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PubMed1984

[Effects of a basic metabolic diet rich in polyene fatty acids on the pattern of glycerophospholipid fatty acids in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia].

In 77 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia of the types IIa, IIb and IV who for 8 months had been treated with a metabolic basic diet enriched by polyene fatty acid gas-chromatographic analyses of the fatty acid compound of the glycerophospholipids were carried out in four-month intervals. In all three types of hyperlipoproteinaemia in a different size and increase of poly-unsaturated and a decrease of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acid could be observed. A metabolic basic diet rich in polyene fatty acid has a favourable influence on atherogenic constellations of the fatty acids of the glycerophospholipids.

Fatty Acids, Unsaturated↗
PubMed1989

Dietary fat effects on the initiation and promotion of two-stage skin tumorigenesis in the SENCAR mouse.

We investigated the influence of dietary corn oil on initiation of skin tumors in SENCAR mice with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) (10 nmol at 8 to 9 wk of age) and the promotion of these tumors with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (3.2 nmol twice weekly for 20 wk). Diet high in corn oil (24.6%) was fed, in comparison with control diet (5%), to mice during two time schedules: (a) high-fat diet was fed preceding and for 1 wk following DMBA to assess the effects of high corn oil diet on initiation; and (b) high-fat diet was fed starting at the time of the first TPA treatment (1 wk following DMBA initiation) until the end of the experiment to assess effects of high corn oil diet on promotion. Mice were trained to consume equivalent caloric allotments of the low- and high-fat diets to ensure that the observed effects on tumor development were for dietary fat at constant calorie intake. Feeding high corn oil diet during DMBA treatment did not influence the incidence of skin papilloma or carcinoma, but the number of papillomas per effective mouse was reduced in mice fed the high-fat diet during initiation. Consumption of the high corn oil diet during and following TPA treatment resulted in an increase in the incidence of papillomas up until Wk 14 of the experiment, an increase in the number of papillomas per effective mouse throughout the experiment, and an increase in the number of carcinomas per effective mouse during Wk 25 to 34. However, cumulative carcinoma yield (Wk 25-44) did not differ between the diet groups. Dietary treatment did not influence food consumption, body weight, or survival in the mice treated with DMBA and TPA. Northern blot hybridization studies were carried out on RNA purified from tumors of high- and low-fat mice to determine if diet influenced the pattern of Ha-ras oncogene expression. The results of this experiment indicated that elevated levels of Ha-ras-specific RNA, in comparison with normal epidermal RNA, were present in papillomas and carcinomas from DMBA-initiated, TPA-promoted mice irrespective of the diet the mice were fed.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2000

Nitrogen metabolism and fertility in cattle: I. Adaptive changes in intake and metabolism to diets differing in their rate of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen.

The ruminal degradability, intake, and metabolism of diets differing in their relative rate of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen were characterized prior to their use in a study of the effects of high peripheral levels of ammonia on reproductive function in cattle. In a 2 x 2 factorial experiment, replicated four times, 16 heifers were offered isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing two sources of fermentable carbohydrate, fiber (slow energy release, SE) or starch (fast energy release, FE), and two rates of nitrogen release, which were either synchronous (S) or asynchronous (A) to that of energy release. Throughout the experiment, the amount of feed offered was held constant, at a level equivalent to 1.5 x maintenance. Four ruminally fistulated sheep were used to determine the in situ degradability of these diets. The 16 heifers were bled before feeding at 0800 and at 0900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1400, and 1600 on d 0 (introduction to dietary treatments) and on d 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, and 28. Diet refusals were recorded at hourly intervals after feeding. The rapidly degradable nitrogen fraction of the SE:A and FE:A diets was greater than that of the SE:S and FE:S diets. Postprandial jugular plasma ammonia levels rose to a peak of around 300 micromol/L in heifers offered the SE:A and FE:A diets but did not rise in heifers offered the SE:S and FE:S diets. All feed offered was consumed within 1 h on diets SE:S and FE:S throughout the experiment. The proportion of feed consumed within 1 h of feeding declined from 100% on d 0 to around 70 and 56% by d 21 for heifers given the SE:A and FE:A diets, respectively. Peak postprandial plasma ammonia levels were accordingly lower, at around 160 micromol/L. Plasma urea levels averaged 7 mmol/L and were unaffected by dietary treatment. High plasma ammonia levels were associated with a suppression in the normal postprandial rise in insulin. There was no significant metabolic adaptation to high-ammonia-generating diets, and heifers given these diets modified their pattern of intake in an apparent attempt to avoid excessively high levels of plasma ammonia.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Helping to promote healthy diets and lifestyles: the role of the food industry.

In order to be successful, public health nutrition strategies require the active collaboration of all stakeholders in the promotion of healthy diet and lifestyle patterns. The food industry plays an important role both in providing products that meet consumers' needs in terms of taste, convenience, quality, nutrition and value as well as in communicating to consumers about the importance of good nutrition, including the contribution of specific foods to a balanced diet. The food industry contributes to educational efforts regarding healthy diets and lifestyles both directly--through product labelling, advertising, educational materials, on-line communications and information provided by Consumer Services departments--and indirectly, through active involvement and participation in educational programmes pursued in collaboration with nutrition and health education authorities. Through ongoing dialogue with its consumers and research conducted on consumer knowledge and attitudes towards diet, the food industry can ensure that communications developed are motivating and relevant to consumers' lives. In this paper, the specific contribution of the food industry will be illustrated through the promotion of healthy eating habits among children, focusing in particular on the importance of the breakfast meal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Dietary protein-related changes in hepatic transcription correspond to modifications in hepatic protein expression in growing pigs.

In a previous investigation we showed by expression profiling based on transcription analysis using differential display RT-PCR (DDRT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR that a soy protein diet (SPI) significantly changes the hepatic transcription pattern compared with a casein diet (CAS). The present study was conducted to determine whether the transcriptional modulation is translated into protein expression. The hepatic mRNA abundance of four genes (EP24.16, LC3, NPAP60L, RFC2) that showed diet-related expression in previous DDRT-PCR experiments was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Two pigs that showed the most prominent SPI-related changes of transcription and two casein-fed pigs were selected and their hepatic protein pattern was studied comparatively by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. The two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis revealed a predominant SPI-associated upregulation of protein expression that corresponded to the results of the mRNA study. Of 380 diet-related protein spots displayed, 215 appeared exclusively or enlarged in the two SPI pigs; 10 of 39 diet-related expressed protein spots extracted could be identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and database search. Compared with the transcriptomics approach, the proteomics approach led in part to the identification of the same diet-associated expressed molecules (plasminogen, trypsin, phospholipase A2, glutathione-S-transferase alpha, retinal binding protein) or at least molecules belonging to the same metabolic pathways (protein and amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress response, lipid metabolism). The present results at the proteome level confirm SPI-related increased oxidative stress response and significant effects on protein biosynthesis already observed at the transcriptome level.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cyclin D1 expression in the intestinal mucosa and tumors of Apc1638N mice.

Altered expression of cyclin D1 contributes to the development of several types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. This study examined cyclin D1 expression in 32 intestinal tumors in different stages of tumorigenesis in Apc1638N mice, a mouse model for human familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Three morphological patterns of expression of cyclin D1 in intestinal epithelial cells were found: nuclear, punctate-cytoplasmic and fine granular cytoplasmic. The nuclear pattern of cyclin D1 was detected in all of the tumors, including adenomas (n = 18) and adenocarcinomas (n = 14); this pattern was found predominantly in the tubular region of the tumors and in flat mucosa adjacent to a subset of the tumors (67% of adenomas and 57% of carcinomas). The punctate-cytoplasmic pattern of cyclin D1 expression was found in all adenocarcinomas and a majority of adenomas (80%), mainly in invasive and villous areas of the tumors; it was not found in normal flat adjacent mucosa suggesting that this pattern and altered cytoplasmic/nuclear expression were associated with tumor progression. Fine cytoplasmic granules were located in normal duodenum in the basal portion of the crypts and in colon in epithelial cells at the surface of the colonic crypts; in both duodenum and colon the number of cells with fine cytoplasmic granules significantly increased after feeding a Western-style diet. These altered patterns of expression of cyclin D1 may provide useful biomarkers of abnormal cell development for studies of tumorigenesis and the effects of chemopreventive agents.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1995

Diet and cancer: future etiologic research.

In light of several credible diet and cancer hypotheses, we suggest strategies for advancing our understanding in this area. Two conceptual approaches can be taken in defining dietary exposure: the decompositional approach focuses on specific nutrients and other chemical constituents of food, whereas the integrative approach emphasizes the action of whole foods or food patterns (cuisines). Diet-cancer hypotheses can be organized according to this conceptual framework. We review four types of scientific investigation available to us for advancing the diet and cancer field: metabolic (clinical nutrition) studies; animal studies; observational epidemiologic investigations; and clinical trials. Each of these designs has its strengths and limitations. Observational epidemiologic studies and trials have the particular advantage of examining explicit cancer end points in humans. Results from metabolic and animal research, however, can complement the findings from epidemiologic studies and trials. Finally, we briefly review strategies for evaluating promising hypotheses linking diet to cancers of the large bowel, lung, breast, and prostate.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of egg injection method of pantothenic acid in turkey eggs and effect of supplemental pantothenic acid on hatchability.

Two experiments were conducted with a commercial strain cross of 120 Large White British United Turkeys of America to determine the effect of pantothenic acid egg injections and dietary pantothenic acid on hatchability. The hens were housed individually in cages in a conventional house. In Experiment 1, three dietary treatments were used: 1) an unsupplemented practical corn-soybean meal basal diet; 2) the basal diet supplemented with 37.4 mg pantothenic acid/kg; and 3) the basal diet supplemented with 74.8 mg pantothenic acid/kg. Incremental dietary supplemental pantothenic acid levels increased the transfer of pantothenic acid in eggs, but did not result in a hatchability increase over the unsupplemented pantothenic acid basal diet. The response patterns from dietary pantothenic acid for the reproductive variables were similar whether the data were analyzed on a production period basis using all of the hens or on a subset of hens producing eggs in each production period. In Experiment 2, with hens fed 37.4 mg supplemental pantothenic acid/kg of diet, hatchability did not increase in eggs injected with 1,800 micrograms pantothenic acid per egg as compared with uninjected eggs and eggs injected with the vitamin carrier solution. The results of the study indicate that hatchability was not increased in turkey eggs from hens fed supplemental pantothenic acid or with egg pantothenic acid injections, which suggests that pantothenic acid is not limiting for hatchability in commercial turkey hen diets that contain 10.5 mg/kg or more of pantothenic acid.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1986

Effect of high carbohydrate diet on serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase fraction pattern in Japanese young men.

Changes in the activity of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and the percentage of the gamma-GTP fraction in healthy young men given a high carbohydrate diet (480-636 g/day, 80% of the total energy) for 21 days were examined. Serum total gamma-GTP activity showed no significant change in four healthy young volunteers who received high carbohydrate diet for 21 days. However, the percentage of the gamma-GTP (1) fraction increased significantly (P less than 0.01) from the basal level of 55.6 +/- 4.0% to 67.6 +/- 0.9% on day 10, and then decreased to 58.4 +/- 1.4% on day 21. When the experimental diet was replaced by usual diet, the percentage of the gamma-GTP (1) fraction returned to the same level as before the experiment. It is concluded from the results that the nutrient intake affects the percentage of gamma-GTP (1), but not the total serum gamma-GTP activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Isomeric trans fatty acids in the Spanish diet and their relationships with changes in fat intake patterns.

Eleven different groups of food products (total samples 378), representing about 90% of total fat intake in Spanish diet, were analysed by gas chromatography in order to determine their contents and variability of trans fatty acids. With official data of food consumption in Spain, trans fatty acid intake is calculated for recent decades and results are compared with data available from other countries. Mean intake in Spain obtained from this calculation is 2.4 g/person/day. This is lower than values for other food consumption models in which the major fats are of animal origin or industrially processed.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2026

Diet modulates cardiac metabolic stress during anthracycline treatment.

Diet is a modifiable determinant of cardiovascular risk and may influence tolerance to cancer therapies. The mechanisms by which specific dietary components affect cardiac metabolism during anthracycline treatment remain poorly defined, limiting the incorporation of dietary recommendations into treatment guidelines. Here, we integrated heart proteomics data from patients treated with or without anthracyclines with a genome-scale reconstruction of human cardiac metabolism (CardioNet). Using constraint-based flux analysis, we conducted >30,000 in silico simulations of diet scenarios generated from chemical profiles of ∼500 foods curated in the Periodic Table of Food Initiative. These simulations revealed that diets enriched in rapidly absorbable sugars and depleted of essential fatty acids impair cardiac metabolic efficiency, increasing reactive oxygen species production and the demand for purine salvage fluxes. These predicted metabolic patterns were consistent with plasma metabolomics from patients treated with anthracyclines, validating our findings. Computational modeling of 39 recipes across six cuisines revealed cardiometabolic effects of omnivorous versus vegan diets in patients. Modeling of a healthy vegan diet increased cardiometabolic efficiency compared with a healthy omnivorous diet in patients treated with anthracyclines, independent of the culinary background. Our approach demonstrates that integrating the molecular composition of food with genome-scale metabolic models enables systematic analysis of diet patterns for translational testing. Ultimately, these in silico studies provide a framework for trials and may inform dietary recommendations for improving cardiometabolic health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a systems biology framework to predict how diet influences cardiac metabolism during cancer therapy. Across >30,000 in silico diet simulations, we identified nutrient patterns that either exacerbate or mitigate anthracycline-induced metabolic stress. These findings demonstrate how computational modeling can uncover diet-metabolism interactions driving cardiotoxicity and guide dietary interventions.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Activity and ranging patterns of Colombian woolly monkeys in north-western Amazonia.

In this study, I revise three aspects of the socioecology of woolly monkeys (genus Lagothrix) that might give us a better understanding of the patterns found in this species: (1) the association between temporal variation in fruit abundance and diet, activity, and ranging patterns; (2) the individual trade-offs associated with living in small or large groups, and (3) the relationship between social dominance and foraging success. Using behavioral and ecological data collected during 3 years in Tinigua Park, Colombia, I found that woolly monkeys tend to avoid open-degraded forests, where fruit production is generally lower than it is in mature forests. Diet and activity budgets were highly associated with temporal patterns of fruit production. Daily path length was positively correlated with group size and monthly fruit abundance, and negatively correlated with habitat quality. I found differences in activity budgets and the diet preferences of different age/sex classes. For example, adult males rest more and juveniles play more than other classes. Juveniles and adult females without infants look for arthropods more often than adult males and females with young infants, who showed the highest frequencies of fruit feeding. Dominant adult males were not consistently the most efficient foragers on fruits according to two different indexes. Most of these results are consistent with the expectations from strong intra-group competition for resources. However, females with infants received benefits during feeding similar to those of dominant adult males, which may be mediated by differential aggression from males to other group members (juveniles and females without infants).

Animal Migration↗
PubMed2004

Diet, genes and disease: implications for nutrition policy.

There is extensive evidence to show that there is considerable variation in diet and disease patterns in Europe and that many of the dietary patterns are predictive of chronic disease. Increasingly, there is evidence that this dietary effect is mediated by genetic background. The present paper examines the role of polymorphisms within three genes, those responsible for the synthesis of apoE, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and PPARgamma. There is clear evidence to support the concept that the diet-disease link is moderated by genetic variation. The paper then considers whether this moderating effect will have implications for dietary recommendations. In the formulation of dietary reference values it has long been recognized that these values cannot cover the needs of all individuals. By setting the upper level at the mean value +2 sd, the needs of 97.5% of the population are covered. Setting a hypothetical scenario of a nutrient requirement of 200 mg/d and a polymorphism with an allelic frequency in the general population in the range of 0, 10, 20 and 30% that causes an increased nutrient requirement of 25%, there was no evidence that the traditional approach requires revision. Whilst it is recognized that genetic variability may not influence population goals, genetic variability will have to be taken into account in the clinical nutrition management of disease. To knowingly assign a patient to life-long treatment with a diet that for genetic reasons will have no success is both unethical and uneconomical. Once accepted in clinical nutrition, the diet-gene interaction will filter into the prevention of disease in public health nutrition.

Apolipoproteins E↗
PubMed1980

A technique for localizing LDL by immunofluorescence in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded atherosclerotic lesions.

A protocol has been developed by which apo beta, the protein component of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL), can be localized in four micron-thick sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded arteries with atherosclerotic involvement from man or non-human primate. An immunofluorescence procedure was employed that utilized affinity column-purified antibody coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Although fixation reduced the intensity of fluorescence relative to that in cryostat sections, sufficient sensitivity was usually achieved when microscopy was performed using incident-light fluorescence together with a filter system adjusted for maximum absorption of FITC and by using oil immersion objectives. Furthermore, the use of various counterstains altered the color of the autofluorescence, normally strongly yellow, thus greatly enhancing the contrast and visualization of the apple green specific fluorescence. Non-chelated eriochrome black reduced tissue autofluorescence to barely visible levels, a feature useful in black and white photographs to demonstrate the localization pattern of LDL in arteries. This stain also reduced non-specific fluorescence. Other counterstains that proved useful were emthyl green, flazo orange and chelated eriochrome black. The latter two were particularly valuable for cellular detection. At low magnification LDL localization in atherosclerotic lesions from both human aortas and coronary arteries from monkeys fed an atherogenic diet, gave a pattern similar to those reported in cryostat sections of human lesions. At higher magnification, the improved detail of LDL localization could presumably be discerned as a result of immobilization of the soluble antigen by fixation, and by the ability to cut thinner sections of embedded material. This immunofluorescence procedure to localize LDL in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded atherosclerotic lesions should prove useful in both prospective as well as retrospective studies on clinical or chemical-pathological correlative studies on human tissues or in studies on atherogenesis using animal models.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of fat loading on the development of silicosis].

Rats were administered with quartz dust intratracheally or subjected to chronic inhalation of the dust. Peroral overloading of rats with fat was shown to increase an accumulation of all lipid fractions in lungs and intensified silicotic fibrinogenesis. Similar alterations in lipid metabolism of lungs were observed in control animals maintained without the dust treatment at the same fatty diet; but these patterns were less distinct and were not accompanied by an increased collagene formation. Alterations in content of lipids in liver tissue and in blood did not depend on the dusting of lungs under fatty loading. Within the later period of inhalational dusting the increased accumulation of quartz was observed in lung tissue of rats maintained at fatty diet. The data obtained suggest that the recommended by some investigators increase in content of fats in miner's diet is not justified.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world.

Changes in diet and activity patterns are fueling the obesity epidemic. These rapid changes in the levels and composition of dietary and activity/inactivity patterns in transitional societies are related to a number of socioeconomic and demographic changes. Using data mainly from large nationally representative and nationwide surveys, such as the 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997 China Health and Nutrition Surveys, in combination with comparative analysis across the regions of the world, we examine these factors. First, we show the shifts in diet and activity are consistent with the rapid changes in child and adult obesity and in some cases have been causally linked. We then provide a few examples of the rapid changes in the structure of diet and activity, in particular associated with increased income. Cross-country and in-depth analysis of the China study are used to explore these relationships. People living in urban areas consume diets distinctly different from those of their rural counterparts. One of the more profound effects is the accelerated change in the structure of diet, only partially explained by economic factors. A second is the emergence of a large proportion of families with both currently malnourished and overweight members as is shown by comparative analysis of a number of Asian and Latin American countries.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Study on the food consumption pattern of elderly people in four "cuisine" areas of China].

In order to investigate the situation of food intake, diet habit and dietary pattern in people living in different "cuisine" areas of China, and to search for the relations between diet and health status, a total of 538 subjects (269 couples) aged between 50-60 years in four rural areas were surveyed by a food frequency questionnaire method. Selected items of food consumption pattern and food intake of the subjects were analyzed. The results showed significant differences on food intake among the people in the four cuisine areas. This study provided references for the future study on the relationship between diet and health.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Protective mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of obesity has grown to an alarming level of at least 300 million people worldwide. Additionally, a diabetes epidemic is underway, with an estimate of 217 million people with diabetes worldwide. There are many links between excessive body weight and type 2 diabetes, and one common and fundamental cause of both epidemics is an unhealthy diet. Research to identify and promote diets that protect individuals from obesity and type 2 diabetes is urgently needed. The Mediterranean diet, a concept developed in the 1950s, refers to dietary habits of individuals from the Mediterranean basin. The Mediterranean diet is an eating pattern that successfully combines pleasant taste and positive health effects. The Mediterranean diet does not stand for a homogenous and exclusive model among the Mediterranean basin population but rather represents a set of healthy dietary habits, including high consumption of vegetables and fresh fruits and the use of olive oil as the main source of fat. Evidence from epidemiological studies supports a protective effect of this dietary pattern on weight gain and the development of type 2 diabetes. Several mechanistic explanations link characteristic components of the Mediterranean diet with obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review will discuss potential mechanisms by which the Mediterranean diet protects individuals from both diseases.

Alcohol Drinking↗