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PubMedDate not supplied

[Forensic-medical evaluation of the histologic structure of the hymen].

Variants of microscopic structure of the hymen are described and its histological classification based on the stromal component structure is offered. Hypotheses on the hymen histogenesis under different conditions are formulated. Histological analysis and histological classification of the hymen are needed for objective solution of questions arising during expert evaluation of virginity and its violation, probability or improbability of coitus without defloration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Non-differentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells of the pancreas].

We report the case of a 53-year-old man who presented a mass involving the head of the pancreas resulting in isolated jaundice. Histologically, the tumor was an undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells of the pancreas. This very rare neoplasm resembles giant cell tumor of bone. An epithelial origin is now established and this tumor has been recently considered as a variant of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in the last WHO histological classification. The diagnosis requires both morphology and immunohistochemistry. Although the prognosis of these tumors is reported to be poor, our case is unusual because of a favorable outcome without relapse after 2 years.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed2003

[New WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms: understanding and consideration].

The latest version of new WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms is a comprehensive and distinct opinion of lymphoid neoplasms, and maybe put an end to the controversy held in this field for a long time. The new classification defines the neoplasm categories according to the principle that the classification should be based on the real entities of diseases and should contain the morphology, immunophenotypes, genetic alterations and clinical features rather than simply emphasize the pure morphologic presentations. The new subtyping of lymphoid cancers provides a correct framework for malignant lymphoma, and also represents a new paradigm in disease classification. So far the accumulated experiences have demonstrated that the new classification is reproducible and practical. However, it remains to determine how the variants of lymphomas relate to their clinical prognostic factors, such as international prognostic index and individual difference, since the current treatment approach relays on the types of lymphomas. The diagnosis, treatment and researches of lymphomas in China are also discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Complete duplication of the urethra].

A case of complete urethral duplication in a child is presented. The malformation consisted of a normal urethra and another epispadial dorsal urethra ending at the dome of the bladder. This is a rare variant of this type of malformation. Incontinence was the surgical indication. The classification, embryology, diagnosis, indications for surgery and treatment of this anomaly are presented.

Epispadias↗
PubMed1977

[Problems of histogenesis and classification of nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) in children].

Nephroblastoma, a tumour of the kidney, is most often observed in children; it always includes the nephrogenous tissue in any variant of its differentiation. Histogenesis of this neoplasm is multiform and complex. Its development from very immature pluripotential (polypotent) cells (possibly, at the level of blastodermic vesicle) is not ruled out. The histological classification of nephroblastomas, offered by the author, is based on the principles of differentiation of the tumour tissue and on its histogenesis and opens new perspectives for further investigation of neoplasms and for clinico-anatomic collations.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2000

Dyshaemopoiesis in adults: a practical classification for diagnosis and management.

Dyshaemopoiesis is a heterogeneous disease that may be classified into non-clonal and clonal dyshaemopoiesis. Non-clonal dyshaemopoiesis comprises reversible disorders with DNA synthesis impairment in dividing cells of the bone marrow by avitaminosis through various mechanisms or direct DNA damage from multiple causes. Complete haematologic recovery is obtained after vitamin supplementation or suppression of a myelotoxic agent. On the contrary, clonal dyshaemopoiesis is a group of chronic and usually irreversible diseases that may culminate in acute leukaemia (AL). These so called myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and their variants may be classified as primary, secondary and other diseases with doubtful clonality. A detailed classification of dyshaemopoiesis in adults may offer partial help in the diagnosis and management of dyshaemopoiesis. Pathobiological studies in progress allow better understanding of MDS and consequently the establishment of new modalities of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Acute myelomonocytic leukemia and the French-American-British classification.

39 patients suffering from different subtypes of monocytic (M 5) and myelomonocytic (M 4) leukemia were analyzed retrospectively. In 8 cases a 'transitional myelomonocytic variant' was diagnosed; the leukemic cell in these patients is marked by morphological and cytochemical signs of monocytic and granulocytic precursors. As the correct diagnosis of this special subtype may be difficult, its place within the French-American-British (FAB) classification will be discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

[Formulating problems of ecological diseases. Approaches to etiopathogenesis, classification and diagnosis of ecological diseases due to chemicals].

Our long-standing clinical trials proved nonspecific and stress factors contributing into environmental diseases. The studies helped to define traumatic variant of biologic stress, to describe its trigger mechanisms. The authors analyzed physiologic mechanisms of stress-related diseases, role of autonomous nervous system in formation of environmental diseases. Clinical classification of acute and chronic environmental diseases is given, with consideration of their diagnosis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of diagnostic efficiency of computerized image analysis based quantitative nuclear parameters in papillary and follicular thyroid tumors using paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

Computerized image analysis (IA) system has emerged in recent years as a very powerful tool for objective and reproducible quantification of histological features. It has shown considerable potential for diagnostic application in diverse histological situations. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the discriminatory diagnostic efficiency of computerized image analysis based quantitative subvisual nuclear parameters in papillary and follicular neoplasms of thyroid. A total of 60 cases were studied. Forty-four cases belonged to training set and 16 cases belonged to a test set. A minimum of 100 nuclei was analyzed in each case using uniform 5 m mm thick hematoxylin stained sections. The IA workstation comprised of an Olympus microscope, a 10 bit digital video camera, an image grabber card and a pentium 120 MHz computer. Optimas 5.2 software was utilized for data collection on 8 morphometric and 8 densitometric parameters. Multivariate stepwise discriminant statistical analysis of data was done with the help of BMDP statistical software release 7.0. Results from a training set revealed correct classification rates of 98.0%, 84.5% and 61.2% for the histological groups of hyperplastic papillae versus papillae of papillary carcinoma (group I), follicular variant of papillary carcinoma versus the broad category of follicular neoplasms consisting of both follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma (group II) and follicular adenoma versus follicular carcinoma (group III), respectively. Results of test set revealed correct classification rates of 100%, 80% and 50% for groups I, II and III respectively. It was concluded that computerized nuclear IA parameters have potential usefulness for discriminating benign versus malignant papillary lesions of thyroid, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma versus follicular adenoma and/or follicular carcinoma but are of no value in discriminating between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed2001

[Main principals of clinical diagnosis formation in peritonitis].

Based on great clinical experience (more 1000 patients) the author makes attempt to standardize classification of peritonitis. Bearing in mind the critical analysis of available peritonitis classifications, it is proposed to divide toxic phase of peritonitis (by K.S. Simonyan) into two variants--with poliorganic insufficiency or without it. This elaboration permits to make the treatment of the patients with general peritonitis more detailed. Besides, the changes were made in division of peritonitis by degree of generalization along peritoneum, it is proposed to distinguish only 4 types by abdominal exudate character that also determine the actions of surgeon. Individual surgical situations in various forms and types of peritonitis are analyzed. The own model of peritonitis classification permits to receive comparable immediate results of treatment.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1987

[Variants of chronic heart failure in ischemic heart disease patients and optimization of their treatment].

Computer-assisted classification of hemodynamic data was performed in 172 patients with coronary heart disease aggravated by chronic heart failure. Six groups of patients have been identified, and an individual treatment algorithm has been proposed for each of those. The use of optimum individual treatment schedules has produced good or satisfactory clinical effect in 87.3%.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of the results of surgery of intracranial supratentorial tumors in 363 children over the past 50 years (1948-1997)].

At the Department of Neurosurgery, Hradec Králové, in the course of 50 years (1948-1997) 363 children, 199 boys and 164 girls (1.2:1) aged under 18 years were operated on for intracranial supratentorial tumours. The average age in children at the time of first operation was 9.3 years; most frequently they participated those of 8 and 11 to 14 years of age. Children aged 1, 2 and 3 years constituted 4.7%, 4.4% and 5% of operations. The tumours were located in: cerebral hemispheres 123 (33.8%), lateral ventricles 17 (4.7%), IIIrd ventricle 5 (1.4%), hypothalamus 26 (7.2%), thalamus 19 (5.2%), basal ganglia 24 (6.6%), sellar region 86 (23.7%), chiasmatic region 38 (10.5%) and pineal region 19 (5.2%). 223 of tumours (61.4%) were located in the midline and 140 of them (38.6%) laterally (in hemispheres and lateral ventricles of the brain). 268 of tumours were histologically verified (73.8%) and 95 of cases were evaluated according to the neurosurgeon's point of view and/or to the clinical and CT controls (26.2%), because of the biopsy (especially in the pre-CT era) was highly riskfull. Histological typing of tumours was retrospectively reevaluated according to the present WHO classification. Summarized 53 types of tumours were differentiated. The most frequent lesions were various variants of astrocytic gliomas (135 = 37.2%). Further on the craniopharyngiomas dominated (73 = 20.1%). The tumours were operated on through craniotomies 299 times, by primarily drainage operations 52 times, functions 6 times, stereotactically 8 times and or by combination of these operations 82 times. Reoperation was needed for postoperative complications in 1.7% (6 times) and for delayed recurrence in 11.3% (41 times). The postoperative mortality (up to 1 month after initial surgery) was in 156 children operated on in pre-CT era (between 1948 and 1977), as compared with 207 children operated on in the era of CT (between 1978 and 1997) in astrocytomas 3.8:0%, pilocytic astrocytomas 6.5:2.8%, craniopharyngiomas 15.4:0% and in all tumours 12.2:2.9%. 16 children with orbital tumours (the average age 5.8 years) operated on with orbitofrontal approach were also evaluated. 14 of them survive for 5-37 years (on the average 16.6 years). The chronological development of diagnostic and operative processes of supratentorial tumours in children's care is discussed. The prognostic elements of present histobiological classification of tumours are positively evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Wounds and injuries to the colon].

On the basis of a retrospective analysis of results of treatment of 1097 patients with wounds and injuries of the colon of the peace and war time as well as of experiments in 160 dogs it has been established that the level of lethal outcomes and amount of complications are dependent on the size, number and localization of the colon wounds, severity of peritonitis by the moment of primary operation, degree of traumatic shock, blood loss volume, severity of the coexisting injuries and the chosen method of surgical treatment. A classification of the wounds according to the volume of injuries of the colon is proposed. Different variants of surgical treatment and outcomes are considered. Experiments in dogs have shown the indisputable effectiveness of precise one-row sero-musculo-submucous sutures with the present-day sutural material as compared with other methods of treatment of wounds of the colon. The peritoneal sorption with liquid colloid sorbents at the early postoperative period facilitate the prophylaxis and treatment of peritonitis, reduce lethality. A surgical classification of injuries of the colon is developed and types of operative interventions are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

AI-enabled viral genomics: from virus discovery to host prediction and emerging variant forecasting.

The rapid expansion of metagenomic sequencing has generated vast repositories of viral sequence data that far outpace our capacity to interpret them using conventional approaches. Highly divergent sequences, sparse functional annotation, and taxonomically uneven sampling present fundamental challenges for reference-dependent methods, which lose sensitivity precisely for novel and understudied viruses with high public health relevance. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides a new avenue to address these challenges by enabling predictive inference from viral genomes and proteins while reducing dependence on sequence similarity. In this Review, we discuss representative advances in AI for virus discovery, taxonomic classification and functional annotation, prediction of host range and zoonotic potential, and efforts toward forecasting emerging variants. These advances are transforming viral genomics from a largely descriptive discipline into one with increasing predictive capability. We also critically assess the major challenges that constrain current approaches, including the availability of high-quality and representative datasets, rigorous model evaluation, biological interpretability and responsible governance for increasingly capable AI models.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

Relative frequencies and sites of presentation of lymphoid neoplasms in a community hospital according to the revised European-American classification.

Relative frequencies for common subtypes in the revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms (REAL classification) have been reported. We determined the relative frequencies and sites of presentation of REAL subtypes at a 700-bed community hospital in central Illinois. A database was used to identify and prospectively catalogue all newly diagnosed lymphoid neoplasms from July 1, 1995 to March 1, 1998. The approach to diagnosis and subtyping incorporated morphologic features, immunophenotype, and clinical findings according to criteria proposed in the REAL classification. Of 347 lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed, 319 were subtyped in the REAL classification. Of these, 261 were B-cell neoplasms, 21 were T-cell neoplasms, and 37 were Hodgkin disease variants. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma/prolymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large cell, and follicle center neoplasms were the most common B-cell subtypes. Large granular lymphocyte leukemia was the most common T-cell neoplasm. Nodular sclerosis was the most common Hodgkin disease variant. The relative frequencies in a US community hospital setting are similar to those reported in other studies. Differences are attributable to patient selection criteria, study group geographic location and racial composition, and/or referral patterns. Diverse REAL classification subtypes may be expected in US community hospitals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A revised classification of von Willebrand disease. For the Subcommittee on von Willebrand Factor of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

A simplified phenotypic classification of von Willebrand disease is proposed that is based on differences in pathophysiology. Quantitative defects are divided into partial deficiency (type 1) and severe deficiency (type 3). Qualitative defects (type 2) are divided into four subcategories. Type 2A refers to variants with decreased platelet-dependent function associated with the loss of high-molecular weight VWF multimers. Type 2B refers to variants with increased affinity for platelet glycoprotein Ib. Type 2M refers to qualitatively abnormal variants with decreased platelet-dependent function not associated with the loss of high-molecular weight multimers. Type 2N refers to variants with decreased affinity for factor VIII. When recognized, mixed phenotypes caused by compound heterozygosity are indicated by separate classification of each allele. Standard amino acid and nucleotide numbering schemes are recommended for the description of mutations.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗
PubMed1998

Corticosteroid-responsive postmalaria encephalopathy characterized by motor aphasia, myoclonus, and postural tremor.

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical spectrum of an acute severe encephalopathy occurring in 2 patients after recovery from falciparum malaria infection and to compare it with the reported clinical features of the postmalaria neurological syndrome. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Two patients presented with acute onset of fluctuating motor aphasia, severe generalized myoclonus, and postural tremor. Additional signs were cerebellar ataxia, and in 1 patient, generalized epileptic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed patchy white matter lesions in 1 patient. Clinically, the patients' conditions continued to worsen until corticosteroids were introduced, the use of which induced a rapid, albeit incomplete, recovery. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a new, severe variant of the still poorly defined postmalaria neurological syndrome. We propose a preliminary classification of this syndrome, according to its clinical characteristics, as follows: a mild or localized form, characterized by isolated cerebellar ataxia or postural tremor; a diffuse, but relatively mild encephalopathic form, characterized by acute confusion or epileptic seizures; and a severe, corticosteroid-responsive encephalopathy that is characterized by motor aphasia, generalized myoclonus, postural tremor, and cerebellar ataxia.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Migraine.

The most widely accepted classification of the migraine syndrome includes common, classic, complicated and cluster migraines. Migraine variants refer to episodic dysfunctions of an organ or system which either occur in the migraine sufferer, or replace the headache. While migraine appears to be a primary disorder of the cerebral vessels, there is current experimentation into the role of circulating serotin, prostaglandins, platelet abnormalities and estrogen levels. Both nonnarcotic and narcotic treatments are available, and prophylactic measures may be indicated.

Adult↗