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PubMed2002

Developmental traits affecting low-temperature tolerance response in near-isogenic lines for the Vernalization locus Vrn-A1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell).

Investigation of low-temperature (LT) tolerance in cereals has commonly led to the region of the vyn-A1 vernalization gene or its homologue in related genomes. Two cultivars, one a non-hardy spring wheat and one a very cold-hardy winter wheat, whose growth habits are determined by the Vrn-A1 (spring habit) and vrn-A1 (winter habit) alleles, were chosen to produce reciprocal near-isogenic lines (NILs). These lines were then used to determine the relationship between rate of phenological development and the degree and duration of LT tolerance gene expression. Each allele was isolated in the genetic backgrounds of the non-hardy spring wheat 'Manitou' and the very cold-hardy winter wheat 'Norstar'. The effects of each allele on phenological development and low-temperature tolerance (LT50) were determined at regular intervals over a 4 degrees C acclimation period of 0-98 d. The vegetative/reproductive transition, as determined by final leaf number (FLN), was found to be a major developmental factor influencing LT tolerance. Possession of a vernalization requirement increased both the length of the vegetative growth phase and LT tolerance. Similarly, increased FLN in spring Norstar and winter Manitou NILs delayed their vegetative/reproductive transition and increased their LT tolerance relative to Manitou. Although the winter Manitou NILs had a lower FLN than the spring Norstar NILs, they were able to extend their vegetative stage to a similar length by increasing the phyllochron (interval between the appearance of successive leaves). Cereal plants have four ways of increasing the length of the vegetative phase, all of which extend the time that low-temperature tolerance genes are more highly expressed: (1) vernalization; (2) photoperiod responses; (3) increased leaf number; and (4) increased length of the phyllochron.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1988

Connections of the primary auditory cortex in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus.

The afferent and efferent connections of the primary auditory cortex (AI) of common marmosets were traced following small injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) made at best frequency (BF)-defined sites in the AI. After the injections the animals remained anesthetized for 15-23 hours; they were then perfused transcardially with fixative and the brains were processed for WGA-HRP reaction product. Examination of the disposition of labelled material revealed the following results. First, patches of terminal labelling, and to a lesser extent retrograde labelling, were found outside the injection site in the ipsilateral cortex rostral and caudal to the AI. Second, the region of the contralateral cortex corresponding to the injection site contained labelled terminals throughout the depth of the cortex; labelled neurons were found in the middle layers. Third, in each experiment a discrete region of the medial geniculate body (MG) contained retrogradely labelled neurons interspersed with anterogradely labelled terminals. These regions had a banded appearance, were found in the dorsal and rostral half of the MG, and shifted in location progressively dorsalward as the injection site BF increased. The presence of projection zones rostral and caudal to the AI of marmosets, and the disposition of the MG sources of projection in relation to BF, are similar to observations made on other New World monkeys. The ipsilateral corticocortical projections confirm electrophysiological evidence suggesting the existence of auditory fields rostral and caudal to the AI. The thalamocortical auditory system of the marmoset appears relatively simple, with a comparatively undifferentiated MG projecting to a cortical auditory system dominated by a large AI.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of phenol on the mycelial growth and fructification in some of basidiomycetous fungi.

Cometabolic growth studies with phenol were undertaken to screen 32 strains of white and brown rot fungi. All the cultures studied grew well up to 4 mM of phenol on Czapekdox agar except Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) and Pleurotus cystidiosus. Most of them could grow even up to 6 mM of phenol. Phenol induced a brown pigmentation of the culture medium. P. flabellatus and P. pulmonarius metabolized 67 and 64 mg/l phenol in 10 days. Studies have indicated that phenol (0.1 to 1.0 mM) incorporated in malt-extract agar has no inhibitory effect on fruitbody formation. Preliminary studies indicate that soaking of wheat straw with phenol solution up to 1600 mg/l give better mycelial growth and fructification of P. cornucopiae, P. ostreatus Z-15 and Calocybe indica than water soaked. Soaking of wheat straw in phenol inhibited the growth of common competitor weed fungi like Stachybotrys sp. and Coprinus sp.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pediatric celiac disease: clinicopathologic and genetic aspects.

Evaluation for celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by grain proteins in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats, is a common indication for pediatric endoscopy and biopsy. Duodenal or jejunal biopsy remains key for the initial diagnosis of CD. Small intestinal pathology may be diffuse or focal in CD, and histologic findings are nonspecific and must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical and serologic findings. A standardized grading system for CD biopsies is recommended. This review article summarizes the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, genetics, pathogenesis, and serologic and histologic findings of CD. Clinical management of CD and general handling of small intestinal biopsies are also addressed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1984

Hexokinase isoenzymes: antigenic cross-reactivities and amino acid compositional relatedness.

Previously undetected antigenic cross-reactivities have been demonstrated between yeast and rat hexokinase isoenzymes using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. The levels of structural homology between the isoenzymes have been assessed in terms of their relative antigenic cross-reactivities and their amino acid compositional relatedness. The three major rat hexokinases appear, despite their differing molecular sizes, to have a close evolutionary background and to share a common but distant ancestry with yeast and wheat-germ forms.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Fermentative characteristics of cereal brans and vegetable fibers.

Dietary fiber has been suggested to alter the colonic environment and protect against colorectal diseases, but several recent epidemiological studies indicate that cereal and vegetable fibers may not confer the same benefit. To address this issue, five common cereal brans (barley, corn, oat, rice, and wheat) and five vegetable fiber isolates (broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, and lettuce) were fermented in vitro with human fecal microbiota for 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), hydrogen (H2), and methane (CH4) productions and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility differed significantly with fiber source. The vegetable fibers were significantly more fermentable than were the cereal brans, as evidenced by greater NDF digestibility and increased productions of SCFA, H2, and CH4, despite the presence of fermentable starch and protein in the latter. We concluded that vegetable fibers may more effectively stimulate colonic fermentation than cereal brans do. These findings suggest an attribute (i.e., fermentability) that may partially explain previously observed differences between vegetable and cereal fiber consumption patterns and colorectal carcinogenesis.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Corticotectal and corticostriatal projections from the frontal eye fields of the cat: an anatomical examination using WGA-HRP.

Corticofugal projections from the frontal eye fields (FEF) are believed to access the superior colliculus (SC) directly (i.e., monosynaptically) and indirectly (i.e., multisynaptically) through the basal ganglia. The present results suggest that these two pathways are derived from largely segregated populations of corticofugal neurons. Furthermore, while the different subregions of the FEF from which these pathways originate have different termination patterns in the basal ganglia (i.e., striatum, ST), they share a common termination pattern in the SC. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the two major subdivisions of the FEF (presylvian and cruciate sulci) resulted in dense label in both the ST (bilaterally) and the SC (ipsilaterally). Corticostriatal labeling was found in the caudal part of the head of the caudate nucleus (heaviest ipsilaterally), with labeling from cruciate injections located ventromedial to that produced by presylvian injections. Only presylvian injections resulted in labeling in the putamen. Retrograde tracing experiments demonstrated that both presylvian and cruciate corticostriatal projections originated from neurons in lamina III and the upper aspects of lamina V. An additional but small group of presylvian corticostriatal projections was found in lamina VI. Corticotectal terminal labeling was restricted to the deep laminae of the SC and was derived exclusively from lamina V neurons in cortex. They differed from their corticostriatal counterparts in laminar/sub-laminar location and in soma sizes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Eosinophilic esophagitis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is an isolated, eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus. In the past, the symptoms of EE were often confused for gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Thus, many physicians unsuccessfully treated patients with EE with medications used for GER. Because the incidence of EE is rising and EE is easily diagnosed by endoscopy with biopsy, it is important for physicians to not only accurately identify patients with EE but also understand the treatment options available. RECENT FINDINGS: While patients with acid reflux may have a few eosinophils, patients with EE have high levels of eosinophils in their esophagus as part of an allergic response to food antigens. The inflammation may cause abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. If EE persists for years, it may cause a narrowing of the esophagus that leads to dysphagia. In young children, many of the symptoms of EE mimic those of gastroesophageal reflux. Medications used to treat reflux are not effective against EE. Over the past few years, many new reports and retrospective studies have been written on the subject of EE. The focus of these papers concentrated on the etiology and treatment of EE. SUMMARY: The diagnosis of EE requires a biopsy of the esophagus. Typical allergy tests are not effective for diagnosis of EE because the allergic reaction involved in EE is non-IgE mediated. The most commonly involved foods include milk, eggs, nuts, beef, wheat, fish, shellfish, corn, and soy; however, almost all foods have been implicated. Because allergy tests are often unable to determine the causative foods, complete elimination of all foods is often required. In these cases, patients must be placed on a strict elemental formula for 1 to 3 months to heal the esophagus. Repeat endoscopy with biopsy is often necessary. Several medications have been used including corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, and leukotriene inhibitors. This review discusses the past year's literature, concentrating on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of EE in both children and adults.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1985

Elongation factor 1 alpha from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rapid large-scale purification and molecular characterization.

Cytoplasmic elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) was purified to homogeneity from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a large-scale procedure. The three steps of purification used were batch adsorption on phosphocellulose, phosphocellulose chromatography and, as the last step, GDP-Sepharose or Biorex column chromatography. The protein is very basic (pI = 9.2) and has an apparent molecular mass of 49 kDa, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using denaturing conditions. It is one of the most abundant proteins in yeast (about 5% of total soluble protein), as shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and by immunological titration. A strong immunological and structural homology was found between yeast EF-1 alpha and elongation factors from other sources. Common immunological features were found between yeast and wheat germ EF-1 alpha. Tryptic hydrolysis of yeast EF-1 alpha in the presence of 25% glycerol generated a large trypsin-resistant polypeptide (Mr = 43,000) which had the same NH2-terminal sequence as the proteolyzed product from rabbit reticulocyte, Artemia salina EF-1 alpha and Escherichia coli EF-Tu. Completed DNA sequence determination of one structural gene for yeast EF-1 alpha confirmed a remarkable conservation of several protein sequence domains in yeast and animal EF-1 alpha (Cottrelle, P., Thiele, D., Price, V., Memet, S., Micouin, J.Y., Marck, C., Buhler, J.M. Sentenac, A., and Fromageot, P. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3090-3096).

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1984

A new N-nitroso compound, N-2-methylpropyl-N-1-methylacetonyl-nitrosamine, in moldy millet and wheat flour.

A new N-nitroso compound, N-2-methylpropyl-N-1-methylacetonyl-nitrosamine (MAMPNA), was found in millet and wheat flour inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, a common species of fungi occurring in foods in Linxian County, after 8-day incubation and an addition of a small amount of NaNO2. The compound has been identified by GC-MS and confirmed by synthesized MAMPNA. The present paper reports the isolation and detection of MAMPNA in moldy foods, and discusses the role of the fungus in processes of nitrosamine formation and possible biosynthetic approach of the new compound.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Immunological studies on plant DNA-dependent RNA polymerases with antibodies raised against individual subunits.

Antibodies were raised against native soybean RNA polymerase II and individual subunits of RNA polymerase II purified from soybean, cauliflower, and wheat. These antibodies were used to study the immunological relationships of plant RNA polymerases I, II, and III at the subunit level. RNA polymerases I and II from soybean, I, II, and III from cauliflower and wheat, and II from turnip were purified to homogeneity, and enzyme subunits were separated on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Separated RNA polymerase subunits were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose, reacted with antibodies, and the immunoglobulin complexes were revealed by reaction with 125I-labeled Protein A. Antibodies directed against native soybean RNA polymerase II bind to all or most of the subunits of soybean and wheat RNA polymerase II and to the putative common subunits in RNA polymerases I and III. Antibodies directed against individual subunits of RNA polymerase II enzymes react specifically with the subunit to which the antibody was raised and to related or identical subunits in RNA polymerases I and III. These studies confirm the presence of common subunits in the three classes of nuclear RNA polymerase and provide information on analogous or related subunits within each class of enzyme purified from different plant species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Satiety from rice-based, wheat-based and rice-pulse combination preparations.

The satiety values of six breakfast items commonly consumed in India were determined on the basis of area under the curve. A repeated measures design was used wherein energy intake, hunger, and satiety scores were assessed for one rice-based, three wheat-based and a rice-pulse fermented preparation, using white bread as the reference. Subjects were provided equi-caloric portions of the six breakfast items on separate occasions, and satiety ratings were recorded every 15 min over a 120 min period, after which time they were free to consume whatever they desired. Satiety scores were in the order of fermented cereal-pulse preparation> savoury broken wheat preparation>whole wheat flour flat bread>savoury semolina preparation> savoury rice flakes preparation>white bread standard. Among the various factors examined for their influence on satiety scores, fibre content, energy density and cooked weight of the food items positively influenced satiety scores. Neither fat nor carbohydrate content showed any correlation with satiety scores. These data indicate that isoenergetic portions of various foods influence satiety to different extents. Thus results suggest that consumption of high protein, high fibre and foods with greater water/volume leading to low energy density may be effective in delaying the return of hunger.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Positive reactions to common allergens in 42 atopic dogs in Japan.

Clinically important allergens for the diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis vary geographically. In order to identify the most prevalent allergens in atopic dogs in Japan, 42 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of atopy were tested using both in vivo (intradermal skin test (IDST)) and in vitro (antigen-specific IgE assay) allergy tests. Allergens used for IDST included 26 allergen extracts from eight allergen groups: trees, weeds, grasses, house dust mites (HDM), molds, foods, epithelia, and arthropods. Immunodot assay was used to measure antigen-specific IgE against 24 allergens from these eight groups and against fish such as cod and sole. In the 42 dogs, the most common positive allergen reaction was to HDM on both IDST (29/42 dogs or 69%) and in vitro testing (23/42 or 54.8%). The second most frequent positive allergen reaction was to Japanese cedar pollen (21/42 or 50.0% for IDST and 7/42 or 16.7% for in vitro testing). In both tests, less than 20% of dogs had positive reactions to molds or foods. Positive reactions to cat epithelia were frequently found on IDST, but rarely found on in vitro testing. Agreement between the two tests was found in 26 instances: HDM (21 dogs), Japanese cedar pollen (five dogs) and wheat (one dog). In this study, the two most common allergens involved in atopic dermatitis in dogs in Japan were HDM and Japanese cedar pollen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Damage potential of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on early growth stages of small-grains and canola under subarctic conditions.

We characterized the type and extent of grasshopper injury to above- and below-ground plant parts for four crops [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and canola (Brassica campestris L.)] commonly grown, or with potential to grow, in central Alaska. Cages were placed on 48 pots containing plants in second to third leaf stages and stocked with 0, 2, 4, and 6 first-instar Melanoplus sanguinipes F. pot(-1). Plants were harvested 22 d after planting. Stem growth of barley and oats was not affected except at the highest grasshopper treatment. In canola, stem biomass was reduced at the medium and high grasshopper treatments, when most of the leaves had been consumed. The highest grasshopper treatment reduced leaf area in barley and oats by approximately 55%, and caused a significant reduction in dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots (41-72%). Wheat and canola plants were smaller than barley and oats across all treatments and, at the highest grasshopper density, above-ground portions of wheat and canola were completely destroyed. Length and surface area of roots of barley and oats were reduced by 20-28% again at the highest grasshopper density, whereas the reduction for wheat and canola ranged from 50 to 90%. There was little or no difference among all grasshopper densities for C-N ratio in leaf and stem tissues of all crops. The results suggest that wheat and canola are more susceptible than barley and oats and that densities > or = 2 pot(-1) (approximately > or = 50 m(-2)) of even very small grasshoppers could cause significant damage in small-grain and oilseed crop production.

Alaska↗
PubMed1987

Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, and T. brucei rhodesiense: common glycoproteins and glycoprotein oligosaccharide heterogeneity identified by lectin affinity blotting and endoglycosidase H treatment.

Whole cell extracts of 10 clones of bloodstream forms of African trypanosomes representing two strains of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, one strain of T. b. rhodesiense and one strain of T. b. brucei were fractionated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose paper, and probed with horseradish peroxidase conjugated lectins to detect glycoproteins. Variant specific glycoproteins of all 10 clones bound peroxidase labeled concanavalin A, but peroxidase labeled wheat germ agglutinin bound to the variant specific glycoproteins of only 3 of the 10 clones examined. In addition, 22 other glycoproteins expressed in common by all clones bound peroxidase labeled concanavalin A; 19 common glycoproteins bound peroxidase labeled wheat germ agglutinin. Lectin binding to transferred glycoproteins was specifically inhibited by appropriate monosaccharides, alpha-methyl mannoside for concanavalin A and N-acetyl glucosamine for wheat germ agglutinin. Prior incubation of blots in endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H eliminated binding of peroxidase-labeled concanavalin A to most of the 22 common glycoproteins. Two glycoproteins, designated Gp 81 and Gp 110, were the major Endoglycosidase H resistant components. Endoglycosidase H treatment also reduced binding of peroxidase labeled concanavalin A to the variant specific glycoproteins of 7 clones. The variant specific glycoproteins from the 3 clones that bound peroxidase labeled concanavalin A following enzyme treatment were those that bound peroxidase labeled wheat germ agglutinin. These results show that African trypanosomes express a greater number of glycoproteins than has been reported previously and that only a limited number of these glycoproteins bear Endoglycosidase H resistant oligosaccharides.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2002

Interpretation of commercial food ingredient labels by parents of food-allergic children.

BACKGROUND: To avoid allergic reactions, food-allergic consumers depend on the ingredient labels of commercial products. Complex ingredient terminology (eg, casein and whey for milk) and label ambiguities (eg, natural flavor and may contain peanut ) might compromise the ability of patients/parents to determine the safety of particular products. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the accuracy of label reading among parents of food-allergic children. METHODS: Parents of children on restricted diets attending our referral center were asked to review a group of 23 food labels taken from widely available commercial products. For each label, each parent/parent pair was asked to indicate whether the product was safe for the allergic child and, if it was not, which foods restricted from the child's diet were in the product. RESULTS: There were 91 participants. Peanut was the most commonly restricted food (82 children), followed by milk, egg, soy, and wheat (60, 45, 27 and 16 children, respectively). Identification of milk and soy was the most problematic: only 4 (7%) of 60 parents correctly identified all 14 labels that indicated milk, and only 6 (22%) of 27 parents correctly identified soy protein in 7 products. Peanut was correctly identified in 5 products by 44 (54%) of the 82 parents restricting peanut. Wheat (10 labels) and egg (7 labels) were correctly identified by most parents (14/16 and 42/45, respectively). Correct label identification was associated with prior instruction by a dietitian. CONCLUSIONS: With current labeling practices, most parents are unable to identify common allergenic food ingredients. These results strongly support the need for improved labeling with plain-English terminology and allergen warnings as well as the need for diligent education of patients about reading labels.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Detection and characterization of antibodies specific to food antigens (gliadin, ovalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin) in human serum, saliva, colostrum and milk.

Antibodies against food antigens are usually produced in healthy people. This humoral response can be detected both in serum and secretions. The characterization of this response can be useful for a better understanding of food-related immunological alterations. In this study, IgA and IgG antibodies specific to ovalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin or gliadin were measured in serum, saliva, colostrum and milk from 40 healthy breast-feeding women. Specific IgA and IgG to the three antigens were measured by indirect ELISA. Specific IgG levels were highest in serum and very low in the other biological fluids. No correlation between the IgG specific to the different antigens was found. Specific IgA reactivity was found in all the samples analysed. Levels observed were higher in colostrum and milk than in serum and saliva. In spite of being three different unrelated food antigens, a correlation between the levels of specific IgA was found in saliva, colostrum and milk samples of all subjects studied. The specificity of IgA anti-gliadin antibodies from serum, saliva and colostrum was analysed by immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE-separated wheat proteins. Each sample presented a unique pattern of recognition. No common pattern of recognition was found either among the same biological fluids of the different subjects tested, or among the different samples--either serum, colostrum or saliva--of the same individual. Different degrees of specificity to wheat proteins among IgA from colostrum, saliva or serum were observed, suggesting that the local IgA-producing populations are functionally different in the different tissues of the organism.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2006

Pyrolytic acrylamide formation from purified wheat gluten and gluten-supplemented wheat bread rolls.

Recent studies have revealed different acrylamide formation mechanisms, e. g. from carnosine (N-beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and aminopropionamide as additional precursors. The occurrence of acrylamide in food matrices devoid of common precursors such as meat supports an additional formation pathway. Gluten was recovered from wheat flour by water extraction. Starch, reducing sugars and amino acids were removed using alpha-amylase and NaCl solution and were completely absent in the purified gluten fraction. The gluten was dry heated at temperatures ranging from 160 to 240 degrees C for 8 to 12 min and analyzed for acrylamide and cinnamic amide using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acrylamide could be detected up to 3997 microg/kg gluten dry weight. Cinnamic amide was detected and unambiguously identified in the gluten samples, thus confirming the proposed formation of acrylamide from proteins. After gluten addition to bread roll dough, protein pyrolysis to form acrylamide in the complex food matrix was assessed. Contents of asparagine and reducing sugars were diminished due to the addition of the gluten. In contrast to the expectation with respect to the well-established common formation mechanism of acrylamide, it increased from 53.4 to 63.9 microg/kg (+20%), which was in good correlation with the higher proportion of gluten. As demonstrated by the t-test, the increase in acrylamide was significant when comparing 0 and 15% gluten addition. Additionally, cinnamic amide could be found in crusts of bread rolls. Thus, evidence for pyrolytic formation of acrylamide from wheat gluten was provided.

Acrylamide↗