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PubMedDate not supplied

The development of multiple domains of child and adolescent self-concept: a cohort sequential longitudinal design.

The development of child and adolescent self-concept was examined as a function of the self-concept domain, social/developmental/educational transitions, and gender. In two overlapping age cohorts of public school students (Ns = 936 and 984), five dimensions of self-concept were evaluated every 6 months in a manner that spanned grades 3 through 11 (representing the elementary, middle, and high school years). Domains of self-concept included academic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, social acceptance, and sports competence. Structural equation modeling addressed questions about the stability of individual differences over time. Multilevel modeling addressed questions about mean-level changes in self-concept over time. Significant effects emerged with regard to gender, age, dimension of self-concept, and educational transition.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personal access to health care: a concept analysis.

The objective of this concept analysis was to formulate an operational definition, so that those seeking, providing, and legislating health care policy would share a common interpretation of the concept. A concept analysis following the strategy suggested by Walker and Avant was used to identify antecedents, attributes, and empirical referents of access to health care. Furthermore, model, borderline, contrary, and invented cases were described. A theoretical definition was derived, which will lead to a better understanding of the concept and bring the concept closer to measurability and readiness for an operational definition. Access to health care has been addressed in political campaigns, studied by numerous legislative committees, and purported to be in an emergency state of despair. However, a measurable definition of access to health care continues to elude providers and legislators of health care; in as much, the meaning of the concept varies with the user.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2005

Using concept maps to optimize the composition of collaborative student groups: a pilot study.

AIM: The aim of this paper is to stimulate interest in the practical classroom application of concept mapping strategies as an approach that teachers can easily use to enhance collaborative learning. BACKGROUND: Concept mapping has been developed as a tool to support meaningful learning. However, much of the research literature fails to explain how concept maps might be most gainfully employed within the classroom. As a result, concept mapping is a tool that is under-used. METHODS: Students on a postgraduate teacher preparation programme for nurses were arranged in triads on the basis of the morphology of individually-produced concept maps for the topics of 'genetics' and 'pathogenic microbes'. They were arranged in heterogeneous triads to produce a consensus map for 'pathogenic microbes', and then in homogeneous triads to produce a consensus map for 'genetics'. The number of acceptable propositions found in their individual maps was compared with the number found in the consensus group maps, and gain scores were calculated for each participant. FINDINGS: Participants arranged in triads of individuals having very different knowledge structures were found to make a greater improvement than those arranged in triads composed of individuals with qualitatively similar knowledge structures. CONCLUSIONS: The study was undertaken with a very small sample and only looked at two topic areas. However, the findings support the idea that collaborative groups work most effectively when individuals within the group bring different perspectives to a problem, and that this perspective can be usefully identified within the classroom environment as variations in concept map morphology.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2006

Dimensional analysis of the concept of obesity.

AIM: The aim of this paper is to explore the evolution of the concept of obesity and to identify variations in its meaning and use from the perspectives of healthcare professionals and Black Americans, Caucasian Americans, and Latino Americans. BACKGROUND: Obesity constitutes an emerging global healthcare epidemic. Little convergence is found between the meaning and use of the concept of obesity by healthcare professionals and those they are trying to serve. This lack of convergence points to the need for exploration of the assumptions, use and various meanings associated with this important concept. METHOD: The analysis included 20 papers from 18 research studies from the fields of nursing, psychology, epidemiology, medicine, and sociology. Caron and Bowers' dimensional analysis method guided the analysis. RESULTS: Eight dimensions were identified: objective measure, attractiveness, sexual desirability, health, body image, strength or goodness, self-esteem, and social acceptability. Substantial differences in assumptions, use, and meanings of this concept were found within and between the perspectives studied. However, there were insufficient data to fully assess use and meaning of the concept of obesity from the Latino American perspective. CONCLUSION: This analysis contributes to the development of an understanding of the meaning and use of the concept of obesity within varied socio-cultural contexts as well as from a healthcare perspective. Culture was found to play a significant role in how obesity is understood by the individual.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Defining bioterrorism preparedness for nurses: concept analysis.

AIM: This paper reports a concept analysis to define the concept of nursing bioterrorism preparedness. BACKGROUND: Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is necessary, yet no theoretical or operational definition exists. The concept is often misinterpreted as being synonymous with organizational preparedness or confused with the bioterrorism preparedness needs of other professions, such as medicine. There is no standardized definition of the concept that is specific to the profession of nursing. METHODS: A concept analysis was conducted using a systematic literature review; the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Psych Info and Medline databases for years 1966-2005 were used. One hundred and eighteen references were identified, 41 of which were deemed relevant. Data from the 41 relevant articles were analysed and synthesized to develop a theoretical definition, defining attributes, antecedents, consequences and related concepts. FINDINGS: Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is the continual process of nurses becoming better prepared to recognize and respond to a bioterrorism attack. Nurses, regardless of their level of education, areas of expertise or practice settings must participate in at least one educational session and one exercise each year to meet the minimum requirements of engaging in the bioterrorism preparedness process. The antecedents are acceptance and readiness to change. Defining attributes include gaining knowledge, planning, practising response behaviours and evaluating knowledge level and content of response plan. Consequences include recognition of an event and implementation of appropriate response actions. CONCLUSION: Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is essential. To assess nurses' level of preparedness, a definition is needed of what bioterrorism preparedness means to the profession. The theoretical definition developed in this paper needs to be further refined and operationalized.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2006

Physical activity and physical self-concept: comparison between children with and without asthma.

AIM: This paper reports a study comparing levels of physical activity and physical self-concepts between children with and without asthma. BACKGROUND: Childhood asthma has become one of the world's most prevalent chronic illnesses. Its symptoms are thought to prevent children from participating in some forms of physical activity. However, asthma treatment guidelines are increasingly suggesting that children with asthma can participate in the same physical activities as healthy children for the same reasons-- to promote normal growth, physical development and psychological health. METHOD: Between October 2001 and May 2002, 120 children between the ages of 9 and 11 with mild and moderate asthma were recruited from three paediatric asthma clinics in Taiwan, and 309 non-asthmatic children in the same age group were selected from four elementary schools in Taiwan's three largest cities. Participants were asked to record physical activity levels for 3 days out of the past 7 days and to fill out a 29-item Physical Self-Concept Inventory. Physical activities were classified as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or vigorous physical activity. Physical self-concept was measured in terms of perceived flexibility, endurance, appearance, agility, obesity and strength. RESULTS: Asthma was the primary factor determining vigorous physical activity levels, but gender was the primary factor determining physical self-concept, especially in terms of endurance, obesity and strength. No statistically significant relationships were noted between asthma and gender in terms of effects on physical activity and physical self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma interferes with children's ability to participate in vigorous physical activity but not in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Gender determines primary differences in physical self-concept. Appropriate exercise recommendations are necessary to encourage children with asthma to engage in vigorous physical activity for normal growth.

Asthma↗
PubMed1982

Concept learning by retarded children: a comparison of three discrimination learning procedures.

The effectiveness of stimulus delay and stimulus fading procedures was compared with differential reinforcement only in training developmentally delayed children on a concept learning task. Twenty-four children were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions. All three experimental conditions contained five discrimination programmes, each designed to teach the child to discriminate one pair of exemplars from the target concepts bottle and jar. Following successful completion of one training programme, a concept acquisition probe was administered to determine whether the target concepts had been engendered. Alternate presentations of successively different training programmes and concept acquisition probes were continued until the subject passed the probe, failed to complete a training programme, or completed all five training programmes. Five 'stimulus fading' subjects, three 'stimulus delay' subjects, and four 'reinforcement only' subjects learned the concepts. All children who learned to discriminate one pair of exemplars displayed conceptual behaviour after training on two or fewer pairs of exemplars. It was suggested that the absence of pronounced differences between conditions may have been due to the complexity of the task or the type of prompts employed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Academic self-concept, interest, grades, and standardized test scores: reciprocal effects models of causal ordering.

Reciprocal effects models of longitudinal data show that academic self-concept is both a cause and an effect of achievement. In this study this model was extended to juxtapose self-concept with academic interest. Based on longitudinal data from 2 nationally representative samples of German 7th-grade students (Study 1: N = 5,649, M age = 13.4; Study 2: N = 2,264, M age = 13.7 years), prior self-concept significantly affected subsequent math interest, school grades, and standardized test scores, whereas prior math interest had only a small effect on subsequent math self-concept. Despite stereotypic gender differences in means, linkages relating these constructs were invariant over gender. These results demonstrate the positive effects of academic self-concept on a variety of academic outcomes and integrate self-concept with the developmental motivation literature.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Symptom perception: a concept exploration.

The topic of this paper is a concept analysis of symptom perception using the theoretical phase of the Schwartz-Barcott Hybrid Model. The purpose of this paper is to explore symptom perception and related concepts and formulate a working definition. Sources of information include symptom perception and related concepts models and studies using the concepts as well as sources pertaining to related measurement tools. The conclusion of this exploration reveals several overlapping concepts. These concepts are synthesized into a working definition of symptom perception.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

[Medicine and medical concepts].

Any discussion on the future of medicine has to deal with the healer's art based on cultural values and with the individual situation of the patients, their perception and concept of health and disease, their hopes, intentions and life projects. Medicine and health care are of fundamental importance in all societies, so their task goes far beyond the traditional academic discipline. As well as repairing localized damage with the usual technical and chemical instruments one may also use the regulatory measures of complementary medicine to stimulate the system's self-organization. Over and above this, healing means changing the patient's self-concepts, his concepts of health and disease, changing his behavior, and adapting his life projects and targets. The treatment, therefore, should be experienced by the patient as part of his life, and therapeutic interventions as well as the diagnostic interpretation are to be seen as structuring elements of the healing process, besides, of course, being helpful in the overcoming of the disease. Healing does not happen in a void, but within a therapeutic setting, a sort of subcultural unit which includes the therapist, and is based on a common understanding of the illness and a common will to overcome it. The therapeutic setting is an integrative part of regulatory treatment, and evaluation procedure must be designed in a way that the questions asked are consistent with the specific individual reality of the setting and the evaluation has no impact on the setting as such. Therefore, research cannot be done by the therapist since he is part of the setting, but must be undertaken by independent observation of the setting as a whole from outside. The projects of the Nationales Forschungsprogramm 34 (NFP34) provide an overview of adequate and inadequate concepts and methods for future structured evaluation of complementary medicine. Whether or not the results of the NFP34 will be helpful in advancing medicine depends on the possibility of creating an appropriate research mentality in this new field within the medical community and to establish ongoing projects. Some important concepts of approaching complementary medicine have not been evaluated, e. g. historical, ethnological, sociological and pragmatic methods. As some methods of complementary medicine actually have been integrated into the official curricula, ongoing re-evaluation is mandatory to assure the conherence in teaching and practice. Research into complementary medicine which often has its roots in other times and in other cultures must be designed in such a way that it covers the method's specific cultural concepts as well as the thinking patterns of public medicine today.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of changes in physical self-concept, global self-esteem, depression and anxiety following two different psychomotor therapy programs in nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients.

BACKGROUND: The first objective of this study was to compare the changes in physical self-concept, global self-esteem, depression and anxiety after participation in one of two 16-week psychomotor therapy programs for nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients. The second objective was to study the relationship between changes in these variables. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-nine inpatients were randomly assigned to either a personalized psychomotor fitness program, consisting of aerobic exercise and weight training, or a general program of psychomotor therapy, consisting of different forms of physical exercises and relaxation training. Physical self-concept was evaluated using the Dutch version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile at baseline, after 8 weeks, and after completion of the 16-week interventions. At the same time points, additional variables of global self-esteem, depression and anxiety were assessed by means of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p values ranged from 0.01 to < 0.0001), with no between-group differences. In both groups, the improvement in physical self-concept was correlated with increased global self-esteem and decreased depression and anxiety levels (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that both psychomotor therapy programs are equally effective in enhancing physical self-concept. The relationship between improvements in physical self-concept and enhancements in global self-esteem, depression and anxiety supports the potential role of the physical self-concept in the recovery process of depressed and anxious psychiatric inpatients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between role conception and ethical behaviour of student nurses in Hong Kong.

This paper was designed to explore the relationships of three role conception types (the professional, bureaucratic and service role conceptions) to the ethical behaviour of student nurses from the apprenticeship and degree nursing programmes in Hong Kong. The effect of role discrepancy on ethical behaviour will also be explored. A nonprobability convenience sampling of 140 certificate students from a hospital-based training course and 81 degrees nursing students from a tertiary programme were selected. Role conception and role discrepancy were measured by the modified Nursing Role Conception scale originally developed by Corwin. For ethical behaviour, the Judgement About Nursing Decisions scale developed by Ketefian was used. Multiple regression analyses showed that the ideal professional role conception was a significant predictor, accounting for 17% of the variance in the ideal ethical score of the degree students. Actual service role conception was a better predictor of the actual ethical score, explaining 10% and 14% of its variance for the certificate and degree students respectively. Professional and bureaucratic role discrepancies together were found to have a negative effect on the actual ethical behaviour of the degree students. These results suggest that professional values that have been developed through socialization in nurse education programmes could benefit patients only when degree students, in particular, could adapt successfully to the demands of bureaucratic organization.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed2006

Exploring the self-concepts of persons with intellectual disabilities.

This study explores the self-concepts of Hong Kong Chinese with intellectual disabilities. Face-to-face and individual interviews were conducted in Cantonese, using the Chinese version of the Adult Source of Self-Esteem Inventory (ASSEI) together with three open-ended questions to explore the participants' self-conceptions in different life domains. An opportunity sample of 135 young adults with intellectual disabilities was interviewed. The findings showed that the family self, the social self and achievement in school and work were the self-concept attributes most important to the participants. The participants of this study had a higher total self-concept than that of a comparison group of people without disabilities when the participants used the in-group social comparison to maintain positive self-perception. The importance of partnership with family, self-concept enhancement strategies and quality employment service are discussed in order to facilitate people with intellectual disabilities to develop more positive self-concepts and thus achieve better community integration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Measuring changes in self-concept: a qualitative evaluation of outcome questionnaires in people having acupuncture for their chronic health problems.

BACKGROUND: Changes in self-concept are an important potential outcome for many interventions for people with long-term conditions. This study sought to identify and evaluate outcome questionnaires suitable for quantifying changes in self-concept in people with long-term conditions, in the context of treatment with acupuncture and Chinese medicine. METHODS: A literature search was followed by an evaluation of three questionnaires: The Wellbeing Questionnaire W-BQ12, the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI), and the Arizona Integrative Outcome Scale (AIOS). A convenience sample of 23 people completed the questionnaires on two occasions and were interviewed about their experience and their questionnaire responses. All acupuncturists were interviewed. RESULTS: Changes in self-concept were common and emerged over time. The three questionnaires had different strengths and weaknesses in relation to measuring changes in self-concept. The generic AIOS had face validity and was sensitive to changes in self-concept over time, but it lacked specificity. The PEI was sensitive and specific in measuring these changes but had lower acceptability. The sensitivity of the W-BQ12 was affected by initial high scores (ceiling effect) and a shorter timescale but was acceptable and is suitable for repeated administration. The PEI and W-BQ12 questionnaires worked well in combination. CONCLUSION: Changes in self-concept are important outcomes of complex interventions for people with long-term illness and their measurement requires carefully evaluated tools and long-term follow-up. The literature review and the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the questionnaires is a resource for other researchers. The W-BQ12 and the PEI both proved useful for this population and a larger quantitative study is planned.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Self concept of pregnant teenagers.

This study is an exploratory research effort to investigate whether an association exists between self concept and teen pregnancy or repetitive teen pregnancy. The study was conducted at a special school for pregnant girls using the Tennessee Self Concept Scale instrument with 148 available sample. The pregnant girls in this study had a lower self concept in general than the norm group and specifically in moral, family and social dimensions. Among these subjects, black girls had a higher self concept in all areas than white girls. There was no statistically significant difference on their scores between the first and repetitive pregnant girls. The self concept measure as a correlate of pregnancy may be selectively utilized for possible identification of the most vulnerable group or cases among teenage girls. A long-term approach to teenage pregnancy would be to improve their self concept through various support services. Significant others in the teenagers' lives may help improve in moral-ethical, family and social area with special concerted efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Historical evolution of the concept environment proposed in the Roy Adaptation Model.

The concern for the development of concepts becomes even more important when we report to its use in Nursing theories, in which some concepts are considered central, such as person, environment, health and nursing. This study aims to discuss the historical evolution of the environment concept used in the Roy Adaptation Model. The method of analysis the study was based on is the evolutionary conceptual analysis of the concept Environment of the Roy Adaptation Model. According to the research results, Environment is introduced as the second major concept in the Roy Adaptation Model. In this theorist's interpretation of the environment, we notice her interest in surpassing the mechanistic point of view upon which the first version of the model was based. The approach of the concept of interaction between people and groups seems to represent an improvement, influenced by the current thoughts that are preeminent in nursing.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Adolescents with craniofacial anomalies: psychosocial adjustment as a function of self-concept.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between self-concept and psychosocial adjustment among adolescents with craniofacial anomalies. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Reconstructive plastic surgery department in urban medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-nine adolescents with congenital craniofacial anomalies, aged 14 to 18 years, and their parents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Psychosocial adjustment (internalizing problems and social competence), assessed by self-report and parent-report forms of the Child Behavior Checklist; appearance self-concept and global self-worth, assessed by the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. RESULTS: Both appearance self-concept and global self-worth were associated with psychosocial adjustment; however, global self-worth remained associated with adjustment when the effects of appearance self-concept were controlled, whereas appearance self-concept was no longer associated with adjustment when global self-worth was controlled. Demographic variables (ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and adolescent gender) largely failed to moderate the associations between self-concept and adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent dissatisfaction with appearance is linked to psychosocial adjustment problems only when it is part of a negative overall view of the self.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Body satisfaction and self-concept of third- and sixth-grade students.

Pubertal development has been implicated as the point of origin for decreased body satisfaction and self-concept for girls from prepubertal levels and an increase in body satisfaction and self-concept for boys. Two groups of boys and girls in Grades 3 and 6 completed a Body Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale to test this assumption. The third graders were considered to be prepubertal and sixth graders as early pubertal. The sixth-grade boys scored lower on body satisfaction than third-grade boys, and their self-concept scores were positively correlated with body satisfaction scores. For girls, body satisfaction scores were correlated with self-concept in both grades, and few significant differences were found between grades. For girls apparently the relationship between body satisfaction and self-concept may be present before the onset of puberty.

Age Factors↗