Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “root”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Studies on immunoregulating effect of monkshood root and peony root used singly and in combination].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the abirritation and antiinflammation effects of Monkshood Root and Peony Root used singly and in combination, and to find the enhanced effects of the two drugs used in combination; To observe the effect of Monkshood Root and Peony Root used singly and in combination by studing the immunoregulation function in experimental animals. METHOD: The response of delayed type hypersensitivity in mice, the phagocytosis of abdominal macrophages in mice, and the production of special antibodies in mice were observed. RESULT: The two drugs used in combination could increase phagocytosic function of mononuclear macrophagocyte in hypoimmuitic model mice, and inhibit the responses of delayed type hypersensitivity in the hyperimmunitic model mice and the nonimmunosuppressive treated mice, with nosignificant effect on the production of special antibodies in mice. CONCLUSION: In accordance with the mechanism of the disorder between the anti-inflammation effect and the induce-inflammation effect on arthritis in the immune system, these data show the bidirectional effect of the two drugs used in combination on the immune responses, which may be one of the main mechanisms of treating arthralgia due to wind-dampness.

Aconitum↗
PubMed1990

1990 AcroMed Award in basic science. Cauda equina anatomy. II: Extrathecal nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia.

Inconsistent data exist regarding the anatomy of the spinal nerve roots lateral to the thecal sac. A newly developed in situ technique was used to precisely define anatomic parameters on 20 fresh human cadavers. The take-off angle of the nerve roots from the thecal sac decreases from a mean of approximately 40 degrees from L1-L5 to 22 degrees at S1. The motor bundles are directly ventral to the sensory fibers within individual roots extrathecally. Dorsal root ganglia size varies with vertebral level. The majority of ganglia lie directly beneath the vertebral pedicles and one third overlie a portion of the lateral intervertebral disc. These previously undescribed relationships may aid in the understanding of lumbosacral neurocompressive disorders and are important to note during pedicle screw insertion, posterolateral decompression for spinal trauma, and paravertebral approaches for lateral disc herniations.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in dorsal root ganglia and spinal nerve roots from an autopsy case of unusual familial ataxia with cerebrospinal fluid abnormality].

Studies were performed on the light and electron microscopic structures of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal nerve roots of the 4th lumbar nerve obtained by autopsy from a 49-year-old man with unusual familial ataxia, who showed varied neurological manifestations such as progressive ataxia, action tremors, pyramidal tract signs, mild deep sensory disturbances and autonomic dysfunctions during a 30-year period of illness, and had 2 siblings, one male and female, similarly affected and close consanguineous marriages in his family. On laboratory examinations, blood chemistry disclosed no significant findings. Repeated spinal taps showed constant xanthochromia and elevated protein in the cerebrospinal fluids. A PEG and cranial CTs revealed a progressive brain atrophy. NCVs and EMGs in the extremities were within normal limits. There was no chromosomal abnormality. Light microscopically, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions (IEIs) with pale rim, which showed varied sizes and rounded shapes, occurred within neurons in the DRG, particularly in small neurons. Many of the small neurons had numerous IEIs, and several rounded granules with a high degree of eosinophilia, measuring below 5 microns in diameter. Generally the small neurons showed atrophic, while most large neurons showed no remarkable change although they had a small number of IEIs and granules located in the perikaryal periphery. Most satellite cells, and some Schwann cells in the DRG, ventral and dorsal roots had IEIs similar to those seen in the neurons. No IEIs occurred intraaxonally, and there was seen no degenerative process in the DRG and roots except a connective tissue fiber proliferation in the DRG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ataxia↗
PubMed2006

Dorsal root ganglionectomy for pseudotumor of the L3 dorsal root ganglion: a rare case and a rare treatment.

Dorsal root ganglia are oval enlargements on the dorsal nerve roots and contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. Asymmetry of dorsal root ganglia may occur naturally, yet natural occurrence of gigantic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is rare. The patient was 61-year-old woman who presented with atypical symptoms like neuropathic pain and urinary distention. Neuroimaging has shown left L3-4 far-lateral disc herniation and a gigantic L3 DRG. At surgery, the dural sheath of the ganglion had to be opened and a firm, yellow-colored abnormal tissue was exposed. The abnormal tissue considered to be a tumor of neural origin was gross totally excised and the patient's symptoms ceased immediately after surgery. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed nothing more than normal DRG morphology. At 4 months postoperatively, the patient is well with mild L3 hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia. Dural sheath opening in neurosurgery is not a routine practice. The sheath may need to be opened when surgeon suspects of a tumor, a free disc fragment and any inflammation within the ganglion. Operative morphology of a severely edematous but non-tumoral (pseudotumor) ganglion has not previously been documented.

Diskectomy↗
PubMed1996

Root and shoot growth, assimilate partitioning and cell proliferation in roots of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) grown in filtered and unfiltered chambers.

Rooted cuttings of clonal Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) were grown from April to October in 1 m long tubes sunk into the ground inside open top chambers. The same experiment was repeated in each of two consecutive years using a different clone of Sitka spruce each year. Air was either passed directly into the chambers (ambient air) or passed over charcoal filters which removed the majority of gaseous pollutants before entering the chambers (filtered air). Ambient pollution did not appear to influence the growth of Sitka spruce at least over the experimental period used. No significant differences were found between plants exposed to ambient or filtered air in terms of shoot and root dry mass, needle dry mass, root length, carbohydrate content of roots and needles, and in the percentage of meristematic cells close to the apex in each phase or interphase or undergoing mitosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Flagellar root maps allow speculative comparisons of root patterns and of their ontogeny.

A method of mapping the patterns of origin of flagellar roots around basal bodies in two-dimensional diagrams is suggested, making allowance for the varied orientations of members of a pair or quartet of basal bodies in a cell. The method is used to compare flagellar root patterns in a wide range of protistan groups, and appears to demonstrate similarities in many areas. Comparison of such patterns in three published examples shows that during the ontogeny of a basal body it may display first one root pattern and then another, so that the root array of a given basal body is not fixed but changes with the position and role of that basal body in the cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Stentless porcine aortic root: valve of choice for the elderly patient with small aortic root?

The Medtronic Freestyle bioprosthesis is a stentless porcine aortic root cross-linked in dilute glutaraldehyde solution with stress-free fixation for the valve leaflets. It has been treated by a process in which amino oleic acid is used to reduce the potential for calcification. As a complete aortic root, it has the same versatility as the aortic homograft but has the advantage that it is readily available in all sizes to the implanting surgeon. Between January 1993 and May 1994, we implanted 64 Freestyle bioprostheses as aortic valve replacements using a freehand technique; 5 size 19 mm, 15 size 21 mm, 16 size 23 mm, 13 size 25 mm, and 15 size 27 mm valves were used. There were 35 men and the mean age was 75.7 years (64 to 84 years). The operative mortality was 3.1% (2/64). Echocardiograms at the time of discharge revealed mean aortic valve gradients ranging from 18.2 mm Hg for 19 mm to 10.3 mm Hg for 27 mm valves. Effective orifice areas ranged from 1.0 cm2 for 19 mm to 2.0 cm2 for 27 mm valves. No patient had more than trace aortic insufficiency. Our early experience with this new stentless bioprosthesis shows it to have excellent hemodynamics especially in the smaller valve sizes. Using this valve in patients who have a small aortic root and require a tissue valve avoids the need for aortic root enlargement procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The promoter of the Vicia faba L. gene VfEnod12 encoding an early nodulin is active in cortical cells and nodule primordia of transgenic hairy roots of Vicia hirsuta as well as in the prefixing zone II of mature transgenic V. hirsuta root nodules.

A full-length cDNA encoding the Vicia faba L. early nodulin VfEnod12 was isolated. The deduced protein sequence specified a 90 amino acid protein with a MW of 10206 and contained a putative signal peptide sequence followed by PPX(3) repeats characteristic of Enod12 proteins. The VfEnod12 gene was found to be expressed specifically in root nodules as early as 3 days post inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. In mature nodules, VfEnod12 transcripts were confined to the prefixing zone II. A 3.3 kb genomic fragment carrying the complete VfEnod12 coding region was isolated. No intervening sequences were identified in the coding region. A promoter fragment carrying the -692/-41 region mediated reporter gene expression in root cortical cells, nodule primordia and the prefixing zone II of transgenic Vicia hirsuta root nodules. This fragment contained a putative binding site for the transcription factor ENBP1. In contrast to the highly conserved terminal AATAA motif of the ENBP1 binding site of known Enod12 promoters, the VfEnod12 promoter was characterized by an altered terminal AATAT sequence. This alteration did not interfere with VfEnod12 promoter activity in transgenic roots and nodules of V. hirsuta.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Mapping and control of atomic force on Si(1 1 1)square root(3) x square root(3)-Ag surface using noncontact atomic force microscope.

We demonstrated the possibility of measuring the three-dimensional force-related map with true atomic resolution between an Si tip and Si(1 1 1)square root(3) x square root(3)-Ag sample surface by measuring the tip-sample distance dependence of noncontact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM) image, i.e. atomically resolved atomic force spectroscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrated the possibility of controlling the interaction force between the atom on the tip apex and a sample atom of Si(1 1 1)square root(3) x square root(3)-Ag surface on an atomic scale by placing an Ag atom on the Si tip apex instead of Si atom.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Square, hexagonal, and row phases of PTCDA and PTCDI on Ag-Si(111)square root(3) x square root(3)R30 degrees.

We have investigated the ordered phases of the perylene derivatives perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-3,4,9,10-dianhydride (PTCDA) and the imide analogue PTCDI on the Ag-Si(111)square root(3) x square root(3)R30 degrees surface using scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that PTCDA forms square, hexagonal, and herringbone phases, which coexist on the surface. The existence of a square phase on a hexagonal surface is of particular interest and is a result of a near commensurability between the molecular dimensions and the surface lattice. Contrast variations across the square islands arise from PTCDA molecules binding to different sites on the surface. PTCDI on Ag-Si(111)square root(3) x square root(3)R30 degrees forms extended rows, as well as two-dimensional islands, both of which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding mediated by the presence of imide groups. We present models for the molecular arrangements in all these phases and highlight the role of hydrogen bonding in controlling this order.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Two-site adsorption model for the (square root 3 x square root 3)-R30 degrees dodecanethiolate lattice on Au(111) surfaces.

The surface structure of dodecanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) surfaces, formed from the liquid phase, have been studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and electrochemical techniques. STM images show that the surface structure consists of (square root 3 x square root 3)-R30 degrees domains with only a few domains of the c(4 x 2) lattice. The best fitting of GIXRD data for the (square root 3 x square root 3)-R30 degrees lattice is obtained with alkanethiolate adsorption at the top sites, although good fittings are also obtained for the fcc and hcp hollow sites. On the basis of this observation, STM data, electrochemical measurements, and previously reported data, we propose a two-site model that implies the formation of incoherent domains of alkanethiolate molecules at top and fcc hollow sites. This model largely improves the fitting of the GIXRD data with respect to those observed for single adsorption sites and, also, for the other possible two-site combinations. The presence of alkanethiolate molecules adsorbed at the less favorable top sites could result from the adsorption pathway that involves an initial physisorption step which, for steric reasons, takes place at on top sites. Once the molecules are chemisorbed, the presence of energy barriers for alkanethiolate surface diffusion, arising mostly from chain-chain interactions, "freezes" some of them at the on top sites, hindering their movement toward fcc hollow sites. By considering the length of the hydrocarbon chain and the adsorption time, the two-site model could be a tool to explain most of the controversial results on this matter reported in the literature.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Clinical results of contralateral C7 root neurotization to the median nerve in brachial plexus injuries with total root avulsions.

This prospective study was carried out to assess motor and sensory recovery after contralateral C7 root to median nerve neurotization in brachial plexus injuries with total root avulsions. The survey was carried out from 1993 to 1995 and the patients were followed up for at least 3 years. There were 96 male patients with ages ranging from 13 to 48 years. All had a unilateral brachial plexus injury with avulsion of all roots. This was confirmed by clinical assessment and exploration. The anterior part of the contralateral C7 root was used for neurotization via a reversed pedicular ulnar nerve graft and the proximal end of the graft was connected to the median nerve. Furthermore, phrenic nerve to suprascapular nerve and spinal accessory nerve (via a sural nerve graft) to musculocutaneous nerve neurotizations were also carried out to obtain shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. At the 3 year follow-up, most patients had encouraging recovery of sensory function in the hand but motor function of the forearm and hand muscles was rather poor. Acceptable motor function was found in only 50 to 60% of the patients who were younger than 18 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

High density gradients in the (square root 3 x square root 3)R30 degrees-CO layer on Ru(0001).

The coverage regime just beyond 0.33 ML, representative of a perfectly ordered (square root 3 x square root 3)R30 degrees-CO layer on Ru(0001), has been investigated using infrared-absorption spectroscopy. Different isotopic mixtures of CO have been employed to derive a profound understanding of structural properties of such layers. It is found that extra CO molecules incorporated into the (square root 3 x square root 3)R30 degrees-CO layer affect their nearest neighbor molecules only, and the associated density gradient extends over no more than a few angstroms. Contrary to existing belief, the model system CO on Ru(0001) does not represent a case of an unusually shallow adsorption potential corrugation. Rather, CO experiences an exceptionally strong site preference when adsorbed on Ru(0001). Annealing causes the local distortion of the overlattice to propagate laterally, most probably in a density wave-like manner. Incipient motion on the atomic scale thereby has been detected by means of isotopic labeling of inequivalent molecules within the high density areas. All major conclusions are based on observations of (isotopically labeled) minority CO species which feature negligible dynamical lateral coupling. The majority CO species, on the other hand, provide laterally averaged, unspecific information on the status of the layer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

X-ray emission spectroscopy of (2 square root of 3 x 2 square root of 3)R30 degrees CO/Ru(0001): comparison to c(2x2)CO/Ni(100) and c(2x2)CO/Cu(100).

The atom specific electronic structure of (2 square root of 3 x 2 square root of 3)R30 degrees CO on hcp Ru(0001) has been determined with resonantly excited x-ray emission spectroscopy. We find that the general features of the local adsorbate electronic structure are similar to the situation of CO adsorbed on the fcc metals Ni(100) and Cu(100). The interpretation of the surface chemical bond of (2 square root of 3 x 2 square root of 3)R30 degrees CO/Ru(0001) based on the direct application of the local, allylic model from on-top adsorption on the fcc(100) surfaces Ni(100) and Cu(100) explains many aspects of the surface chemical bond. However, also nonlocal contributions like adsorbate-adsorbate interaction and the deviation from upright on-top adsorption on the Ru(0001) surface influence observables like the heat of adsorption and the Me-CO bond strength.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Peripherally grafted human foetal dorsal root ganglion cells extend axons into the spinal cord of adult host rats by circumventing dorsal root entry zone astrocytes.

Human foetal dorsal root ganglia were grafted in place of native lumbar dorsal root ganglia in adult rat hosts. Between 4 weeks and 4 months later, the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) in the grafted roots showed extensive peripheral outgrowth of astrocytic processes, in contrast to the normal 'smooth' interface between the peripheral and central nervous system compartments of the DREZ. Fibres originating from the grafted neurones and approaching the DREZ changed their direction of growth and entered the spinal cord through the pia by following blood vessels, grew into the grey matter and ramified there. These findings suggest that the DREZ astrocytes in vivo are non-permissive not only to mature peripheral regenerating axons, but also to growing axons from immature neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Peripherally grafted human foetal dorsal root ganglion cells extend axons into the spinal cord of adult host rats by circumventing dorsal root entry zone astrocytes.

Human foetal dorsal root ganglia were grafted in place of native lumbar dorsal root ganglia in adult rat hosts. Between 4 weeks and 4 months later, the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) in the grafted roots showed extensive peripheral outgrowth of astrocytic processes, in contrast to the normal 'smooth' interface between the peripheral and central nervous system compartments of the DREZ. Fibres originating from the grafted neurones and approaching the DREZ changed their direction of growth and entered the spinal cord through the pia by following blood vessels, grew into the grey matter and ramified there. These findings suggest that the DREZ astrocytes in vivo are non-permissive not only to mature peripheral regenerating axons, but also to growing axons from immature neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pressure increase in the dorsal root ganglion following mechanical compression. Closed compartment syndrome in nerve roots.

Spinal nerve roots including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) often are mechanically deformed in connection with degenerative and traumatic conditions of the spine. However, the pathophysiology underlying various functional changes, including pain production, in such conditions is incompletely known. In this study, the tissue fluid pressure in the DRG of L5 nerve roots of rats was measured before and after compression. Normal values were found to be 3.7 +/- 0.3 cm H2O (2.7 +/- 0.2 mm Hg). After mechanical compression, the endoneurial fluid pressure in the ganglia rose to 9.6 +/- 1.7 cmk H2O (7.1 +/- 1.2 mm Hg) (P less than 0.001). Histologic examination revealed edema and haemorrhage in the endoneurial space of the DRG. Pressure increase in the DRG as a result of mechanical deformation by, for example, a herniated disc might be expected to reduce blood flow to the sensory nerve cell bodies in the DRG. This may be a mechanism underlying the production of nerve root pain, which previously has not been described.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Control and Kinetics of Branch Root Formation in Cultured Root Segments of Haplopappus ravenii.

Branch root formation required only the presence of minerals, sucrose as a carbon source, and an auxin. The number of primordia formed was a function of auxin concentration. With naphthaleneacetic acid at 0.1 mg/l, up to 60 or more branches were formed per centimeter of Haplopappus ravenii root segment. Under our conditions, pea root segments formed only five or six branches per centimeter, but tomato and radish, like H. ravenii, formed large numbers of branches. Cytokinin inhibited branch formation, while gibberellic acid was without effect. Vitamins were not required for branch formation, although they enhanced elongation. Up to 5 days were required for the maximum number of stable branch primordia to form under the influence of naphthaleneacetic acid. If naphthaleneacetic acid was withdrawn earlier, fewer branch primordia developed. The requirement for a lengthy exposure to naphthaleneacetic acid, the kinetics of the response, and the ease with which naphthaleneacetic acid could be rinsed out of the tissue with consequent cessation of branch root formation, were similar to other hormone-regulated developmental systems. Anatomical and cytological studies were made of segments exposed for various times to auxin. The segments were mostly diarch, and branches formed obliquely to protoxylem poles. While primarily only pericycle-endodermis cells divided, both these and cortex cells responded in the first 24 hours exposure to naphthaleneacetic acid with enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, and a few cortical cells divided. Maximum nucleus and nucleolus size was reached approximately 9 hours after exposure to naphthaleneacetic acid. Branches rarely elongated more than 5 cm before their meristems died. The H. ravenii culture is maintained only by the frequent formation of new naphthaleneacetic acid-induced branches.

Journal Article↗