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PubMedDate not supplied

A retrospective study on the sonographic findings of abdominal carcinomatosis in 14 cats.

A retrospective review was performed on 14 cats with histology- or cytology-proven carcinomatosis. The mean age was 12.7 years with a median of 11 years. The diagnosis of carcinomatosis was made by histology in 11 cats and cytology in three cats. Twelve cats had cytologic examination of the peritoneal free fluid and seven cats (58.3%) had evidence of malignant cells. The primary tumor site was determined in 13 cats. The most common organ locations for the primary tumor were the liver (n = 5), pancreas (n = 3), and small intestine (n = 3). Other sites were stomach and spleen in one cat each. Epithelial cell neoplasia was the primary tumor type in 11 cats. Two cats had abdominal lymphomatosis and one cat had abdominal sarcomatosis secondary to metastatic hemangiosarcoma. Free peritoneal fluid and masses in the connecting peritoneum were found in all cats (100%). Additional findings included primary or metastatic masses in abdominal organs in 10 cats (71.4%), lymph node enlargement in five cats (35.7%), pleural effusion in three cats (21.4%), parietal peritoneal masses in two cats (14.3%), and visceral peritoneal masses in one cat (7.1%). Masses in the connecting peritoneal may be a very specific finding for carcinomatosis in cats, especially with a concurrent abdominal neoplastic mass. Parietal and visceral peritoneal masses, while uncommon in this series of cats, have not been reported for other diseases and seem to strongly support a diagnosis of carcinomatosis.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Qualitative evaluation of irregularly spiculated red blood cells in the dog.

Irregularly speculated red blood cells (IS-RBC) were quantified on fresh blood fixed in glutaraldehyde and were compared to RBC shape changes observed on Wright's-stained blood smears, RBC histograms, and RBC distribution widths (RDW). IS-RBC were infrequently found in healthy control dogs. Twenty dogs with increased IS-RBC were evaluated. The most common clinical diagnoses were lymphosarcoma (seven cases), glomerulonephritis (two cases), hemangiosarcoma (two cases), and chronic liver disease (two cases). Five cases had evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. In 12 of the 20 cases, keratocytes, schizocytes, and/or acanthocytes were detected in the monolayer area of blood smears. In the other seven cases, keratocytes, schizocytes, and/or acanthocytes were found only in thick areas of the smears. Acanthocytes were the most frequent cell type seen, while schizocytes were absent or present only in low numbers. RBC histograms had a shoulder on the left side of the tracing in six of the 20 cases, suggesting the presence of RBC fragments; however, cases with evidence of platelet aggregation had similar shoulders in RBC histograms. Red cell distribution widths were increased in 12 of the 20 cases with IS-RBC; however, the increase in RDW did not correlate with the presence of schizocytes and was most likely the result of reticulocytosis. This study suggests that quantitative evaluation of RBC shape is a more sensitive method for detection of mild RBC fragmentation when compared to blood smear evaluation, RBC histograms, or RDW. Additionally, acanthocyte-type cells were the most frequent shape change seen in dogs with evidence of RBC fragmentation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of liver cytology and biopsy diagnoses in dogs and cats: 56 cases.

The results of liver cytology and corresponding biopsy specimens submitted to the Pathology Department at Angell Memorial Animal Hospital during 1998 were retrospectively reviewed to objectively assess the diagnostic value of liver cytology. A "corresponding" biopsy was defined as a biopsy specimen obtained within 1 day of the cytology specimen. Fifty-six cases were reviewed, including 25 from dogs and 31 from cats. Results were in complete agreement in 34 cases, in partial agreement in 11 cases, and in disagreement in 11 cases. Agreement occurred most often in cases of fatty change (10 cases) and neoplasia (7 cases of lymphoma and 3 cases of epithelial tumor). Disagreement was most common in cases of hepatitis (6 cases) in which inflammation was not seen in cytologic specimens. Other causes for disagreement included fibrosis (2 cases), and 1 case each of amyloidosis, hemangiosarcoma, and lymphoma. Three cytologic specimens were considered suggestive of hepatitis because of leukocytosis in the background, although clinicians were advised to compare cytologic observation to CBC results. Cytologic evaluation of the liver was useful for determining disease processes, especially when disease distribution was diffuse.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical signs of tumors affecting the rostral cerebrum in 43 dogs.

The clinical and pathologic features of 43 dogs with neoplasia of the rostral cerebrum were reviewed. Primary brain tumors included meningioma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. Other tumors that secondarily affected these areas included solitary hemangiosarcoma, nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma, nasal cell adenocarcinoma, nasal squamous cell carcinoma, and nasal neurofibrosarcoma. Older dogs were usually affected (mean, 10 years), and meningioma was the most frequent tumor type. Thirty-one dogs (72% of total) had a late-onset (greater than 5 years of age) of either generalized seizures or behavior abnormalities, or both, with an initially normal neurologic examination. In these 31 dogs, a mean time of 78 days (range, 2 to 400 days) elapsed from the onset of seizures or behavior change to the detection of a persistently abnormal neurologic examination. In all 43 dogs, the time from the detection of neurologic deficits to death or euthanasia and necropsy ranged from 1 to 63 days (mean, 13 days). On the basis of this review, it appears that dogs with late-onset seizures or behavior change, or both, should be suspected of having tumors involving the rostral cerebrum, despite the absence of persistent neurologic deficits commonly associated with cerebral tumors. Further, the onset of abnormalities in the neurologic examination and the time of death seem to occur within predictable time periods.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism in five cats.

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed in five young to middle-aged cats of mixed breeding. Three of the cats were male and two were female. Historic signs included lethargy (n = 5), anorexia (n = 5), muscle tremors (n = 4), weakness (n = 4), generalized seizures (n = 3), ataxia (n = 3), mental dullness or disorientation (n = 3), panting (n = 2), pruritus (n = 1), ptyalism (n = 1) and dysphagia (n = 1). Weakness (n = 4), dehydration (n = 2), cataracts (n = 2), hypothermia (n = 1), and bradycardia (n = 1) were found on physical examination. Results of electrocardiography revealed a prolonged Q-T interval in two cats. Results of initial laboratory tests revealed profound hypocalcemia and severe hyperphosphatemia with normal renal function. The diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism was made on the basis of the history, clinical signs, and results serum biochemical testing (i.e., severe hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia); in two cats, the diagnosis was also confirmed by histologic examination of parathyroid glands. Initial treatment included intravenous administration of 10% calcium gluconate and oral administration of large loading doses of calcium and vitamin D (dihydrotachysterol). Successful long-term management with dihydrotachysterol and calcium was achieved in all cats. The final dosage of dihydrotachysterol required to maintain normocalcemia in the five cats ranged from 0.004 to 0.04 mg/kg/day (mean = 0.015 mg/kg/day). Long-term calcium supplementation was given to three of the cats in dosages ranging from 29 to 53 mg/kg/day (mean = 42 mg/kg/day) of elemental calcium. One cat died after 28 months of therapy from widely metastatic hemangiosarcoma; the other three cats are still alive and well after 5 to 37 months of treatment.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thrombocytopenia associated with neoplasia in dogs.

Ten percent (214/2,059) of all dogs with cancer at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital had thrombocytopenia. The thrombocytopenia was associated with infectious/inflammatory etiologies in 4%, miscellaneous disorders (therapy, bone marrow failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation) in 35%, and neoplasia without identifiable secondary factors in 61% of cancer-bearing dogs. Classifying these dogs by tumor groups revealed the following proportionate ratios: lymphoid, 29%; carcinoma, 28%; sarcoma, 20%; hemic neoplasia, 7%; multiple, 5%; unclassified, 3%; benign, 3%; brain, 3%; and endocrine, 3%. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and melanoma were at increased risk of developing thrombocytopenia. Cytotoxic therapy was the major factor increasing the risk of thrombocytopenia in dogs with melanoma. Golden Retrievers were the only breed recognized with a predisposition to develop thrombocytopenia. If thrombocytopenia is identified in a dog with cancer, we recommend thorough evaluation of the coagulation system before surgery or therapy, and careful consideration of the risks and potential benefits of myelosuppressive or L-asparaginase therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Multiple organ carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice after 60 weeks of inhalation exposure.

Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 60 to 61 weeks to air containing 0, 625, or 1250 parts per million 1,3-butadiene. These concentrations are somewhat below and slightly above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard of 1000 parts per million for butadiene. The study was designed for 104-week exposures but had to be ended early due to cancer-related mortality in both sexes at both exposure concentrations. There were early induction and significantly increased incidences of hemangiosarcomas of the heart, malignant lymphomas, alveolar-bronchiolar neoplasms, squamous cell neoplasms of the forestomach in males and females and acinar cell carcinomas of the mammary gland, granulosa cell neoplasms of the ovary, and hepatocellular neoplasms in females. Current workplace standards for exposure to butadiene should be reexamined in view of these findings.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1978

Origin and biological properties of a new BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus.

A focus-forming virus previously isolated from a BALB/c mouse hemangiosarcoma has been shown to be replication defective. Analysis of individual BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus (BALB-MSV) nonproducer transformants for expression of helper virus-coded proteins revealed genetically stable variants that expressed two, three, or all four gag gene products in the absence of detectable helper viral env gene expression. The type-specific antigenic determinants of helper viral proteins encoded by the BALB-MSV genome and by the B-tropic virus isolated from the BALB-MSV stock were demonstrated to be indistinguishable from those of BALB:virus-1, a known endogenous virus of BALB/c cells. These findings imply that a BALB/c endogenous virus was involved in the generation of BALB-MSV. By the same immunological approach, the presence of at least a portion of the Moloney-MuLV gag gene has been identified in two other transforming viruses--Moloney-MSV and Abelson lymphosarcoma virus--previously isolated from the BALB/c strain. The tissue culture properties of cells transformed by these defective viruses were also shown to be distinguishable. These findings indicate that transforming virus isolates of the same inbred strain differ in their transforming activities as well as in the helper viral sequences stably associated with their genomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts and tumor induction by the middle T antigen of polyomavirus carried in an avian retroviral vector.

The middle T antigen of polyomavirus transformed primary chicken embryo fibroblasts when expressed from a replication-competent avian retrovirus. This in vitro-constructed retrovirus, SRMT1, is a variant of Rous sarcoma virus that encodes the middle T antigen in place of v-src. Inoculation of SRMT1 into 1-week-old chickens rapidly induced hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas. As shown with mammalian cells infected with polyomavirus, polyomavirus middle T antigen appears to be associated with p60c-src in chicken cells infected with SRMT1. When lysates of SRMT1-infected cells immunoprecipitated with either a monoclonal antibody against p60src or anti-T serum were assayed in an in vitro kinase reaction, the middle T antigen was heavily phosphorylated. To see whether an excess of p60c-src could alter the extent of phosphorylation of the middle T protein or the process of cell transformation by middle T, cells were doubly infected with SRMT1 and NY501, a virus which overexpresses p60c-src. Doubly infected chicken embryo fibroblasts transformed with the same kinetics and were morphologically indistinguishable from chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with SRMT1 alone. Phosphorylation of the middle T antigen was elevated two- to fivefold relative to cells infected only with SRMT1.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Characterization and differential expression of an endothelial cell-specific surface antigen in continuous and sinusoidal endothelial, in skin vascular lesions and in vitro.

Continuous and sinusoidal endothelial cells display marked morphological and functional heterogeneity as to their plasmalemmal vesicle content, to the kind of intercellular junctional complexes, to the existence and kind of fenestrae and gaps, to the existence and character of their basement membrane, to their ability for phagocytosis and to other functional parameters. Monoclonal antibody 1F10, raised against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE cells), reflects these differences in recognizing--without any nonendothelial side reactions--an endothelial cell surface antigen, abundantly expressed in continuous endothelia, low and inconsistently expressed in liver sinusoidal and dermal lymphatic endothelia and absent from splenic sinusoidal endothelial cells. In differentiated skin vascular tumors, 1F10 antigen is expressed in normal amounts while it is only low and inconsistently expressed in the dedifferentiated endothelial cells of Kaposi's sarcoma and hemangiosarcoma. HUVE cells in culture, in contrast to their in situ ancestors, express variable amounts of 1F10 antigen. When endothelial cell-conditioned medium (ECC medium) is supplied to HUVE cells in culture, no 1F10 antigen is expressed, while supplementation with fresh serum-containing medium (FSC medium) or cytokines, such as bFGF, suffices to maintain 1F10 expression in 10-70% of the cells. From this we conclude that developmental regulation, environmental influences and cytokine supply contribute to the differentiation and maintenance of the 1F10+ and 1F10-endothelial cell phenotypes, both in vivo and in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Nonhuman primate models for lymphoma, leukemia, and other neoplasms.

Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is an oncogenic virus for a variety of nonhuman primates. HVS does not produce overt disease upon inoculation in the natural host (squirrel monkey) but consistently induces neoplasms including lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias in 4 other species of monkeys. Various drugs inhibit replication of HVS in vitro including cytosine arabinoside and adenine arabinoside. In addition, the lymphoma and leukemia induced in owl monkeys responds to vincristine and prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and human interferon. Of the various chemical carcinogens studied, the antitumor agent procarbazine induces neoplasms in a variety of species including monkeys. Thus far this compound has induced acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), lymphoma, and hemangiosarcomas in macaques. We have induced primary liver tumors in macaques with several nitrosamines and aflatoxin B1 and these tumors produce alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) which can be assayed for both diagnosis and therapy. Thus far, therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma has been most successful with surgical resection; and the tumor mass and serum AFP have been less responsive to single agent chemotherapy. These nonhuman primate models are useful for an understanding of the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the human disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Proliferative and neoplastic lesions in the rodent nasal cavity.

Proliferative lesions in the rodent nasal cavity are reviewed; attempt was made to compare species affected, sex differences, strain differences, route of administration and tumor types occurring both spontaneously and after induction by different chemicals. This review is not meant to be all inclusive but to be representative of observed trends. Our general conclusions in this paper are that: 1) spontaneous nasal tumors in rodents are very rare; 2) spontaneous nasal tumors in rats are most often squamous cell tumors, whereas hemangiomas or respiratory adenomas predominate in mice and squamous cell tumors are rare; 3) rats are usually more susceptible to the induction of epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity than mice; 4) chemically-induced hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas of the nasal cavity have only been reported in mice; 5) tumors of the olfactory epithelium are almost uniformly malignant and invasive, while nonsquamous tumors of the respiratory epithelium are typically less invasive; 6) chemically-induced tumors of the olfactory region, either mesenchymal or epithelial, do not always require an inhalation route of exposure but may occur by systemic targeting of this region; and 7) chemicals inducing tumors in the olfactory region often produce a variety of tumor morphologies in this location as well as squamous and polypoid tumors of the transitional region. More work will be needed to illucidate the mechanisms of nasal carcinogenesis and to further refine the current tumor classification system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia of the heart in B6C3F1 female mice.

Spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia of the heart was found in 12 of 3,910 female B6C3F1(C57BL/6CrSlc x C3H/HeSlc) mice that were used in chronic toxicology and carcinogenicity studies at the An-Pyo Center (Shizuoka, Japan). Histologically, the lesions appeared diffusely in the heart as widened vascular spaces lined by a single layer of endothelial-like cells with enlarged nuclei between the muscle fibers. These proliferating cells were identified as hemangioendothelial cells by immunohistochemical techniques, lectin-binding patterns, and electron microscopic examination. Morphological differences were found between this spontaneous hemangioendothelial hyperplasia and that which has been reported as a preneoplastic lesions of hemangiosarcoma. Spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia of the heart occurs rarely; however, it was interesting that spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia was only seen in females with adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced neoplasms in medaka (Oryzias latipes).

To test the sensitivity of the small fish species Oryzias latipes to the direct-acting carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), medaka were exposed at 15 days of age to 30 mg/L for 1 hr and followed for up to 16 mo. One hundred neoplasms were diagnosed in 84 of 213 exposed fish, with approximately equal percentages in males and females. Many neoplasms (62%) were of mesenchymal origin and were categorized as blood vascular neoplasms (hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma), invasive sarcomas, and scale-associated neoplasms. Invasive sarcomas included rhabdomyosarcoma, fascial sarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, and undifferentiated sarcoma. A scale-associated neoplasm, termed lepidocytoma, was an unusual neoplasm of scale anlage. Thyroid follicular neoplasms, with a 100% incidence in males, and pancreatic acinar carcinoma were the most common epithelial tumors. Neoplasms of the gills, swim bladder, and olfactory epithelium were also seen as well as teratoma with mixed epithelial and mesenchymal components. The study showed a broad range of neoplasms induced by MNNG in medaka, with a tissue distribution that might support direct action on exposed tissues.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Submucosal mesenchymal tumors of the mouse urinary bladder.

A unique morphologic change has been described in the submucosa of the urinary bladder of mice since the 1950s. These lesions, variously referred to as vegetative changes, reactive lesions, submucosal granulomas, leiomyosarcomas, atypical hemangiosarcomas, or submucosal mesenchymal tumors have been considered rare and of questionable etiology. Although the morphologic criteria are fairly well defined, the pathobiology of the lesion is not well characterized and the previously listed nomenclature reflects this uncertainty. The lesion may not be limited to the urinary bladder, the cell of origin is controversial, the biology is unknown, and whether the lesion is granulomatous, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, or a benign or malignant neoplasm is not well defined. Data compiled from multiple sources are discussed to review the strain of mouse most often affected, sex, age at diagnosis, anatomic location, incidence, descriptive morphology, immunohistochemical staining results, and other features of the submucosal mesenchymal tumor of the mouse urinary bladder. Presented are suggested terminology for the lesion, submucosal mesenchymal tumor of the mouse urinary bladder; the relevance of the tumor for human risk assessment; and discussion of the possible histogenesis of this lesion from primitive mesenchymal cells of the submucosa (lamina propria) of the urinary bladder of mice.

Actins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of Helicobacter hepaticus infection in B6C3F1 mice from twelve National Toxicology Program two-year carcinogenesis studies.

Male and female B6C3F1 mice from 12 National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-yr carcinogenesis studies were found to be infected with Helicobacter hepaticus. Many of the male mice from 9 of these studies had an associated hepatitis (affected studies). Helicobacter hepaticus has been reported to be associated with an increased incidence of hepatitis and hepatocellular neoplasms in the A/JCr male mouse. We attempted to determine if the data from the Helicobacter-affected NTP B6C3F1 mouse studies were compromised and unsuitable for cancer hazard identification. The incidences of neoplasms of the liver (both hepatocellular and hemangiosarcoma) but not of other organs in control male B6C3F1 mice were increased in affected studies as compared with control males from unaffected studies. The increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms was observed in those males exhibiting H. hepaticus-associated hepatitis. Other observations further differentiated control male mice from affected and unaffected studies. H-ras codon 61 CAA to AAA mutations were less common in liver neoplasms from males from affected studies as compared with historical and study controls. In addition, increases in cell proliferation rates and apoptosis were observed in the livers of male mice with H. hepaticus-associated hepatitis. These data support the hypothesis that the increased incidence of liver neoplasms is associated with H. hepaticus and that hepatitis may be important in the pathogenesis. Therefore, interpretation of carcinogenic effects in the liver of B6C3F1 mice may be confounded if there is H. hepaticus-associated hepatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tumors involving bone in the domestic cat: a review of fifty-eight cases.

This account of 58 spontaneous tumors involving bone in domestic cats compares and contrasts the pathological findings with previous surveys. Of the tumors described, only one was diagnosed as benign. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common tumor of the series; osteosarcoma was the most common primary tumor. Only two tumors metastasized to the lungs (one hemangiosarcoma and one osteosarcoma), and only three metastasized to a regional node (two squamous cell carcinomas and one lymphosarcoma).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Histopathologic features and post-surgical sequelae of 57 cutaneous neoplasms in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo L.).

The study of the signalment, histomorphologic features, and post-surgical clinical progress of 57 cutaneous neoplasms in 55 domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo L.) was based on diagnostic pathologic accessions (1987-1992) from 142 ferrets. Mean age of the group was 4.3 years; 31/54 (57%) were female and 23/54 (43%) were male. Thirty-three (58%) of the cutaneous neoplasms were basal cell tumors. The mean age of ferrets with basal cell tumor was 5.2 years, and 23/33 (70%) were female. Histologically, the basal cell tumors were composed of well-differentiated basaloid epithelial cells with various degrees of squamous and sebaceous differentiation, similar to those seen in basal cell neoplasms of dogs. Nine of the 57 (16%) cutaneous neoplasms were mastocytomas. The mean age of ferrets with mastocytoma was 4.1 years; four were male, four were female, and the sex of one was unrecorded. Histologically, the mastocytomas were composed of well-differentiated mast cells with few eosinophils, similar to cutaneous mastocytomas of domestic cats. The mast cells had a small number of metachromatic cytoplasmic granules, and in six of eight neoplasms the granules had an affinity for conjugated avidin-peroxidase. Six of the cutaneous neoplasms (11%) were fibromas. The mean age of ferrets with fibroma was 2.7 years; 5 (83%) were male. Two cutaneous hemangiomas (4%) were in females, which were 4 and 5 years of age. There was one each hemangiosarcoma, cutaneous polyp, anal gland adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma of the prepuce and inguinal lymph node, and adenocarcinoma of the prepuce.

Animals↗