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PubMed2005

Mating behaviour in a slave-making ant, Rossomyrmex minuchae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).

The mating behaviour of the ant Rossomyrmex minuchae, a rare, protected slave-making species in Spain, seems to be significantly affected by its particular life history and patchy habitat. The mating behaviour of the entire genus Rossomyrmex is virtually unknown. We present here the results of a 3-year study of mating behaviour in R. minuchae.Behavioural observations and limited nest excavations revealed that R. minuchae does not produce sexuals every year, the number of sexuals is low, and the sex ratio tends to be female biased. Females typically exhibit two distinct activity periods. The first, the mating period, takes place in early afternoon: the ants "call" near the natal nest, mate and then return to their nest. The second, the dispersal period takes place in late afternoon: the mated females exit their nest and fly in search of a new, non-parasitized Proformica longiseta host nest. Males are highly active during the mating period, but will remain inactive in the dispersal period even if experimentally presented with virgin females. It appears that females are monogamous, while males are polygamous. When males are late arriving at the female calling site, the females will frequently congregate presumably calling in chorus. The low reproductive efficiency exhibited by R. minuchae, coupled with the postulated low genetic variation in the population, as sisters may mate with the same male, could result in a low survival rate and risk of eventual extinction. The observed decrease in nest density we observed during the 2004 season may be indicative of such a process.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Resident's scent: a critical factor in acute analgesic reaction to defeat experience in male mice.

Although it has recently been reported that defeated male mice evidence an acute non-opioid analgesia, little is currently known about the specific features of the defeat experience with which the analgesic reaction is associated. The present experiments not only confirm that defeat experience reliably induces acute antinociception in intruder mice, but show that a similar reaction also occurs as a consequence of exposure to an aggressive resident which does not attack during the brief test period, a well-characterized non-aggressive resident and the 'unoccupied' soiled home cage of an aggressive resident. Results also indicated that, with appropriate exposure duration, scent alone can give rise to a quantitatively similar analgesia to that observed in defeated mice. Furthermore, time-course comparisons and the absence of naloxone antagonism suggest that 'scent' and 'defeat' analgesias are mediated via a common non-opioid mechanism. Data are discussed in relation to the ecological significance of urinary odours in social communication in mice.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Role of noradrenaline in behavioral changes after defeat in male and female rats.

We have tested the effect of noradrenaline depletion by clonidine in agonistic behavior of intact male and gonadectomized testosterone-treated female rats. Animals were subjected to the 'resident-intruder' paradigm: in 4 consecutive daily confrontations residents defeated intruders. Clonidine-treated intruder males showed higher levels of aggression than did their saline-injected controls. In contrast, in females, in which defeat was also followed by reduction of aggression, no effect of clonidine treatment was found.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids is regulated by a gating mechanism residing in the adrenal cortical clock.

In mammals, the master clock of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and subordinate clocks found throughout the body coordinate circadian rhythms of behavior and physiology. We characterize the clock of the adrenal, an important endocrine gland that synchronizes physiological and metabolic rhythms. Clock gene expression was detected in the outer adrenal cortex prefiguring a role of the clock in regulating gluco- and mineral corticoid biogenesis. In Per2/Cry1 double mutant mice, which lack a circadian clock, hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis regulation was defective. Organ culture and tissue transplantation suggest that the adrenal pacemaker gates glucocorticoid production in response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). In vivo the adrenal circadian clock can be entrained by light. Transcriptome profiling identified rhythmically expressed genes located at diverse nodes of steroid biogenesis that may mediate gating of the ACTH response by the adrenal clock.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2006

Weak winner effect in a less aggressive mammal: correlations with corticosterone but not testosterone.

We investigated the existence of the "winner effect" (winning an aggressive encounter following previous victories) and an associated rise in testosterone (T) in the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) which generally display low levels of aggression and territoriality. We compared the effect of previously winning three, two, one, or zero resident-intruder encounters on the likelihood of winning a subsequent aggressive encounter. Although 50% of males were removed during training because of peaceful encounters, the winner effect was weak and not significant. We hypothesize that territoriality/aggression may be associated with the strength of the winner effect and discuss whether the slight winner effect exhibited by P. leucopus may become significant when population densities increase and males become more territorial. There was also no associated change in T with winning; however, corticosterone (Cort) changed with experience as winners had low Cort levels compared to losers and controls. Furthermore, low Cort levels in winners were associated with quicker attack latencies. These results contrast with findings of a significant winner effect and increase in T in males of the highly territorial and aggressive California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) using an identical methodology. California mice also attacked their opponents at more caudal regions of the body compared to white-footed mice that attacked their opponents at more rostral regions of the body, possibly related to different levels/types of aggression expressed by the two species.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Effects of dispersal status on pituitary and gonadal function in the male spotted hyena.

Male spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) reach puberty at 24 months of age and then usually emigrate from their natal clans one to 52 months later. Recent work has shown that reproductive success is very low among adult males still residing in their natal groups, and it is similarly low among recent or "short-term" immigrants. Long-term immigrants father the vast majority of cubs born. Here we inquired whether these differences in reproductive success might be associated with variation among males in pituitary or gonadal function. In one free-living hyena population in Kenya, we compared baseline levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) among adult natal males, short-term immigrants, and long-term immigrants, and we also compared their pituitary and gonadal responses to GnRH challenge. Mean basal plasma LH values did not differ among groups, but mean basal T concentrations in long-term immigrants were higher than those in either natal males or short-term immigrants. Similarly, pituitary response to GnRH challenge did not vary significantly among groups, but testicular response to challenge was greater in long-term immigrants than in natal males or short-term immigrants. Thus adult natal and immigrant males exhibited similar pituitary function but testicular function was attenuated among adult males that had not yet left their natal groups and also among males attempting to become established in new social groups. This suggests that, like the act of emigration itself, the process of social integration during immigration may have important physiological consequences for male mammals transferring between groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess bullying and psychological disturbance among 5,813 elementary school-aged children. METHOD: The data consisted of information given by the parents, teachers, and children themselves (Rutter A2 Scale, Rutter B2 Scale and Children's Depression Inventory). Children involved in bullying (as bullies, bully-victims, and victims) were compared to other children. RESULTS: More boys than girls were found to be involved in bullying. Bully-victims scored highest in externalizing behaviour and hyperactivity, and they themselves reported feelings of ineffectiveness and interpersonal problems. Victims scored highest in internalizing behavior and also psychosomatic symptoms, and they themselves reported anhedonia. Some gender differences in psychiatric symptomatology were also found. Children involved in bullying, especially children who both bullied and were bullied themselves, were psychologically disturbed. More children involved in bullying than others were referred for psychiatric consultation. The probability of being referred was highest among bully-victims (6.5 fold for males and 9.9 for females when compared to children not involved in bullying). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that bullying is a common phenomenon among children who are psychologically disturbed. Bullying also elevates the probability of being referred for psychiatric consultation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine alters the behavior of enriched-impoverished rats in a novel test environment.

The hypothesis that neonatal norepinephrine (NE) depletion lessens the behavioral consequences of differential housing was tested. Male Wistar rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or vehicle twice within 24 hr of birth, weaned at 25 days, and reared under either impoverished (IC) or enriched conditions (EC) for 30 days. In 3 experiments, rats were tested in the Morris water maze, the colony-intruder test, and 2 tests of dominance. 6-OHDA treatment reduced cortical and hypothalamic NE concentrations and increased brainstem NE concentrations. EC housing increased cortical dopamine (DA). Behavioral differences caused by postweaning enrichment-isolation were reduced by neonatal NE depletion, primarily in early test trials. The authors conclude that forebrain NE afferents from the locus coeruleus are important for housing-related behavioral changes and responsivity to novel testing environments.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1975

Therapeutic aspects of Puerto Rican cult practices.

This paper seeks to explore the phenomenon of possession trance in the ritual context from still another tack, complementary to the studies cited above, by analyzing it as an active and perhaps necessary component in the development of significant personal relationships basic to the organization and goals of some religous cults.-1 This view has been suggested by data gathered in study of social process in Puerto Rican Spiritist cults-2 which examined the relationship between patterns of cult social organization and the cult execution of a culturally patterned psychotherapeutic process for committed adherents whose emotional problems are diagnosed by cult headers as manifestations of developing "faculties" for communication with the spirit world-3 (see Koss; Rogler and Hollingshead, 1965, pp. 244-254; Seda Bonilla, 1964).

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1987

Behavioural problems in dogs. Problems, diagnoses, therapeutic measures and results in 133 patients.

The treatment of 133 dogs with behavioural problems is reviewed. The problems most frequently presented concerned aggressive behaviour and/or fear (agonistic behaviour). The combination of problems of dominance and problem behaviour stimulating conditioning (PBSC) was a diagnosis made significantly more often than others. The owner's inability to control the dog appeared to be associated primarily with aggression, but also with fear, in the dog. In aggression as well as in fear, reinstatement of the appropriate ranking order was the usual goal of therapy. In cases of aggression the results of treatment were considered good or fair in 42 percent of the cases, moderate in 11, and bad in 41 percent of the cases. In those involving fear, the results were good or fair in 52 percent of the cases, moderate in 15, and bad in 25 percent. Hence treatment was only moderately successful. This reflects the need for more reliable and valid knowledge about symptoms, diagnostic methods and therapeutic possibilities.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Rules of engagement: structuring sex and damage in men's prisons and beyond.

This paper analyses data from a recent study of ex-prisoners and prisoners in Gauteng Province, South Africa, to consider the moral economy established by hegemonic inmate culture in which sexual interactions are negotiated. It argues that while this system is based on outside norms of heterosexism, ruptures with these norms occur. Male prison populations are rearranged into gendered categories through intricate inmate rituals, causing dramatic breaks in the ways that some prisoners are understood by others and themselves. The rituals and rules involved in the constructions appear to be unfamiliar from an 'outside' perspective, but have roots beyond prison walls. Similarly, the gendered positions generated are distinct from those they imitate, but also emerge in relation to them, beyond mere imitation. Even as new structures of identity emerge then, breaks with the outside are never total. Neither is the hold of the moral economy that inmate culture works so hard to create. Another order of rupture happens when prisoners transgress the rules of this economy, and subvert the meanings on which both the oppressive gender-sex status quo of the inside and that of the outside, rely.

Ceremonial Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Buffered development: resilience after aggressive subordination in infancy.

Do aggressive dominance and subordination in vertebrate broods and litters affect development? We examined 1,167 fledglings from two-chick broods of the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii), a species in which the first-hatched chick dominates with violent attacks throughout the nestling period and subordinates suffer lower fledging success, but if both broodmates survive, they grow to the same size. There was little evidence that dominant fledglings were more likely to recruit into the breeding population than were subordinate fledglings, and there was no evidence that dominant and subordinate recruits differed in their age, date, brood size, or nest success at first reproduction or in their summed brood sizes or total nest success over the first 5 yr or first 10 yr of life. Compared with dominants, subordinate fledglings were less prejudiced by late hatching and established clutches earlier over the first 10 yr, and subordinate recruits had 33% larger broods over the first 5 yr. However, in broods where both chicks fledged, accumulated reproductive success for chicks up to age 5 yr was similar for dominants and subordinates. Exercising dominance throughout infancy apparently does not fortify a chick for the future and may incur a long-term cost, and suffering violent subordination throughout infancy has little or no prejudicial effect and may even steel a chick for adult life.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Effects of hunger on aggression, approach, and avoidance by juncos (Junco hyemalis).

The aggressive tendencies of male dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis did not differ significantly following deprivation from food for 20 and 60 min. Tendencies to approach opponents at food, in contrast, increased with longer deprivation. Acute hunger and aggression are thus not competing behavioral systems. Nor do differences in rates of approach by subordinates affect aggressive tendencies of dominant birds.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence.

Children in grades 3, 6, 9, and 12 were administered the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire. Relationships were rated as progressively more egalitarian across the 4 grade groups, with adolescents reporting less dominance and nurturance by their older siblings than younger participants. Adolescents also reported less companionship, intimacy, and affection with siblings than younger participants reported. Levels of perceived conflict with younger siblings were moderately high across all 4 grades, whereas ratings of conflict with older siblings were progressively lower across the 4 grades. The findings suggested that sibling relationships: (a) become more egalitarian and less asymmetrical with age, (b) become less intense with age, and (c) encompass experiences that are partially determined by the child's standing in the family constellation.

Adolescent↗