles due to the antiviral effect of skimmianine. It is not clear how extracts of W. ugandensis produce a beneficial response in measles disease, if at all.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Renal protective effect of nilestriol in aged women with hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renal protective effect of nilestriol in aged hypertensive women. METHODS: Forty-one aged hypertensive women treated with antihypertensive drugs were randomly divided into two groups. The women in Group A (n = 21) received nilestriol, whereas those in Group B (n = 20) received a placebo for six months. Antihypertensive drugs were unchanged. Twenty-four healthy subjects were set as the normal control group. RESULTS: 1. Before the treatment, the levels of urinary transferrin (TRF), retinol binding protein (RBP), P-selectin, vWF, and ET-1 were significantly higher in the aged hypertensive women than those in the control group. 2. The levels of TRF and RBP significantly decreased in both Group A and Group B after the 6-month treatment, but these levels in Group A were significantly lower than those in Group B (P < 0.05). 3. The levels of P-selectin, vWF, and ET-1 in Group A were significantly lower than those in Group B (P < 0.05-0.01) after the treatment. CONCLUSION: 1. In aged hypertensive women treated with antihypertensive drugs, the renal function is still damaged; 2. Nilestriol can significantly decrease the levels of TRF and RBP; 3. The renal protective effect of nilestriol may be related to the protection of endothelin function and antithrombosis activity.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Lack of correlation between telomere length and telomerase activity and expression in leukemic cells.

The expression of three components of telomerase complex (hTR, hTERT, TP1) along with telomerase activity and telomere length in leukemic cells was investigated. Cells were isolated from peripheral blood and/or bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and non-lymphoblastic (ANLL) leukemia. Expression of three components of telomerase as well as telomerase activity was found in all leukemic cells. Chemiluminescent detection of terminal restriction fragments (TRF) from DNA isolated from ALL cells showed variable patterns expressing considerable heterogeneity of telomere length. The ALL cells appeared to have both long and short telomere lengths, in contrast to normal peripheral lymphocytes, which produced limited pattern of TRF. The ANLL cells produced predominantly short telomere pattern despite high telomerase activity and expression. It can be concluded that high telomerase activity and expression in leukemic cells is not always correlated with long telomeres (TRF pattern).

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2005

[Calcification of peripheral arteries in patients with terminal renal failure on programmed hemodialysis].

AIM: To estimate incidence and clinical significance of carotid and femoral arteries calcification in patients with terminal renal failure (TRF) on programmed hemodialysis (PH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty four patients (25 males and 9 females) with TRF were divided into two groups by severity of hyperphosphatemia: 15 patients with P < 6 mg/dl (group 1) and 19 patients with P > 6 mg/dl. The groups were matched by age (44.4 +/- 15.05 and 42.7 +/- 14.23 years, respectively) and PH duration (2.4 +/- 1.1 and 2.6 +/- 1.16 years, respectively). Calcification of the arteries and structure of the vascular wall were examined with ultrasonic dopplerography of the common carotid and femoral arteries. Measurements were made of intima-media complex (IMC) thickness, systolic and diastolic diameter of the right and left carotid artery. The arteries were studied for the presence of calcinates and atherosclerotic plaques. RESULTS: Patients of group 2 showed a correlation between a P level, incidence rate of common carotid arteries calcification, atherosclerotic plaques in the femoral arteries, IMC of the carotid and femoral arteries, left ventricular hypertrophy and a decline in a left ventricular diastolic function. A significant correlation was established between the rate of atherosclerotic plaques detection and age, male sex, smoking and history of PH. An increase in IMC and arterial rigidity was revealed in 12 (63.2%) of 19 patients of group 2. They had episodes of intradialysis hypotonia, 6 (31.6%) patients had acute coronary syndrome, 5 (26.3%) patients--cardiac arrhythmia. CONCLUSION: A significant contribution to formation of risk factors of cardiovascular complications in TRF patients on PH is made by disturbed phosphorus-calcium metabolism resulting in higher rigidity and diameter of the arteries. The above changes lead to a rise in systolic pressure and fall in diastolic one. Increased pulse pressure is an independent predictor of the risk to develop acute coronary syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Regulation of protein secretion by crinophagy in perfused rat liver.

We examined the secretion of three serum proteins, albumin (RSA), alpha 2 mu-globulin (alpha 2 mu G), and transferrin (Trf), in the isolated perfused liver. Within 4 h of perfusion, only 20 to 35% of previously synthesized proteins were secreted by the liver into the recirculating medium. Low temperature inhibited the secretion of alpha 2 mu G and Trf, but not RSA. The amount of RSA secreted by the liver increased twofold in the presence of leupeptin, a proteinase inhibitor, or primaquine, a weak base capable of neutralizing acidic compartments. Neither drug affected Trf secretion, while the release of alpha 2 mu G was enhanced threefold by primaquine treatment. Only 55 to 70% of the total amount of these serum proteins present in the liver at the onset of perfusion could be accounted for after 4 h of perfusion. Our evidence suggests that these losses are due to protein degradation. The degradation of RSA and alpha 2 mu G was inhibited at 15 degrees C and by both leupeptin and primaquine. Contrary, RSA degradation was not altered when livers were perfused at 20 degrees C. Morphological techniques combined with immunological probes were utilized to identify possible intracellular sites of RSA degradation. RSA and cathepsin L were colocalized to large vacuoles found near the cell periphery. Entry of RSA into these vacuoles occurred at 20 degrees C but not at 15 degrees C. Our results using perfused rat livers suggest that as much as 40% of hepatic serum proteins are degraded via fusion of secretory vesicles with lysosomes (e.g., crinophagy).

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1990

[Tumor-regressing factor induced by antitumor polysaccharide in the serum of tumor-bearing mice].

A potent tumor-regressing activity was found in the serum of mice with S180 tumor undergoing rapid regression caused by antitumor polysaccharides. Beta (1-3) glucan including CM-TAK and lentinan and mannoglucan MGA induced such activity. It causes a rapid decrease in the number of tumor cells accompanied with a marked increase in neutrophiles in solid tumors. The entity of the activity was named as tumor-regressing factor (TRF) and was partially purified revealing a proteinaceous nature with an approximate molecular weight of 250,000. The factor was induced in a serum of tumor-bearing mice in various host-tumor combinations after the tumor growth had been established but only weakly in normal mice. The sensitivity of tumors to the factor was also dependent on the stage of tumor growth. The serum of normal mice or tumor-bearing mice without polysaccharide treatment exhibited similar activity as TRF after definite chromatographic step. The chromatographic behavior of the revealed activity was closely similar to that of the induced factor. It was postulated that a TRF-like activity exists in normal serum in a inactivated form being bound by antagonist(s) and the appropriate chromatography might remove the antagonist resulting in the active form of the factor. The concept was confirmed by reconstituting the chromatographic fractions, the revealed activity was again obscured after mixing with a certain fraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Urinary excretion of some proteins and enzymes during normal pregnancy.

Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), transferrin (TRF), retinol-binding protein (RPB), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and creatinine (Cr) were measured in random (untimed) urine samples from 29 nonpregnant women and from pregnant subjects (11 in the first trimester, 34 in the second, and 37 in the third). The excretion of TP, Alb, TRF, NAG, and AAP (relative to creatinine) and the RBP concentration were all higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the second and third trimesters compared with values for the nonpregnant controls. The GGT/Cr ratio was significantly higher only in the third trimester. The increase in low-molecular-mass proteins and tubular enzymes suggests that at least part of the increase in Alb, TRF, and TP results from decreased tubular reabsorption. We conclude that excretion of both high- and low-molecular-mass proteins is increased during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Immunoregulation in the rat: cellular and molecular requirements for B cell responses to types 1, 2, and T-dependent antigens.

The requirements for primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) development in cultures of purified rat splenic B cells have been examined. Rat B cells were directly responsive to the type 1 antigen trinitrophenyl-Brucella abortus (TNP-BA), but both T cells and adherent accessory cells were required for B cell responses to the type 2 antigen TNP-Ficoll and the T cell-dependent (TD) antigen sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). However, the cellfree supernatants from concanavalin A-induced spleen cells of rat or mouse origin replaced the requirement for T cells and macrophages, and resulted in PFC development in response to TNP-Ficoll and SRBC and augmented PFC numbers in response to TNP-BA. Culture supernatants from induced murine T cell and macrophage cell lines were used to partially deduce the molecular requirements for the support of PFC development by rat B cells to these three antigens. Supernatants from the EL-4 (EL-4 sup) and B151 K12 (B15 sup) T cell lines augmented TNP-BA responses, suggesting that B cell growth factor II (BCGF-II) mediated this effect. An admixture of purified interleukin 2 (IL 2) and B15 sup supported PFC development to SRBC; indicating that IL 2, BCGF-II, and the T cell-replacing factor in B15 sup (B15-TRF) were sufficient to support this response. In addition, the IL 2 plus B15 sup-supported anti-SRBC PFC response was increased by the addition of an interleukin 1-containing fraction from the supernatant of the macrophage line P388D1. PFC development in response to TNP-Ficoll had the most stringent requirements and only occurred in the presence of EL-4 sup and B15 sup (IL 2, BCGF-I, BCGF-II, EL-TRF, B15-TRF). These data indicate that different cellular and molecular requirements exist for PFC development in response to types 1, 2, and TD antigens by rat B cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Mechanisms of hypertension in patients with terminal kidney failure on programmed hemodialysis].

The state of some mechanisms involved in AP regulation was studied in 18 patients with terminal renal failure (TRF) on programmed hemodialysis for 7-9 mos. The imbalance of extra- and intracellular sodium, potassium and water causing hypertension, was noted in TRF patients. TRF patients revealed (against a background of the normal activity of plasma renin) a high activity of carboxycathepsin resulting in the creation of conditions for enhanced kinin degradation playing a depressor role and for intense angiotensin II formation, being an important mechanism of persistent hypertension. An increase in the activity of carboxycathepsin can be one of the reasons of hyperaldosteronemia detected in the patients. A single session of hemodialysis does not significantly influence the activity of carboxycathepsin.

Adult↗